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  1. Biosorption of copper by endophytic fungi isolated from Nepenthes ampullaria
    Wong C, Tan LT, Mujahid A, Lihan S, Wee JLS, Ting LF, et al.
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2018 Oct;67(4):384-391.
    PMID: 29998586 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13049
    Copper (Cu) tolerance was observed by endophytic fungi isolated from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes ampullaria (collected at an anthropogenically affected site, Kuching city; and a pristine site; Heart of Borneo). The fungal isolates, capable of tolerating Cu up to 1000 ppm (11 isolates in total), were identified through molecular method [internal transcribed spacer 4+5 (ITS4+5); ITS1+NL4; β-tubulin region using Bt2a + Bt2b], and all of them grouped with Diaporthe, Nigrospora, and Xylaria. A Cu biosorption study was then carried out using live and dead biomass of the 11 fungal isolates. The highest biosorption capacity of using live biomass was achieved by fungal isolates Xylaria sp. NA40 (73·26 ± 1·61 mg Cu per g biomass) and Diaporthe sp. NA41 (72·65 ± 2·23 mg Cu per g biomass), NA27 (59·81 ± 1·15 mg Cu per g biomass) and NA28 (56·85 ± 4·23 mg Cu per g biomass). The fungal isolate Diaporthe sp. NA41 also achieved the highest biosorption capacity of 59·33 ± 0·15 mg g-1 using dead biomass. The living biomass possessed a better biosorption capacity than the dead biomass (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism*
  2. Fulltext Comparative metabolomics of Phialemonium curvatum as an omnipotent fungus cultivated on crude palm oil versus glucose
    Zamani AI, Barig S, Ibrahim S, Mohd Yusof H, Ibrahim J, Low JYS, et al.
    Microb Cell Fact, 2020 Sep 09;19(1):179.
    PMID: 32907579 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01434-w
    BACKGROUND: Sugars and triglycerides are common carbon sources for microorganisms. Nonetheless, a systematic comparative interpretation of metabolic changes upon vegetable oil or glucose as sole carbon source is still lacking. Selected fungi that can grow in acidic mineral salt media (MSM) with vegetable oil had been identified recently. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the overall metabolite changes of an omnipotent fungus and to reveal changes at central carbon metabolism corresponding to both carbon sources.

    RESULTS: Targeted and non-targeted metabolomics for both polar and semi-polar metabolites of Phialemonium curvatum AWO2 (DSM 23903) cultivated in MSM with palm oil (MSM-P) or glucose (MSM-G) as carbon sources were obtained. Targeted metabolomics on central carbon metabolism of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate cycle were analysed using LC-MS/MS-TripleQ and GC-MS, while untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using LC-MS/MS-QTOF followed by multivariate analysis. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed that glyoxylate pathway and TCA cycle were recruited at central carbon metabolism for triglyceride and glucose catabolism, respectively. Significant differences in organic acids concentration of about 4- to 8-fold were observed for citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and oxaloacetic acid. Correlation of organic acids concentration and key enzymes involved in the central carbon metabolism was further determined by enzymatic assays. On the other hand, the untargeted profiling revealed seven metabolites undergoing significant changes between MSM-P and MSM-G cultures.

    CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study has provided insights on the understanding on the effect of triglycerides and sugar as carbon source in fungi global metabolic pathway, which might become important for future optimization of carbon flux engineering in fungi to improve organic acids production when vegetable oil is applied as the sole carbon source.

    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism*
  3. An antibacterial metabolite from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae F2
    Wei W, Jiang N, Mei YN, Chu YL, Ge HM, Song YC, et al.
    Phytochemistry, 2014 Apr;100:103-9.
    PMID: 24529576 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.003
    In searching for symbionts derived from bioactive natural products, six sulfureous diketopiperazines designated as lasiodiplines A-F (1-6) were characterized from the culture of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae F2, previously residing in the apparently normal flower of Illigera rhodantha (Hernandiaceae). Identification of structures was accomplished by a combination of spectroscopic and computational approaches, in conjunction with the low-temperature (100K) single-crystal X-ray diffraction with Cu Kα radiation. Lasiodipline E (5) was demonstrated to be antibacterial against the clinical strains Streptococcus sp., Bacteroides vulgates, Peptostreptococcus sp. and Veillonella parvula, respectively, with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.12-0.25 μg/mL. In addition, compounds 4 and 6 exemplify two unusual architectures of natural cyclodipeptides, signifying the unique biochemical characteristics of the producing fungus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism*
  4. Improved cellulase production by Botryosphaeria rhodina from OPEFB at low level moisture condition through statistical optimization
    Bahrin EK, Ibrahim MF, Abd Razak MN, Abd-Aziz S, Shah UK, Alitheen N, et al.
