Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 27 in total

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  1. A Protein Decomplexation Strategy in Snake Venom Proteomics
    Tan CH, Tan KY, Tan NH
    Methods Mol Biol, 2019;1871:83-92.
    PMID: 30276733 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8814-3_5
    Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and peptides that play vital roles in the survival of venomous snakes. As with their diverse pharmacological activities, snake venoms can be highly variable, hence the importance of understanding the compositional details of different snake venoms. However, profiling venom protein mixtures is challenging, in particular when dealing with the diversity of protein subtypes and their abundances. Here we described an optimized strategy combining a protein decomplexation method with in-solution trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry of snake venom proteins. The approach involves the integrated use of C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-LC-MS/MS).
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/analysis; Snake Venoms/metabolism*
  2. Functional Application of Snake Venom Proteomics in In Vivo Antivenom Assessment
    Tan CH, Tan KY
    Methods Mol Biol, 2019;1871:153-158.
    PMID: 30276739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8814-3_11
    Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is commonly employed as a decomplexing strategy in snake venom proteomics. The chromatographic fractions often contain relatively pure toxins that can be assessed functionally for toxicity level through the determination of their median lethal doses (LD50). Further, antivenom efficacy can be evaluated specifically against these venom fractions to understand the limitation of the antivenom as the treatment for snake envenomation. However, methods of toxicity assessment and antivenom evaluation vary across laboratories; hence there is a need to standardize the protocols and parameters, in particular those related to the neutralizing efficacy of antivenom. This chapter outlines the important in vivo techniques and data interpretation that can be applied in the functional study of snake venom proteomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/immunology; Snake Venoms/isolation & purification; Snake Venoms/metabolism*
  3. A potent anticoagulant hybrid of snake venom derived FIX-binding protein and anti-factor IX RNA aptamer: Assessed by in-silico and electrochemical analyses
    Krishnan H, Gopinath SCB
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Aug 30;247:125740.
    PMID: 37423441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125740
    Anticoagulant therapies are crucial in the management of surgical complications as well as the prophylaxis of thrombosis. Many studies are being conducted on the Habu snake-venom anticoagulant, FIX-binding protein (FIX-Bp), for its greater potency and strong affinity to FIX clotting factor. On the other hand, the capacity to promptly reverse such acute anticoagulation is equally important. Combining a reversible anticoagulant with FIX-Bp may be advantageous in maintaining the balance between adequate anticoagulation and repealing when necessary. In this study, authors integrated FIX-Bp and RNA aptamer-based anticoagulants into a single target, FIX clotting factor, in order to achieve a robust anticoagulant effect. An in-silico and electrochemical approach were used to investigate the combination of FIX-Bp and RNA aptamers as a bivalent anticoagulant and to verify the competing or predominant binding sites of each anticoagulant. The in-silico analysis discovered that both the venom- and aptamer-anticoagulant had a strong affinity for the FIX protein at the Gla-domain and EGF-1 domain by holding 9 conventional hydrogen bonds with the binding energy of -34.859 kcal/mol. The electrochemical technique verified that both anticoagulants had different binding sites. The impedance load upon RNA aptamer binding to FIX protein was 14 %, whereas the addition of FIX-Bp caused a significant impedance rise of 37 %. This indicates that the addition of aptamers prior to FIX-Bp is a promising strategy for the conception of a hybrid anticoagulant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  4. Proteomic characterization and comparison of Malaysian Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms
    Rusmili MR, Yee TT, Mustafa MR, Hodgson WC, Othman I
    J Proteomics, 2014 Oct 14;110:129-44.
    PMID: 25154052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.001
    Kraits (Bungarus spp.) are highly venomous elapids that are only found in Asia. In the current study, 103 and 86 different proteins were identified from Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms, respectively. These proteins were classified into 18 different venom protein families. Both venoms were found to contain a high percentage of three finger toxins, phospholipase A2 enzymes and Kunitz-type inhibitors. Smaller number of high molecular weight enzymes such as L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidases, and acetylcholinesterase were also detected in the venoms. We also detected some unique proteins that were not known to be present in these venoms. The presence of a natriuretic peptide, vespryn, and serine protease families was detected in B. candidus venom. We also detected the presence of subunit A and B of β-bungarotoxin and α-bungarotoxin which had not been previously found in B. fasciatus venom. Understanding the proteome composition of Malaysian krait species will provide useful information on unique toxins and proteins which are present in the venoms. This knowledge will assist in the management of krait envenoming. In addition, these proteins may have potential use as research tools or as drug-design templates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/chemistry*
  5. Bitten by the "flying" tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi
    Tan TL, Ismail AK, Kong KW, Ahmad NK
    J Emerg Med, 2012 Apr;42(4):420-3.
