Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 243 in total

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  1. 9,10-Diphenyl-9,10-epidioxyanthracene and 9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethoxy-9-phenylanthracen-9-ol
    Usman A, Fun HK, Li Y, Xu JH
    Acta Crystallogr C, 2003 Jun;59(Pt 6):o308-10.
    PMID: 12794347
    9,10-Diphenyl-9,10-epidioxyanthracene, C(26)H(18)O(2), (I), was accidentally used in a photooxygenation reaction that produced 9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethoxy-9-phenylanthracen-9-ol, C(22)H(20)O(3), (II). In both compounds, the phenyl rings are approximately orthogonal to the anthracene moiety. The conformation of the anthracene moiety differs as a result of substitution. Intramolecular C-H.O interactions in (I) form two approximately planar S(5) rings in each of the two crystallographically independent molecules. The packing of (I) and (II) consists of molecular dimers stabilized by C-H.O interactions and of molecular chains stabilized by O-H.O interactions, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  2. Fulltext Design of three-component essential oil extract mixture from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus with enhanced antioxidant activity
    Assaggaf H, Jeddi M, Mrabti HN, Ez-Zoubi A, Qasem A, Attar A, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2024 Apr 22;14(1):9195.
    PMID: 38649707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59708-x
    The development of novel antioxidant compounds with high efficacy and low toxicity is of utmost importance in the medicine and food industries. Moreover, with increasing concerns about the safety of synthetic components, scientists are beginning to search for natural sources of antioxidants, especially essential oils (EOs). The combination of EOs may produce a higher scavenging profile than a single oil due to better chemical diversity in the mixture. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of three EOs extracted from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus in individual and combined forms using the augmented-simplex design methodology. The in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging approaches. The results of the Chromatography Gas-Mass spectrometry (CG-MS) characterization showed that citral (29.62%) and niral (27.32%) are the main components for C. flexuosus, while D-carvone (62.09%) and D-limonene (29.58%) are the most dominant substances in C. carvi. By contrast, β-asarone (69.11%) was identified as the principal component of A. calamus (30.2%). The individual EO exhibits variable scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals. These effects were enhanced through the mixture of the three EOs. The optimal antioxidant formulation consisted of 20% C. flexuosus, 53% C. carvi, and 27% A. calamus for DPPHIC50. Whereas 17% C. flexuosus, 43% C. carvi, and 40% A. calamus is the best combination leading to the highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical. These findings suggest a new research avenue for EOs combinations to be developed as novel natural formulations useful in food and biopharmaceutical products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/antagonists & inhibitors; Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
  3. Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Micromelum minutum leaves using citric acid monohydrate-glycerol based deep eutectic solvents and evaluation of biological activities
    Md Yusoff MH, Shafie MH
    Anal Chim Acta, 2024 Dec 01;1331:343351.
    PMID: 39532430 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343351
    BACKGROUND: The extraction of polysaccharides using an acidic extraction media has been extensively reported, highlighting its effectiveness in yielding high-quality polysaccharides. A higher concentration of acidic solution could hydrolyze the structure of polysaccharide, while a low concentration reduces the extraction efficiency. Despite this challenges, deep eutectic solvents (DES) were introduced as an alternative extraction medium due to additional interactions such as inter and intra-molecular interactions, Van de Waals, hydrogen bond, and electrostatic interactions, which could improve the polysaccharide extraction efficiency and biological activities. Furthermore, the extraction conditions such as extraction medium and extraction parameters could affect the properties of polysaccharides as well as influence their structure-activity relationship for biological activities.

    RESULTS: The result showed that the microwave-assisted extraction of Micromelum minutum leaf polysaccharide (MMLP) using DES as an extraction media (MMLP-DES) gave a higher yield (improvement of 101.20 %) than citric acid monohydrate (CAM) (MMLP-CAM) and required a lower percentage of microwave power (19.83 % less) and time (0.78 min less). The properties of MMLPs significantly differ based on their pH, molecular weight, viscosity, degree of esterification and monosaccharide molar ratio which influenced the biological activities. Compared to MMLP-CAM, MMLP-DES had a more branched and less linear structure. The bioactivities study revealed that MMLP-DES exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-α-amylase activities (i.e.

    , DPPH: 74.52 %, FRAP: 2.87 mM FeSO4 and α-amylase inhibition: 86.23 %) compared to MMLP-CAM (i.e.

    , DPPH: 49.33 %, FRAP: 1.49 mM FeSO4, and α-amylase inhibition: 81.76 %). The mechanism and structure-activity relationship of MMLPs on bioactivities were also hypothesized.