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2012;42(2):155-70.
    PMID: 22394064 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2011.585413
    The response surface method was applied in this study to improve cellulase production from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Botryosphaeria rhodina. An experimental design based on a two-level factorial was employed to screen the significant environmental factors for cellulase production. The locally isolated fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina was cultivated on OPEFB under solid-state fermentation (SSF). From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the initial moisture content, amount of substrate, and initial pH of nutrient supplied in the SSF system significantly influenced cellulase production. Then the optimization of the variables was done using the response surface method according to central composite design (CCD). Botryosphaeria rhodina exhibited its best performance with a high predicted value of FPase enzyme production (17.95 U/g) when the initial moisture content was at 24.32%, initial pH of nutrient was 5.96, and 3.98 g of substrate was present. The statistical optimization from actual experiment resulted in a significant increment of FPase production from 3.26 to 17.91 U/g (5.49-fold). High cellulase production at low moisture content is a very rare condition for fungi cultured in solid-state fermentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  5. Mixed herbs drugs: inhibitory effect on growth of the endogenous mycoflora and aflatoxin production
    Razak MF, Aidoo KE, Candlish AG
    Mycopathologia, 2009 May;167(5):273-86.
    PMID: 18991016 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9167-3
    Twenty commercial mixed herbal drugs were examined for mycological profile. Aspergillus species were the predominant fungi found in the drugs. Other fungi harboured in the drugs with less frequency were Paecilomyces species, Eurotium species, Monascus species, Acremonium species, Penicillium species, Cladosporium species, Scopulariopsis species, Phialophora species and Fonseceae species. Fungal count was between 1.0 log(10) CFU and 2.4 log(10) CFU per gram of sample. When the drugs were incubated in 85% humidity at 25 degrees C, fungal colonies grew on only two of the drugs. The mixed herbal drugs were extracted with water and the extracts were used to grow Aspergillus parasiticus. All extracts reduced aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin G(1) production by 62-97%. All but two of the extracts reduced aflatoxin B(2) and aflatoxin G(2) production by 39-95%. It can be concluded that the commercial powdered mixed herbal drugs contained low number of endogenous fungi, and these drugs are inhibitory to the growth of its endogenous fungi and aflatoxins production by aflatoxigenic fungi.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  6. Enzymatic synthesis of 6-O-glucosyl-poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) in organic solvents and their binary mixture
    Gumel AM, Annuar MS, Heidelberg T
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2013 Apr;55:127-36.
    PMID: 23305702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.028
    The effects of organic solvents and their binary mixture in the glucose functionalization of bacterial poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates catalyzed by Lecitase™ Ultra were studied. Equal volume binary mixture of DMSO and chloroform with moderate polarity was more effective for the enzyme catalyzed synthesis of the carbohydrate polymer at ≈38.2 (±0.8)% reactant conversion as compared to the mono-phasic and other binary solvents studied. The apparent reaction rate constant as a function of medium water activity (aw) was observed to increase with increasing solvent polarity, with optimum aw of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.7 (±0.1) observed in hydrophilic DMSO, binary mixture DMSO:isooctane and hydrophobic isooctane, respectively. Molecular sieve loading between 13 to 15gL(-1) (±0.2) and reaction temperature between 40 to 50°C were found optimal. Functionalized PHA polymer showed potential characteristics and biodegradability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism*
  7. Biodecolorization of recalcitrant dye as the sole sourceof nutrition using Curvularia clavata NZ2 and decolorization ability of its crude enzymes
    Neoh CH, Lam CY, Lim CK, Yahya A, Bay HH, Ibrahim Z, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 Aug;22(15):11669-78.
    PMID: 25850745 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4436-4
    Extensive use of recalcitrant azo dyes in textile and paper industries poses a direct threat to the environment due to the carcinogenicity of their degradation products. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Curvularia clavata NZ2 in decolorization of azo dyes. The ability of the fungus to decolorize azo dyes can be evaluated as an important outcome as existing effluent treatment is unable to remove the dyes effectively. C. clavata has the ability to decolorize Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Acid Orange 7 (AO7), and Congo Red azo dyes, utilizing these as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the extracted RB5's metabolites along with desorption tests confirmed that the decolorization process occurred due to degradation and not merely by adsorption. Enzyme activities of extracellular enzymes such as carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase, laccase, and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were also detected during the decolorization process. Toxicity expressed as inhibition of germination was reduced significantly in fungal-treated azo dye solution when compared with the control. The cultivation of C. clavata under sequential batch system also recorded a decolorization efficiency of above 90%. The crude enzyme secreted by C. clavata also showed excellent ability to decolorize RB5 solutions with concentrations of 100 ppm (88-92%) and 1000 ppm (70-77%) without redox mediator. This proved that extracellular enzymes produced by C. clavata played a major role in decolorization of RB5.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  8. Enhancement of anti-candidal activity of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. ED2, isolated from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, by incorporation of host plant extract in culture medium
    Yenn TW, Lee CC, Ibrahim D, Zakaria L
    J Microbiol, 2012 Aug;50(4):581-5.