    PMID: 22154775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.038
    The paradise tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi, is a rear-fanged colubrid. Like other members of the genus Chrysopelea, it is able to glide through the air, and thus, is commonly known as a "flying snake." There are few documented effects of its bite on humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/poisoning*
  6. Fulltext The use of venom and venom-derived products in medicine and cosmetics: the ethical issues from Islamic perspective
    Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmil, Iekhsan Othman, Che Anuar Che Mohamad
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(101):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Venom is a mixture of biologically active toxins that affect normal physiological functions. With the advance in technology, the complexity and functions of venom and its toxins are slowly being revealed. It has become important source for therapeutic, diagnostic and cosmetic agents. However, there is concern among the Muslim community pertaining to halal and safety issues on the venom and venom-derived product usage. There are few studies that discuss the Islamic views in the usage of venom and venom-based product in medicine and cosmetic applications. There is a need for Muslim scientists and scholars to seriously identify the potential ethical and safety issues in the usage of venom and venom-derived products in view of the widespread application in medicine and cosmetic, which subsequently forming the basis for relevant and reliable shariah ruling. This is an attempt to review the relevant articles based on the following keywords: venom and Islamic ruling, venom-based product, venom and medicine, venom and cosmetic, antivenom, venom toxin, snake poison and venom diagnostics. It will also attempt to clarify and elaborate the implication of the “halal” status for venom-based product. Finaly the current available shariah rulings on the usage of venom and venom-based product both in medical and cosmetic area and the related principle of fiqh involved will be analyzed. The findings from this review, particularly the current available ruling will allow various parties to be well informed on the current ruling and related issues on the usage of this products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  7. Comparative study of the edema-inducing activity of snake venoms
    Tan NH, Saifuddin MN
    Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol, 1990;97(2):293-6.
    PMID: 1982873
    1. The edema-inducing activity of 24 venoms from snakes of the subfamilies of Elapinae, Hydrophiini, Crotalinae and Viperinae was determined. 2. All snake venoms tested are very potent edema inducers. The minimum edema doses of the venoms ranged from 0.16 to 3.41 micrograms per mouse paw. 3. The venoms induced a rapid onset edema which peaked within 1 h of injection and declined thereafter; at low dose, however, some venoms induced a rapid onset edema that sustained over a longer duration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/administration & dosage; Snake Venoms/toxicity*
  8. Isolation, characterization and antigenic cross-reactivities of the major hemorrhagin from Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus venom
    Fung SY, Tan NH
    Indian J Exp Biol, 2013 Dec;51(12):1063-9.
    PMID: 24579371
    The major hemorrhagin from C. purpureomaculatus (mangrove pit viper) venom was purified to homogeneity and termed Maculatoxin. Maculatoxin has a molecular weight of 38 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. It is an acidic protein (pI= 4.2) and exhibited proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities (MHD10 = 0.84 microg in mice) but was not lethal to mice at a dose of 1 microg/g. The hemorrhagic activity of Maculatoxin was completely inactivated by EDTA and partially inhibited by ATP and citrate. The N-terminal sequence of Maculatoxin (TPEQQRFPPTYIDLGIFVDHGMYAT) shares a significant degree of homology with the metalloprotease domain of other venom hemorrhagins. Indirect ELISA showed anti-Maculatoxin cross reacted with protein components of many snake venoms. In the double-sandwich ELISA, however, anti-Maculatoxin cross-reacted only with venoms of certain species of the Trimeresurus (Asia lance-head viper) complex, and the results support the recent proposed taxonomy changes concerning the Trimeresurus complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/genetics; Snake Venoms/immunology*
  9. Fulltext Antihaemolytic and snake venom neutralizing effect of some Indian medicinal plants
    Kumarapppan C, Jaswanth A, Kumarasunderi K
    Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2011 Sep;4(9):743-7.