    SIGNIFICANCE: Based on our previous study, the citric acid monohydrate-glycerol based DES as an extraction medium has enhanced the extraction yield of polysaccharides from M. minutum. This study highlights the DES combined with microwave-assisted extraction to improve the yield of MMLP and evaluate the biological activities compared to CAM as a classical solvent. In conclusion, the DES showed the advantages for extraction of polysaccharides with desired biological activities.

    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/antagonists & inhibitors; Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
  4. Fulltext The relationship of nitrogen and C/N ratio with secondary metabolites levels and antioxidant activities in three varieties of Malaysian kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume)
    Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZ
    Molecules, 2011 Jun 29;16(7):5514-26.
    PMID: 21716173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075514
    Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume), one of the most famous and widely used herbs, especially in Southeast Asia, is found to have interesting bioactive compounds and displays health promoting properties. In this study, the antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots of three varieties of L. pumila (var. alata, pumila and lanceolata) were evaluated in an effort to compare and validate the medicinal potential of this indigenous Malaysian herb species. The antioxidant activity determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, as well as the total amount of phenolics and flavonoids were the highest in the leaves, followed by the stems and roots in all the varieties. A similar trend was displayed by the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, suggesting that the L. pumila varieties possess high foliar antioxidant properties. At low FRAP activity concentrations, the values of the leaves' inhibition activity in the three varieties were significantly higher than those of the stems and roots, with var. alata exhibiting higher antioxidant activities and total contents of phenolics and flavonoids compared to the varieties pumila and lanceolata. The high production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in var. alata were firmly related to low nitrogen content and high C/N ratio in plant parts. The study also demonstrated a positive correlation between secondary metabolite content and antioxidant activities, and revealed that the consumption of L. pumila could exert several beneficial effects by virtue of its antioxidant activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism
  5. Determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity: application of artificial neural networks
    Musa KH, Abdullah A, Al-Haiqi A
    Food Chem, 2016 Mar 1;194:705-11.
    PMID: 26471610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.038
    A new computational approach for the determination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) in food is reported, based on the concept of machine learning. Trolox standard was mix with DPPH at different concentrations to produce different colors from purple to yellow. Artificial neural network (ANN) was trained on a typical set of images of the DPPH radical reacting with different levels of Trolox. This allowed the neural network to classify future images of any sample into the correct class of RSA level. The ANN was then able to determine the DPPH-RSA of cinnamon, clove, mung bean, red bean, red rice, brown rice, black rice and tea extract and the results were compared with data obtained using a spectrophotometer. The application of ANN correlated well to the spectrophotometric classical procedure and thus do not require the use of spectrophotometer, and it could be used to obtain semi-quantitative results of DPPH-RSA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry*
  6. Fulltext Effects of Different Drying Methods and Storage Time on Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Cosmos Caudatus
    Mediani A, Abas F, Tan CP, Khatib A
    Antioxidants (Basel), 2014 May 07;3(2):358-70.
    PMID: 26784876 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020358
    The present study was conducted to determine the effect of air (AD), oven (OD) and freeze drying (FD) on the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of Cosmos caudatus and the effect of storage time by the comparison with a fresh sample (FS). Among the three drying methods that were used, AD resulted in the highest free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 0.0223 mg/mL) and total phenolic content (27.4 g GAE/100 g), whereas OD produced the lowest scavenging activity and TPC value. After three months of storage, the dried samples showed a high and consistent free radical scavenging activity when compared to stored fresh material. The drying methods could preserve the quality of C. caudatus during storage and the stability of its bioactive components can be maintained.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  7. Fulltext Effect of different extraction techniques on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Quercus infectoria galls
    Hasmida, M.N., Nur Syukriah, A.R., Liza, M.S., Mohd Azizi, C.Y.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(3):1075-1079.