    PMID: 22923105 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2083-8
    This study examined the effect of host extract in the culture medium on anti-candidal activity of Phomopsis sp. ED2, previously isolated from the medicinal herb Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Interestingly, upon addition of aqueous host extract to the culture medium, the ethyl acetate extract prepared from fermentative broth exhibited moderate anti-candidal activity in a disc diffusion assay. The minimal inhibitory concentration of this extract was 62.5 μg/ml and it only exhibited fungistatic activity against C. albicans. In the time-kill study, a 50% growth reduction of C. albicans was observed at 31.4 h for extract from the culture incorporating host extract. In the bioautography assay, only one single spot (Rf 0.59) developed from the extract exhibited anti-candidal activity. A spot with the a similar Rf was not detected for the crude extract from YES broth without host extract. This indicated that the terpenoid anti-candidal compound was only produced when the host extract was introduced into the medium. The study concluded that the incorporation of aqueous extract of the host plant into the culture medium significantly enhanced the anti-candidal activity of Phomopsis sp. ED2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  9. Fulltext The genome of newly classified Ochroconis mirabilis: Insights into fungal adaptation to different living conditions
    Yew SM, Chan CL, Kuan CS, Toh YF, Ngeow YF, Na SL, et al.
    BMC Genomics, 2016 Feb 03;17:91.
    PMID: 26842951 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2409-8
    Ochroconis mirabilis, a recently introduced water-borne dematiaceous fungus, is occasionally isolated from human skin lesions and nails. We identified an isolate of O. mirabilis from a skin scraping with morphological and molecular studies. Its genome was then sequenced and analysed for genetic features related to classification and biological characteristics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  10. Fulltext Genome Anatomy of Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis UM 256, a Multidrug Resistant Strain Isolated from Skin Scraping
    Toh YF, Yew SM, Chan CL, Na SL, Lee KW, Hoh CC, et al.
    PLoS One, 2016;11(9):e0162095.
    PMID: 27626635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162095
    Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis is a rare human pathogen that causes infection in human skin and nail. P. unguis-hominis has received little attention, and thus, the basic biology and pathogenicity of this fungus is not fully understood. In this study, we performed in-depth analysis of the P. unguis-hominis UM 256 genome that was isolated from the skin scraping of a dermatitis patient. The isolate was identified to species level using a comprehensive multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pyrenochaeta. The assembled UM 256 genome has a size of 35.5 Mb and encodes 12,545 putative genes, and 0.34% of the assembled genome is predicted transposable elements. Its genomic features propose that the fungus is a heterothallic fungus that encodes a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, peptidases, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic enzymes. Antifungal drug resistance genes including MDR, CDR, and ERG11/CYP51 were identified in P. unguis-hominis UM 256, which may confer resistance to this fungus. The genome analysis of P. unguis-hominis provides an insight into molecular and genetic basis of the fungal lifestyles, understanding the unrevealed biology of antifungal resistance in this fungus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  11. Decolorization of palm oil mill effluent using growing cultures of Curvularia clavata
    Neoh CH, Lam CY, Lim CK, Yahya A, Ibrahim Z
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2014 Mar;21(6):4397-408.
    PMID: 24327114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2350-1
    Agricultural wastewater that produces color are of environmental and health concern as colored effluent can produce toxic and carcinogenic by-products. From this study, batch culture optimization using response surface methods indicated that the fungus isolated from the pineapple solid waste, Curvularia clavata was able to decolorize sterile palm oil mill effluent (POME) which is mainly associated with polyphenol and lignin. Results showed successful decolorization of POME up to 80 % (initial ADMI [American Dye Manufacturing Index] of 3,793) with 54 % contributed by biosorption and 46 % by biodegradation after 5 days of treatment. Analysis using HPLC and GC-MS showed the degradation of color causing compound such as 3-methoxyphenyl isothiocynate and the production of new metabolites. Ecotoxicity test indicated that the decolorized effluent is safe for discharge. To determine the longevity of the fungus for a prolonged decolorization period, sequential batch decolorization studies were carried out. The results showed that lignin peroxidase and laccase were the main ligninolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of color. Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and xylanase activities were also detected suggesting possible roles of the enzymes in promoting growth of the fungus which consequently contributed to improved decolorization of POME. In conclusion, the ability of C. clavata in treating color of POME indicated that C. clavata is of potential use for decolorization and degradation of agricultural wastewater containing polyphenolic compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  12. Fulltext Metabolic Profile of Scytalidium parasiticum-Ganoderma boninense Co-Cultures Revealed the Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Fatty Acids that Contribute to Anti-Ganoderma Activity
    Ahmad R, Lim CK, Marzuki NF, Goh YK, Azizan KA, Goh YK, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Dec 16;25(24).