    PMID: 21967700 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60185-5
    OBJECTIVE: To validate traditional claims of usefulness of the Indian plants in management of poisonous snakebite and evaluate the antivenom properties displayed by the alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata), Crateva magna (C. magna), Gloriosa superba (G. superba) and Hydrocotyle javanica (H. javanica).

    METHODS: These plants were collected, identified and the extracts were prepared by using conventional Soxhlet ethanol extraction technique. The venom neutralization activity was accessed in mice (20-25g) and number of mortalities was observed against clinically important snake (Naja nigricollis) venom. Present study also deals with in vitro membrane stabilizing activity of these plants against hyposaline induced human red blood corpuscles (HRBC).

    RESULTS: Extracts of H. javanica and G. superba gave 80 % and 90 % protection to mice treated with minimum lethal dose of venom (LD(99)). These two plants showed significant neutralization effect against the venoms of Naja nigricollis venom. H. javanica and G. superba (25-100 mg/mL) produced significant changes of membrane stabilization of human red blood cells (HRBC) exposed to hyposaline-induced haemolysis.

    CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that probably due to presence of various phytochemicals plays an important role in the anti-venom potential of these Indian medicinal plants against Naja nigricollis venom. The above observations confirmed that A. paniculata, C. magna, G. superba and H. javanica plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used as an adjuvants for antivenin therapy in case of snakebite envenomation, especially against the local effects of cobra venoms.

    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors*; Snake Venoms/toxicity
  10. A comparative study on the electrophoretic patterns of snake venoms
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B, 1992 May;102(1):103-9.
    PMID: 1526113
    1. Examination of the polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE patterns of snake venoms shows that these patterns are useful for species differentiation (and hence identification) for snakes of certain genera but have only limited application for snakes from some other genera, due either to the marked individual variations in the venoms or the lack of marked interspecific differences within the same genus. 2. There is no substantial intersubspecific difference in the electrophoretic patterns of the venoms. 3. In general there are no common characteristics in the electrophoretic patterns of the venom at the generic level because of the wide variations in the electrophoretic patterns of venoms of snakes within the same genus. 4. At the familial level, the venoms of Elapidae exhibited SDS-PAGE patterns distinct from those of Crotalidae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/classification; Snake Venoms/isolation & purification*
  11. A comparative study of the biological properties of some sea snake venoms
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B, 1991;99(2):351-4.
    PMID: 1764914
    1. The protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, procoagulant, anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities of ten samples of venoms from seven taxa of sea snakes were examined. 2. The results show that venoms of sea snakes of both subfamilies of Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae are characterized by a very low level of enzymatic activities, except phospholipase A activity and, for some species, hyaluronidase activity. 3. Because of the low levels of enzymatic activities and the total lack of procoagulant and hemorrhagic activities, venom biological properties are not useful for the differentiation of species of sea snakes. Nevertheless, the unusually low levels of enzymatic activities of sea snake venoms may be used to distinguish sea snake venoms from other elapid or viperid venoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/metabolism*; Snake Venoms/toxicity
  12. Regional and accelerated molecular evolution in group I snake venom gland phospholipase A2 isozymes
    Chuman Y, Nobuhisa I, Ogawa T, Deshimaru M, Chijiwa T, Tan NH, et al.
    Toxicon, 2000 Mar;38(3):449-62.