    MyJurnal
    In this work, the bioactive compounds which was obtained by extracting Quercus infectoria via two extraction methods; Soxhlet and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction, were analyzed using total phenolic content and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity analysis. The aim of this study is to compare the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Quercus infectoria extract acquired from SC-CO2 extraction with those from Soxhlet extraction method. The results showed the used of SC-CO2 extraction give the lowest extraction yield as compared to Soxhlet extraction. The selectivity of Q. infectoria extracts using SC-CO2 extraction was better which in contrast with Soxhlet extraction method since it shows higher total phenolic content (143.75 ± 1.06 mg GAE/g sample). This study also revealed that the extracts from both extraction methods can posses’ antioxidant activity and comparable to those obtained from commercial antioxidant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  8. Fulltext Optimization for extraction on total phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of Henna (Lawsonia inermis) stems using response surface methodology
    Tan, M. C., Tan, C. P., Khoo, H. E., Ho, C. W.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(2):789-794.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to optimise potential extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) for yielding maximum levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging capacity of henna (Lawsonia inermis) stems. The ranges for selected independent variables, namely acetone concentration (20−90%, v/v), extraction time (10−90 min), and extraction temperature (25−45°C) were identified by screening tests. Optimum conditions obtained for extraction of TPC were 47.0% acetone, extraction time of 47.6 min and extraction temperature of 37.3oC. The result also showed that 75.8% acetone, extraction time of 26.2 min and extraction temperature of 41oC yielded the highest DPPH• scavenging capacity. The optimized extraction conditions have resulted in TPC and DPPH• scavenging capacity of 5232.4 mg GAE/100 g DW and 6085.7 mg TE/100 g DW, respectively which similar to the predicted values. Therefore, RSM has successfully optimized the extraction conditions for TPC and radical scavenging capacity of henna stems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  9. Fulltext Effects of process conditions on the ultrasonic extraction of phenolics scavenger from Curcuma Caesia Rhizome
    Jemain, S.F.P., Jamal, P., Raus, A. R., Amid, A., Jaswir, I.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(101):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Medicinal properties of Malaysian Curcuma caesia have not been studied extensively, even though it has been used as a traditional remedy. This study examined the effects of various extraction temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, 70oC) using a high frequency (40 kHz) ultrasonic extraction method, time (30,60,90 and 120 minutes), pH (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) on the extraction yield of total phenolics and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities from C. caesia rhizome. Extraction was most efficient at pH 6.0, while the extraction time of 30 minutes and temperature of 60oC was the best in terms of total phenolics content and DPPH scavenging activity. This study is important due to its ability to improve extraction of total phenolics compound using ultrasonic extraction method while maintaining a relatively high DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  10. Fulltext Photophysical and Electroluminescence Characteristics of Polyfluorene Derivatives with Triphenylamine
    Zhang Q, Wang PI, Ong GL, Tan SH, Tan ZW, Hii YH, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2019 May 09;11(5).
    PMID: 31075895 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050840
    In this work, polymers of poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-triphenylamine] with side chains containing: pyrene (C1), diphenyl (C2), naphthalene (C3), and isopropyl (C6) structures were synthesized via a Suzuki coupling reaction. The structures were verified using NMR and cyclic voltammetry measurements provide the HOMO and LUMO of the polymers. The polymer with pyrene (C1) and naphthalene (C3) produced photoluminescence in the green while the polymer with the side chain containing diphenyl (C2) and isopropyl (C6) produce dual emission peaks of blue-green photoluminescence (PL). In order to examine the electroluminescence properties of the polymers, the solutions were spin-coated onto patterned ITO anode, dried, and subsequently coated with an Al cathode layer to form pristine single layer polymer LEDs. The results are compared to a standard PFO sample. The electroluminescence spectra resemble the PL spectra for C1 and C3. The devices of C2, C3, and C6 exhibit voltage-dependent EL. An additional red emission peak was detected for C2 and C6, resulting in spectra with peaks at 435 nm, 490 nm, and 625 nm. The effects of the side chains on the spectral characteristics of the polymer are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  11. Antioxidant study of pulps and peels of dragon fruits: a comparative study
    Nurliyana, R., Syed Zahir, I., Mustapha Suleiman, K., Aisyah, M.R., Kamarul Rahim, K
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(2):367-375.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study is to compare antioxidant level and activities (i.e. primary and secondary) in pulps and peels of two species of dragon fruits, Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) and Hylocereus polyrhizus (red dragon fruit). Total phenolic content (TPC) assay demonstrated that peels of both Hylocereus species contained higher phenolic content than the pulps. The phenolic content in peels of H. undatus was higher than H. polyrhizus, but the phenolic content in pulps of H. undatus was much lower than H. polyrhizus. 2, 2, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that radical scavenging activities of peels for both species were higher than the pulps. For ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay, peels and pulps of both Hylocereus species showed moderate metal ion chelating effect as compared to EDTA. Overall, the results suggested that the TPC showed good relationship with the primary antioxidant activities for general comparison between the peels and the pulps.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  12. Fulltext Antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus leaves at different maturity stages
    Dian-Nashiela, F., Noriham, A., Nooraain, H., Azizah, A.H.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1189-1194.
