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  1. Nucleotide variability in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn
    Chong JL, Wickneswari R, Ismail BS, Salmijah S
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2008 Feb 01;11(3):476-9.
    PMID: 18817177
    This study reports the results of the partial DNA sequence analysis of the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene in glyphosate-resistant (R) and glyphosate-susceptible (S) biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn from Peninsular Malaysia. Sequencing results revealed point mutation at nucleotide position 875 in the R biotypes of Bidor, Chaah and Temerloh. In the Chaah R population, substitution of cytosine (C) to adenine (A) resulted in the change of threonine (Thr106) to proline (Pro106) and from C to thymidine (T) in the Bidor R population, leading to serine (Ser106) from Pro106. As for the Temerloh R, C was substituted by T resulting in the change of Pro106 to Ser106. A new mutation previously undetected in the Temerloh R was revealed with C being substituted with A, resulting in the change of Pro106 to Thr106 indicating multiple founding events rather than to the spread of a single resistant allele. There was no point mutation recorded at nucleotide position 875 previously demonstrated to play a pivotal role in conferring glyphosate resistance to E. indica for the Lenggeng, Kuala Selangor, Melaka R populations. Thus, there may be another resistance mechanism yet undiscovered in the resistant Lenggeng, Kuala Selangor and Melaka populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/enzymology*
  2. Identification and characterization of RAPD-SCAR markers linked to glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn
    Cha TS, Anne-Marie K, Chuah TS
    Mol Biol Rep, 2014 Feb;41(2):823-31.
    PMID: 24374894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2922-7
    Eleusine indica is one of the most common weed species found in agricultural land worldwide. Although herbicide-glyphosate provides good control of the weed, its frequent uses has led to abundant reported cases of resistance. Hence, the development of genetic markers for quick detection of glyphosate-resistance in E. indica population is imperative for the control and management of the weed. In this study, a total of 14 specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified and two of the markers, namely S4R727 and S26R6976 were further sequence characterized. Sequence alignment revealed that marker S4R727 showing a 12-bp nucleotides deletion in resistant biotypes, while marker S26R6976 contained a 167-bp nucleotides insertion in the resistant biotypes. Based on these sequence differences, three pairs of new sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were developed. The specificity of these primer pairs were further validated with genomic DNA extracted from ten individual plants of one glyphosate-susceptible and five glyphosate-resistant (R2, R4, R6, R8 and R11) populations. The resulting RAPD-SCAR markers provided the basis for assessing genetic diversity between glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant E. indica biotypes, as well for the identification of genetic locus link to glyphosate-resistance event in the species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/drug effects; Eleusine/genetics*; Eleusine/growth & development
  3. Genetic diversity and in silico evidence of target-site mutation in the EPSPS gene in endowing glyphosate resistance in Eleusine indica (L.) from Malaysia
    Franci J, Lam KW, Chuah TS, Cha TS
    Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2020 May;165:104556.
    PMID: 32359543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104556
    Glyphosate-resistant populations of Eleusine indica are widespread in several states of Malaysia. A whole-plant bioassay confirmed that eight out of the 17 populations tested were resistant to glyphosate at double the recommended rate of 2.44 kg ha-1. Screening with allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) revealed that resistant plants contained an EPSPS gene with either the homozygous S/S-106 or the heterozygous P/S-106 alleles. All susceptible plants contained only the homozygous P/P-106 allele. In addition, DNA sequences of the full-length EPSPS gene from one susceptible (SB) and four resistant (R2, R6, R8 and R11) populations revealed an amino acid substitution of T102I in all the resistant plants, while another substitution of P381L was only found in resistant populations R6 and R11. The significance of the P381L mutation was examined by Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) and residue interaction network (RIN) analyses, which suggests the P381L mutation may contribute to resistance. Mutations at 102 and 106 occur widely in the EPSPS gene of glyphosate-resistant E. indica populations from Malaysia with the TIPS mutation. In addition, the P381L mutation could also contribute to resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine*
  4. Transformasi gen metalotionin (eiMT1) daripada eleusine indica ke dalam pokok tembakau, nicotiana tabacum berperantaraan agrobacterium tumefaciens
    Nik Marzuki Sidik, Roslina Mat Yazid, Che Radziah Che Mohd. Zain, Ismanizan Ismail
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.