    PMID: 10669032
    In accordance with detection of a few phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozyme genes by Southern blot analysis, only two cDNAs, named NnkPLA-I , and NnkPLA-II, encoding group I PLA2s, NnkPLA-I and NnkPLA-II, respectively, were isolated from the venom gland cDNA library of Elapinae Naja naja kaouthia of Malaysia. NnkPLA-I and NnkPLA-II showed four amino acid substitutions, all of which were brought about by single nucleotide substitution. No existence of clones encoding CM-II and CM-III, PLA2 isozymes which had been isolated from the venom of N. naja kaouthia of Thailand, in Malaysian N. naja kaouthia venom gland cDNA library was verified by dot blot hybridization analysis with particular probes. NnkPLA-I and NnkPLA-II differed from CM-II and CM-III with four and two amino acid substitutions, respectively, suggesting that their molecular evolution is regional. The comparison of NnkPLA-I, NnkPLA-II and cDNAs encoding other group I snake venom gland PLA2s indicated that the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions are more conserved than the mature protein-coding region and that the number of nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site is almost equal to that per synonymous site in the protein-coding region, suggesting that accelerated evolution has occurred in group I venom gland PLA2s possibly to acquire new physiological functions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/genetics; Snake Venoms/chemistry*
  13. Fulltext A novel in vitro potency assay of antisera against Thai Naja kaouthia based on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding
    Ratanabanangkoon K, Simsiriwong P, Pruksaphon K, Tan KY, Eursakun S, Tan CH, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2017 08 17;7(1):8545.
    PMID: 28819275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08962-3
    Snake envenomation is an important medical problem. One of the hurdles in antivenom development is the in vivo assay of antivenom potency which is expensive, gives variable results and kills many animals. We report a novel in vitro assay involving the specific binding of the postsynaptic neurotoxins (PSNTs) of elapid snakes with purified Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The potency of an antivenom is determined by its antibody ability to bind and neutralize the PSNT, thus preventing it from binding to nAChR. The PSNT of Naja kaouthia (NK3) was immobilized on microtiter wells and nAChR was added to bind with it. The in vitro IC50 of N. kaouthia venom that inhibited 50% of nAChR binding to the immobilized NK3 was determined. Varying concentrations of antisera against N. kaouthia were separately pre-incubated with 5xIC50 of N. kaouthia venom. The remaining free NK3 were incubated with nAChR before adding to the NK3 coated plates. The in vitro and in vivo median effective ratio, ER50s of 12 batches of antisera showed correlation (R 2) of 0.9809 (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/immunology; Snake Venoms/metabolism
  14. Fulltext Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica seed extract on snake venom
    Soraya Ismail, Nur Farhana Azmi, Khin, Maung Maung, Oothuman, Pakeer
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(11):25-25.
    MyJurnal
    Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO
    in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard
    treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be
    very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study
    was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed
    extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely
    Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  15. Incidence, clinical manifestation and general management of snake bites
    Trishnananda M
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1979 Jun;10(2):248-50.
    PMID: 524149
    There are regional patterns in snake-bites. Bites by cobras have a high incidence in Thailand and in the Philippines with a high case fatality rate. Among the venomous snakes of haemorrhagic nature, bites by Trimeresurus species such as green pit viper, Taiwan habu and Taiwan bamboo viper are important in Thailand and Taiwan for their high incidence of bite, although the case fatality rates are low. Bites by Malayan pit vipers are also important in Thailand and Malaysia because of their high incidence. Bites by sea snakes are more common in Malaysia than in the Philippines and Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  16. A bite by the Twin-Barred Tree Snake, Chrysopelea pelias (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Ismail AK, Weinstein SA, Auliya M, Sabardin DM, Herbosa TJ, Saiboon IM, et al.
    Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2010 Mar;48(3):222-6.
    PMID: 20345298 DOI: 10.3109/15563650903550964
    The Twin-Barred Tree Snake, Chrysopelea pelias, is a colubrine that, like other members of the genus Chrysopelea, is able to glide in the arboreal strata. Little is known about the effects of its bite. This report is the first clinically documented bite by this relatively uncommon rear-fanged species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/toxicity*
  17. Evaluating the physicochemical properties and efficacy of recently expired and aged antivenom products from Thailand and Taiwan
    Tan KY, Liew ST, Tan QY, Abdul-Rahman FN, Azmi NI, Sim SM, et al.
    Toxicon, 2019 Mar 15;160:55-58.
    PMID: 30797900 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.010
    Gel filtration chromatography and gel electrophoresis revealed minimal protein degradation in lyophilized antivenoms which were 2-year expired (Hemato Polyvalent, Neuro Polyvalent; Thailand) and 18-year expired (Hemato Bivalent, Neuro Bivalent; Taiwan). All expired antivenoms retained immunological binding activity, and were able to neutralize the hemotoxic or neurotoxic as well as lethal effects of the homologous snake venoms. The findings show that antivenoms under proper storage conditions may remain relatively stable beyond the indicated shelf life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors
  18. Comparative study of the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of some animal venoms
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G
    Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol, 1992 Oct;103(2):299-302.