    PMID: 33339375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245965
    In solving the issue of basal stem rot diseases caused by Ganoderma, an investigation of Scytalidium parasiticum as a biological control agent that suppresses Ganoderma infection has gained our interest, as it is more environmentally friendly. Recently, the fungal co-cultivation has emerged as a promising method to discover novel antimicrobial metabolites. In this study, an established technique of co-culturing Scytalidium parasiticum and Ganoderma boninense was applied to produce and induce metabolites that have antifungal activity against G. boninense. The crude extract from the co-culture media was applied to a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) preparative column to isolate the bioactive compounds, which were tested against G. boninense. The fractions that showed inhibition against G. boninense were sent for a Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis to further identify the compounds that were responsible for the microbicidal activity. Interestingly, we found that eudistomin I, naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside and penipanoid A, which were present in different abundances in all the active fractions, except in the control, could be the antimicrobial metabolites. In addition, the abundance of fatty acids, such as oleic acid and stearamide in the active fraction, also enhanced the antimicrobial activity. This comprehensive metabolomics study could be used as the basis for isolating biocontrol compounds to be applied in oil palm fields to combat a Ganoderma infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  13. Fulltext Endophytic Diaporthe sp. ED2 Produces a Novel Anti-Candidal Ketone Derivative
    Tong WY, Leong CR, Tan WN, Khairuddean M, Zakaria L, Ibrahim D
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2017 Jun 28;27(6):1065-1070.
    PMID: 28297749 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1612.12009
    This study aimed to examine the anti-candidal efficacy of a novel ketone derivative isolated from Diaporthe sp. ED2, an endophytic fungus residing in medicinal herb Orthosiphon stamieus Benth. The ethyl acetate extract of the fungal culture was separated by open column and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The eluent at retention time 5.64 min in the HPLC system was the only compound that exhibited anti-candidal activity on Kirby-Bauer assay. The structure of the compound was also elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy techniques. The purified anti-candidal compound was obtainedas a colorless solid and characterized as 3-hydroxy-5-methoxyhex-5-ene-2,4-dione. On broth microdilution assay, the compound also exhibited fungicidal activity on a clinical strain of Candida albicans at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 3.1 μg/ml. The killing kinetic analysis also revealed that the compound was fungicidal against C. albicans in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The compound was heat-stable up to 70°C, but its anti-candidal activity was affected at pH 2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  14. Fulltext A Review on Antistaphylococcal Secondary Metabolites from Basidiomycetes
    Vallavan V, Krishnasamy G, Zin NM, Abdul Latif M
    Molecules, 2020 Dec 11;25(24).
    PMID: 33322256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245848
    Fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites with several pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer to name a few. Due to the large number of diverse structured chemical compounds they produce, fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Muccoromycota have been intensively studied for isolation of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes-derived secondary metabolites are known as a promising source of antibacterial compounds with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major challenge to patient health as it leads to higher morbidity and mortality, higher hospital-stay duration and substantial economic burden in global healthcare sector. One of the key culprits for AMR crisis is Staphylococcus aureus causing community-acquired infections as the pathogen develops resistance towards multiple antibiotics. The recent emergence of community strains of S. aureus harbouring methicillin-resistant (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) genes associated with increased virulence is challenging. Despite the few significant developments in antibiotic research, successful MRSA therapeutic options are still needed to reduce the use of scanty and expensive second-line treatments. This paper provides an overview of findings from various studies on antibacterial secondary metabolites from basidiomycetes, with a special focus on antistaphylococcal activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism
  15. Fulltext First report on a novel Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from Catharanthus roseus plant with anticarcinogenic properties
    Ayob FW, Simarani K, Zainal Abidin N, Mohamad J
    Microb Biotechnol, 2017 Jul;10(4):926-932.
    PMID: 28612376 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12603
    This paper reports on the vinca alkaloid produced by a novel Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), only the crude mycelia extract of this fungus was positive for determination of vinblastine. This vinca alkaloid was then purified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tested for cytotoxicity activity using MTT assays. The breast cell line cancer (MDA-MB 231) was treated with a purified vinblastine which was intracellulary produced by N. sphaerica. The purified vinblastine from extracted leaf of C. roseus was used as a standard comparison. A positive result with a value of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of > 32 μg ml-1 was observed compared with standard (IC50 ) of 350 μg ml-1 only. It showed that a vinblastine produced by N. sphaerica has a high cytotoxicity activity even though the concentration of vinblastine produced by this endophytic fungus was only 0.868 μg ml-1 .
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascomycota/metabolism*
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