    Metalotionin (MT ) merupakan protein pengikat logam berberat molekul rendah dan kaya dengan sistein yang hadir dalam pelbagai jenis organisma termasuklah bakteria, kulat, tumbuhan dan haiwan. MT tumbuhan dipercayai mengambil bahagian dalam metabolisme dan penyahtoksikan logam dengan cara pengkelatan ion-ion logam berat. Fungsinya yang unik ini telah mendorong minat untuk memencilkan gen MT daripada rumput sambau, Eleusine indica. DNA pelengkap (cDNA) eiMT 1 telah diklonkan ke dalam vektor binari pBI121 untuk ditransformasikan ke dalam pokok tembakau melalui perantaraan Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Penyaringan pokok tembakau transgenik dengan PCR dilakukan menggunakan 3 pasang pencetus yang direka khas iaitu pasangan CMT F dan CMT R, 35SF dan PMT R, dan pasangan pencetus khusus-gen MT FS2 dan MT RS2. Ketiga-tiga pasangan pencetus ini berjaya menghasilkan saiz serpihan DNA jangkaan iaitu masing-masing 270 pb, 1.1 kb dan 170 pb. Penjujukan terhadap serpihan bersaiz 170 pb dan analisis jujukan menunjukkan persamaan 100 % dengan eiMT 1. Kajian pengekspresan gen melalui pendekatan transkripsi berbalik-PCR membuktikan bahawa transgen eiMT 1 telah berjaya diekspreskan dalam 11 daripada 19 pokok transgenik yang dikaji.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  5. Characterization of Eleusine indica with gene mutation or amplification in EPSPS to glyphosate
    Chen J, Jiang C, Huang H, Wei S, Huang Z, Wang H, et al.
    Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2017 Nov;143:201-206.
    PMID: 29183593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.09.012
    The evolution of weed-resistant species threatens the sustainable use of glyphosate, which is the most important herbicide widely used in agriculture worldwide. Moreover, the high glyphosate resistance (>180-fold based on LD50) of Eleusine indica found in Malaysia, which carries a double mutation in its 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), made the control of this species more difficult. By contrast, the same species carrying the same double mutation in EPSPS (T102I+P106S) but found in China only shows a resistance level of not more than 14-fold based on GR50. The resistance level of this population is four times higher than that of the population carrying a single mutation (P106L). Although the members of this population survive under a high glyphosate dosage of 10,080gaeha-1, their growth was significantly inhibited by glyphosate under the recommend dose (840gaeha-1), where in the fresh weight was 85.4% of the control. EPSPS expression, relative copy number, and EPSPS activity in this population were similar to those of the susceptible population. In addition, the expression of two glutathione transferase (GST) genes (GST-U8 and GST-23) and the enzyme activity of the GST in this population did not significantly differ from those of the susceptible population. This finding is important in elucidating the resistance of the naturally evolved glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed species carrying a double mutation in EPSPS to glyphosate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/genetics*; Eleusine/metabolism
  6. Molecular basis for resistance to ACCase-inhibiting fluazifop in Eleusine indica from Malaysia
    Cha TS, Najihah MG, Sahid IB, Chuah TS
    Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2014 May;111:7-13.
    PMID: 24861927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.04.011
    Eleusine indica (goosegrass) populations resistant to fluazifop, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase: EC6.4.1.2)-inhibiting herbicide, were found in several states in Malaysia. Dose-response assay indicated a resistance factor of 87.5, 62.5 and 150 for biotypes P2, P3 and P4, respectively. DNA sequencing and allele-specific PCR revealed that both biotypes P2 and P3 exhibit a single non-synonymous point mutation from TGG to TGC that leads to a well known Trp-2027-Cys mutation. Interestingly, the highly resistant biotype, P4, did not contain any of the known mutation except the newly discovered target point Asn-2097-Asp, which resulted from a nucleotide change in the codon AAT to GAT. ACCase gene expression was found differentially regulated in the susceptible biotype (P1) and highly resistant biotype P4 from 24 to 72h after treatment (HAT) when being treated with the recommended field rate (198gha(-1)) of fluazifop. However, the small and erratic differences of ACCase gene expression between biotype P1 and P4 does not support the 150-fold resistance in biotype P4. Therefore, the involvement of the target point Asn-2097-Asp and other non-target-site-based resistance mechanisms in the biotype P4 could not be ruled out.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/drug effects*; Eleusine/enzymology; Eleusine/genetics
  7. Allelopathic potential of the leaf and seed of Pueraria javanica benth. on the germination and growth of three selected weed species
    Ismail B, Syamimi Halimshah, Wan Juliana W, Nornasuha Yusof
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:517-521.