    PMID: 1360387
    1. The enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of venoms of some animals including snakes, lizards, toads, scorpions, spider, wasps, bees and ants were compared. 2. Snake venom was the richest source of enzymes among the animal venoms. Most other animal venoms were devoid of phosphodiesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities and only a few exhibited arginine ester hydrolase activity. These venoms, however, exhibited wide ranges of protease, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase activities. Most of the animal venoms examined exhibited some phospholipase A activity. 3. Other than snake venoms, only venoms of the toad Bufo calamita and the lizards were hemorrhagic, and only venoms of the social wasps, social bees and harvester ant exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. Procoagulant activity occurs only in snake venoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/metabolism; Snake Venoms/pharmacology
  19. Fulltext Anti-snake venom and methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata: a multipronged strategy to neutralize Naja naja venom acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase
    Nayak AG, Kumar N, Shenoy S, Roche M
    3 Biotech, 2020 Nov;10(11):476.
    PMID: 33083200 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02462-4
    The study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 'spreading factor' hyaluronidase from Naja naja (N.N) venom. AChE and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as 'control'. In Test Group I, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP to the venom. Inhibition of AChE by ASV (100-367 µg) was 12-17%, and of hyaluronidase (22-660 µg) was 33-41%. Under the same conditions, MAP (100-400 µg) inhibited AChE and hyaluronidase to the extent of 17-33% and 17-52%, respectively. When ASV (220 µg) and MAP (100-200 µg) were added together, AChE and hyaluronidase were inhibited to a greater extent from 39-63 to 36-44%, than when either of them was used alone. In Test Group 2, the venom was incubated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP for 10-30 min at 37 °C prior to the assay which enhanced AChE inhibition by 6%, 82% and 18% respectively, when compared to Test Group I. Though there was no change in inhibition of hyaluronidase in the presence of ASV, MAP could further increase the extent of inhibition by 27% and ASV + MAP upto 4%. In Test Group III, venom and substrate were incubated for 90 min and hyaluronidase activity was measured after the addition of inhibitors. Here, ASV + MAP caused increased inhibition by 69% compared to ASV alone. The study confirms the ability of phytochemicals in MAP to contribute to a multipronged strategy by supplementing, thereby augmenting the efficacy of ASV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  20. Fulltext A pan-specific antiserum produced by a novel immunization strategy shows a high spectrum of neutralization against neurotoxic snake venoms
    Ratanabanangkoon K, Tan KY, Pruksaphon K, Klinpayom C, Gutiérrez JM, Quraishi NH, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 07 09;10(1):11261.
    PMID: 32647261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66657-8
    Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease of high mortality and morbidity largely due to insufficient supply of effective and affordable antivenoms. Snake antivenoms are mostly effective against the venoms used in their production. It is thus crucial that effective and affordable antivenom(s) with wide para-specificity, capable of neutralizing the venoms of a large number of snakes, be produced. Here we studied the pan-specific antiserum prepared previously by a novel immunization strategy involving the exposure of horses to a 'diverse toxin repertoire' consisting of 12 neurotoxic Asian snake toxin fractions/ venoms from six species. This antiserum was previously shown to exhibit wide para-specificity by neutralizing 11 homologous and 16 heterologous venoms from Asia and Africa. We now show that the antiserum can neutralize 9 out of 10 additional neurotoxic venoms. Altogether, 36 snake venoms belonging to 10 genera from 4 continents were neutralized by the antiserum. Toxin profiles previously generated using proteomic techniques of these 36 venoms identified α-neurotoxins, β-neurotoxins, and cytotoxins as predominant toxins presumably neutralized by the antiserum. The bases for the wide para-specificity of the antiserum are discussed. These findings indicate that it is feasible to generate antivenoms of wide para-specificity against elapid neurotoxic venoms from different regions in the world and raises the possibility of a universal neurotoxic antivenom. This should reduce the mortality resulting from neurotoxic snakebite envenomation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
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