    MyJurnal
    Herbal tea is widely consumed around the world because people believed that it contained high amount of antioxidant. However, usage of different maturity of the plants as raw materials could affect the antioxidant capacities in herbal tea. Hence, this paper reports the antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus at different maturity namely young, mature and old leaves. The analyses carried out were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH (2-2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assays. Based on the results obtained, herbal tea prepared from young leaves had significantly strong (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  13. Fulltext Synthesis, evaluation of antioxidant activity and crystal structure of 2,4-dimethylbenzoylhydrazones
    Taha M, Ismail NH, Jamil W, Yousuf S, Jaafar FM, Ali MI, et al.
    Molecules, 2013 Sep 05;18(9):10912-29.
    PMID: 24013406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910912
    2,4-Dimethylbenzoylhydrazones 1-30 were synthesized by condensation reactions of 2,4-dimethylbenzoylhydrazide with various aromatic aldehydes and characterized. The assigned structures of compounds 10, 15 and 22 were further supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity. They exerted varying degree of scavenging activity toward DPPH radical with IC₅₀ values between 25.6-190 µM. Compounds 1, 4, 2, 3, 7, and 6 have IC₅₀ values of 25.6, 28.1, 29.3, 29.8, 30.0 and 30.1 µM respectively, showing better activity than an n-propyl gallate standard (IC₅₀ value = 30.30 µM). For super oxide anion scavenging activity compounds 1, 2 and 3 with IC₅₀ values of 98.3, 102.6, and 105.6, respectively, also showed better activity than the n-propyl gallate standard (IC₅₀ value = 106.34 µM).
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
  14. Fulltext Evaluation of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) extract administration in the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of plasma and liver in male rat
    Aminah, A., Zuhair, A., Amira, K.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):319-323.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of dietary bitter melon fruit supplemented in male rat model. In this study, three common tests for measuring antioxidant activity of the bitter melon were evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), total phenolic acid assay (TPC assay) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma assa. (FRAP assay). Results showed that the extracting solvent significantly (P
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  15. Fulltext Antioxidant activity and functional properties of fractionated cobia skin gelatin hydrolysate at different molecular weight
    Razali, A.N., Amin, A.M., Sarbon, N.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(2):651-660.
    MyJurnal
    This study investigated the antioxidant activity and functional properties of fractionated cobia skin gelatin hydrolysate (CSGH) at different molecular weights (10, 5 and 3 kDa). Antioxidant activities studied included reducing power, ferrous ion chelation, DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, and superoxide anion scavenging. Functional properties studied included emulsifying and foaming properties as well as fat and water binding capacity. Results showed significant differences (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  16. Fulltext Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of quercus infectoria galls using supercritical co extraction technique and its comparison with soxhlet extraction
    Hasmida, M.N., Liza, M. S., Nur Syukriah, A.R., Harisun, Y., Mohd Azizi, C. Y., Fadzilah Adibah, A. M.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2015;23(2):287-295.
    MyJurnal
    Quercus infectoria gall, which is known as manjakani in Malaysia, was traditionally used in treating diseases. The bioactive compounds from the galls can be extracted using various extraction methods. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was used to study the effects of CO2 flow rate on the yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Q. infectoria extract by fixing the pressure and temperature at the highest density (P: 30 MPa, T: 40°C). The results were compared with those acquired from the Soxhlet extraction method. The results showed that the Soxhlet extraction had a higher percentage of extraction yield than SC-CO2 extraction. The selectivity of Q. infectoria extracts using SC-CO2 extraction was better than the Soxhlet extraction method. Meanwhile, the extraction efficiency using the SC-CO2 extraction ranged from 46% to 53%. The SC-CO2 extraction also yielded higher total phenolic content than using the Soxhlet extraction method when 2 mL/min of CO2 flow rate was applied (203.53 mg GA/g sample). This study also revealed that the extracts from the SC-CO2 extraction showed a better radical scavenging activity compared to the Soxhlet extraction when analysed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assays.radical scavenging activity compared to the Soxhlet extraction when analysed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assays.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  17. Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant activities of leaves and berries of cayratia trifolia
    Rabeta MS, Lin S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:275-280.