    Pueraria javanica Benth. is one of the most common leguminous cover crop used in oil palm plantations of Malaysia. A study was conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of this plant, using the aqueous extract, sandwich and dish-pack methods, with the seed and leaf (of P. javanica) on three bioassay weed species namely, Eleusine indica, Cyperus iria and Chromolaena odorata. The aqueous extract experiment was conducted using 0 (control), 16.7, 33.3 and 66.7 g/L of the aqueous leaf and seed extracts while the sandwich method was carried out using 10 and 50 mg of each of the donour plant parts. Meanwhile, the dish-pack method was done using four different distances (41, 58, 82 and 92 mm) away from the donour plant. All experiments were replicated five times using the complete randomized design (CRD). The leaf extract exhibited 100% reduction on the fresh weight of E. indica and C. odorata while the seed extract exhibited 100% reduction on all parameters for E. indica and on the fresh weight of C. iria at 66.7 g/L concentration. The seed and leaf at 10 and 50 mg significantly reduced the radicle length of all the bioassay species. The dish-pack experiment also showed a reduction effect on the germination percentage and seedling growth parameters of all the bioassay species. However, the reduction effect was not totally in accordance to the distance from the donor species. More studies need to be conducted to determine the type of reduction mechanism involved in the allelopathic activity especially with respect to molecular and biochemical aspects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  8. Assessment of the potential allelopathic effects of pennisetum purpureum schumach. on the germination and growth of eleusine indica (l.) gaertn.
    Ismail B, Chuah T, Tan P
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:269-274.
    Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. is a weed that is currently spreading rapidly to many parts of the world particularly tropical countries. The abundance of P. purpureum in Malaysia is presently a serious problem. A study was conducted to investigate and evaluate the potential allelopathic effects of P. purpureum on Eleusine indica L. Gaertn. using the aqueous leaf extract and plant debris incorporated into the soil. Low concentrations of the P. purpureum aqueous extract (2%) and debris incorporated into the soil (25/500 g) inhibited germination and seedling growth of the bioassay species (E. indica) by >80%. The responses of the bioassay species to the aqueous extract and debris-incorporated soil were concentration dependent. The aqueous extract had higher total phenolic content compared to that from the debris incorporated soil, indicating the presence of certain phytotoxic compounds in the leaf debris and leaf extracts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  9. Eleusine indica inhibits early and late phases of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication cycle and reduces progeny infectivity
    Rashidah Iberahim, Norefrina Shafinaz Md. Nor, Wan Ahmad Yaacob, Nazlina Ibrahim
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1431-1438.
    The present study was aimed at determining the compounds available in Eleusine indica methanol extract and the effects on
    herpes simplex virus type 1 (HHV1) replication cycle and progeny infectivity. Twelve compounds mostly from the flavonoid
    and phenolic groups were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The
    effect on replication phases of HHV1 was determined by time-of-addition, time-removal and virus yield reduction assays
    with expression of selected genes analysed by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The extract
    inhibited plaque formation the most during the first 2 h and at 24 h of infection. Plaque formation inhibition was also
    noted at all other time points but at lesser percentage. Treatment with E. indica reduced progeny infectivity when treated
    for 10 h and was dose-dependent. E. indica methanol extract inhibited immediate early, early and late phases of HHV1
    replication cycle by modifying the expression of UL
    54, UL
    27 and UL
    30 genes during the infection. Immunostaining of
    infected cells confirmed that E. indica inhibited mainly Glycoproteins B but not Glycoprotein C and D. Thus, the methanol
    extract of E. indica has the ability to alter HHV1 replication cycle at almost all stages and reduce progeny infectivity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  10. Fulltext Herbicidal properties of antihypertensive drugs: calcium channel blockers
    Abdullah HSTSH, Chia PW, Omar D, Chuah TS
    Sci Rep, 2021 07 09;11(1):14227.
    PMID: 34244589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93662-2
    Herbicide resistance is a worldwide problem in weed control. This prompts researchers to look for new modes of action to slow down the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. This research aims to determine the herbicidal action of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines derivatives, which are well known as antihypertensive drugs. The phytotoxic effects of ten compounds were investigated using leaf disc discoloration test and seed germination bioassay. At concentrations of 125 to 250 mg/L, the 5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (c) was highly active against Oldenlandia verticillata and Eleusine indica. At application rates of 1.25 to 2.5 kg ai/ha, formulated c demonstrated selective post-emergence and pre-emergence herbicidal activity against O. verticillata, E. indica and Cyperus iria. In the crop tolerance test, formulated c outperformed the commercial herbicide diuron, with aerobic Oryza sativa being the most tolerant, followed by Zea mays, and Brassica rapa. The addition of calcium chloride partially nullified compound c's inhibitory effects on weed shoot growth, indicating that it has potential as a calcium channel blocker. Compound c acted by triggering electrolyte leakage without affecting photosystem II. These findings imply that c could be explored further as a template for developing new herbicides with novel modes of action.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/drug effects
  11. Fulltext PHYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF GERANIOL-TREATED LEMONGRASS LEAF MULCH AGAINST COMMON WEEDS IN NURSERIES
    NORLIYANA FATIN OMAR, CHUAH TSE SENG
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(1):1-11.
    MyJurnal
    Hand weeding continues to be one of the most laborious aspects of nursery
    maintenance. Oxygenated monoterpene, an important group of secondary metabolite found in
    essential oils, has a potential herbicidal activity that could be exploited as natural herbicide
    whereas organic mulch could delay weed emergence. Thus, this study aimed to examine the
    phytotoxicity of geraniol, an oxygenated monoterpene compound, in combination with
    lemongrass leaf mulch against three common weeds, Eleusine indica (grass), Cyperus distans
    (sedge), and Tridax procumbens (broadleaf). Greenhouse experiments were carried out by
    treating 4.0 t/ha lemongrass leaf mulch with 7.5% (v/v) geraniol compound. The pretreated
    mulch acted synergistically and inhibited the emergence and shoot growth of T. procumbens
    completely. However, the pretreated mulch exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on C. distans
    emergence and growth. Geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf mulch acted synergistically and
    inhibited the emergence of E. indica by 72%, but it acted antagonistically and caused a 45%
    reduction of shoot biomass. The present findings suggest that geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf
    mulch has potent herbicidal activity but its phytotoxic effect is species-dependent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  12. The potential use of oil palm frond mulch treated with imazethapyr for weed control in Malaysian coconut plantation
    Masilaman D, Mazira Che Mat, Chuah TS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1171-1182.
    ntroduction of new weed management strategy for coconut plantation in Malaysia is essential since the current weed control methods are less effective and highly herbicide dependent, thus leading to development of herbicide resistance in weeds as well as environmental and human health concerns. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of oil palm frond mulch treated with imazethapyr at a reduced rate on weed emergence and growth. The results of glasshouse experiments have shown that imazethapyr at 12 g a.i. ha-1 in combination with oil palm residues of leaflet (OPL), rachis (OPR) or frond (OPF) at rates of 1.4-1.8 t ha-1 inhibited Eleusine indica emergence and growth by 90-100%, implying that imazethapyr is compatible with oil palm residue mulches. In the field experiment, hand weeding followed by OPF at 3.4 t ha-1 treated with imazethapyr at 24 g a.i. ha-1 have demonstrated excellent control of Mikania micrantha, Asystasia gangetica, Phyllanthus amarus, Panicum sp. and Echinochloa colona by reducing their total dry weight up to 95% at three months after treatment. The present results suggested that the integration of chemical, physical and mechanical methods can provide effective weed control in the coconut plantation for months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  13. Fulltext Agricultural residues for cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus niger: effects of pretreatment
    Salihu A, Abbas O, Sallau AB, Alam MZ
    3 Biotech, 2015 Dec;5(6):1101-1106.
    PMID: 28324400 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0294-5
    Different agricultural residues were considered in this study for their ability to support cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus niger. A total of eleven agricultural residues including finger millet hulls, sorghum hulls, soybean hulls, groundnut husk, banana peels, corn stalk, cassava peels, sugarcane bagasse, saw dust, rice straw and sheanut cake were subjected to three pretreatment (acid, alkali and oxidative) methods. All the residues supported the growth and production of cellulases by A. niger after 96 h of incubation. Maximum cellulase production was found in alkali-treated soybean hulls with CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase yields of 9.91 ± 0.04, 6.20 ± 0.13 and 5.69 ± 0.29 U/g, respectively. Further studies in assessing the potential of soybean hulls are being considered to optimize the medium composition and process parameters for enhanced cellulase production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine
  14. Fulltext Eleusine indica L. possesses antioxidant activity and precludes carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats
    Iqbal M, Gnanaraj C
    Environ Health Prev Med, 2012 Jul;17(4):307-15.
    PMID: 22207570 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0255-5
    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of aqueous extract of Eleusine indica to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic injury in rats.

    METHODS: The antioxidant activity of E. indica was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic content of E. indica was also determined. Biochemical parameters [e.g. alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase] were used to evaluate hepatic damage in animals pretreated with E. indica and intoxicated with CCl₄. CCl₄-mediated hepatic damage was also evaluated by histopathologically.

    RESULTS: E. indica extract was able to reduce the stable DPPH level in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value was 2350 μg/ml. Total phenolic content was found to be 14.9 ± 0.002 mg/g total phenolic expressed as gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract. Groups pretreated with E. indica showed significantly increased activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the CCl₄-intoxicated group (p < 0.05). The increased levels of serum ALT and AST were significantly prevented by E. indica pretreatment (p < 0.05). The extent of MDA formation due to lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and reduced GSH was significantly increased in a dose-dependently manner (p < 0.05) in the E. indica-pretreated groups as compared to the CCl₄-intoxicated group. The protective effect of E. indica was further evident through decreased histopathological alterations in the liver.

    CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that the hepatoprotective effects of E. indica might be ascribable to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging property.

    Matched MeSH terms: Eleusine/chemistry*
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