    This study aimed to assess the effects of fresh, thermal drying method (vacuum oven drying), and nonthermal drying method (freeze drying) on the antioxidant activities of leaves and berries of Cayratia trifolia using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of the leaves and berries of C. trifolia were also measured. Based on the results obtained, the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities of the leaves and berries were arranged in the following order: freeze-dried sample with methanol extraction > vacuum-dried sample with methanol extraction > freeze-dried sample with water extraction > vacuum-dried sample with water extraction > fresh sample with methanol extraction > fresh sample with water extraction. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the fresh and dried samples. In conclusion, freeze drying was found to be a good method for maintaining TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities by FRAP and DPPH methods in the leaves and berries of C. trifolia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  18. Antiviral properties of orthosiphon stamineus aqueous extract in herpes simplex virus type 1 infected cells
    Nur Suhana Mohamad Ripim, Nuraini Fazil, Saidatul Nadrah Kholid Ibrahim, Adibah Ahamad Bahtiar, Yip Chee Wai, Nazlina Ibrahim, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1725-1730.
    A study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from Orthosiphon stamineus (OS).
    Extraction was done using different parts of OS. The whole plant except root (WPOS), leaves (LOS) and flowers (FOS) of
    OS were extracted using aqueous extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl
    tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of OS extract
    against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. High
    antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment and virucidal assay with 100% reduction of HSV-1 plaque at 0.39 mg/
    mL in LOS, FOS and WPOS. In pre-treatment assay, 79%, 84% and 97% plaque reduction using the same concentration
    was observed in FOS, LOS and WPOS, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that OS aqueous extract has promising
    potential to be explored as anti-HSV-1 agent regardless of the mode of treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
  19. Fulltext A Kinetic Approach of DPPH Free Radical Assay of Ferulate-Based Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs)
    Ahmad NA, Jumbri K, Ramli A, Abd Ghani N, Ahmad H, Lim JW
    Molecules, 2018 Dec 05;23(12).
    PMID: 30563037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123201
    The antiradical efficiency (AE) and kinetic behavior of a new ferulate-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were described using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. The reduction of the DPPH free radical (DPPH•) was investigated by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 517 nm. The time to reach steady state for the reaction of parent acid (ferulic acid) and synthesized PILs with DPPH• was continuously recorded for 1 h. Results revealed that the AE of 2-butylaminoethanol ferulate (2BAEF), 3-dimethylaminopropanol ferulate (3DMAPF) and 3-diethylaminopropanol ferulate (3DEAPF) PILs have improved compared to ferulic acid (FA) as the reaction class changes from low to medium. This attributed to the strong hydrogen abstraction occurred in the PILs. Furthermore, these PILs were found to have a good kinetic behavior compared to FA due to the high rate constant (k₂) (164.17, 242.84 and 244.73 M-1 s-1, respectively). The alkyl chain length and more alkyl substituents on the nitrogen atom of cation were believed to reduce the cation-anion interaction and speed up the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and electron transfer (ET) mechanisms; hence, increased rate constant was observed leading to a strong antioxidant activity of the synthesized PILs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/antagonists & inhibitors; Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry*
  20. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist (pioglitazone) with exogenous adiponectin ameliorates arterial stiffness and oxidative stress in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats
    Afzal S, Sattar MA, Johns EJ, Eseyin OA
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2021 Sep 15;907:174218.
    PMID: 34111396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174218
    Oxidative stress causes hypoadiponectemia and reactive oxygen species production. This study investigates the pathophysiological role and potential effects of adiponectin with partial and full peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists on modulation of metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress in diabetic model of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Forty two male WKY rats were randomized equally into 7 groups (n = 6), Group I serve as control, group II as WKY diabetic control, groups III, IV and V treated with irbesartan (30 mg/kg), pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) and adiponectin (2.5 μg/kg), groups VI and VII were co-treated as: irbesartan + adiponectin, pioglitazone + adiponectin, respectively. Streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Plasma adiponectin, metabolic indices, pulse wave velocity, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured. Streptozotocin induced WKYs expressed hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoadiponectemia, increased arterial stiffness and decreased antioxidant enzymatic levels (P<0.05). Treatment with adiponectin or pioglitazone alone showed improvements in metabolic indices, antioxidant enzymes, and abrogated arterial stiffness, attenuated generation of reactive oxygen species and dyslipidaemic effects of streptozotocin better as compared to irbesartan sets of treatment (all P<0.05). Co-treatment of adiponectin with pioglitazone significantly amplified the improvement in plasma triglycerides, adiponectin concentration, pulse wave velocity and antioxidant enzymatic activities indicating synergistic effects of adiponectin with full PPAR-γ agonist.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology; Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use
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