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Ocular abnormalities in children from a Malaysian school for the deaf

Elango S, Reddy TN, Shriwas SR

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1994;14(2):149-52.
PMID: 7521631

The prevalence of ocular abnormalities was studied in 165 children from a Malaysian school for the deaf. Ninety-five children (57.6%) had one or more ocular abnormalities. Rubella retinopathy was the commonest form of ocular abnormality (35.2%). Refractive errors were found in 23 children (13.9%). Refractive errors in the rubella group were significantly more common than in the non-rubella group of deaf children (p < 0.001) (chi 2 test). Thirteen children had congenital anomalies causing significantly impaired vision. Ophthalmological examination of deaf children helps in the detection of cases with rubella eye signs and thus helps to identify the cause of deafness. Since deaf children are at greater risk of visual and ocular abnormalities, periodical ophthalmological examination should be carried out in these children.

Matched MeSH terms: Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology
Fulltext Rubella (German measles) revisited

Leung AKC, Hon KL, Leong KF

Hong Kong Med J, 2019 04;25(2):134-141.
PMID: 30967519 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187785

Rubella is generally a mild and self-limited disease in children. During pregnancy, rubella can have potentially devastating effects on the developing fetus. Postnatal rubella is transmitted primarily by inhalation of virus-laden airborne droplets or direct contact with infected nasopharyngeal secretions. In susceptible pregnant women, the virus may cross the placenta and spread through the vascular system of the developing fetus. Postnatally acquired rubella typically begins with fever and lymphadenopathy, followed by an erythematous, maculopapular rash. The rash classically begins on the face, spreads cephalocaudally, becomes generalised within 24 hours, and disappears within 3 days. Maternal rubella, especially during early pregnancy, may lead to miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death, premature labour, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital rubella syndrome. Cataracts, congenital heart defects, and sensorineural deafness are the classic triad of congenital rubella syndrome and they typically occur if the fetal infection occurs in the first 11 weeks of gestation. Laboratory confirmation of rubella virus infection can be based on a positive serological test for rubella-specific immunoglobulin M antibody; a four-fold or greater increase in rubella-specific immunoglobulin G titres between acute and convalescent sera; or detection of rubella virus RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment is mainly symptomatic. Universal childhood immunisation and vaccination of all susceptible patients with rubella vaccine to decrease circulation of the virus are cornerstones to prevention of rubella and, more importantly, congenital rubella syndrome.

Matched MeSH terms: Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology*
Spatiotemporal proximity of rubella cases to the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Sriwahyuni E, Sriwahyuni E, Fuad A, Ahmad RA, Ahmad RA, Rustamaji R, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2020 05;75(Suppl 1):41-47.
PMID: 32483106

INTRODUCTION: Rubella infection during early pregnancy may cause fatal consequences such as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The incidence rate (IR) of CRS confirmed cases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia between July 2008 and June 2013 was high at 0.05 per 1,000 live births. This study aimed to discover the spatiotemporal pattern of rubella and CRS and also identify whether the proximity of rubella cases was associated with the occurrence of CRS cases.
METHODS: This observational research used a spatiotemporal approach. We obtained CRS and rubella surveillance data from Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Provincial, and District Health Offices in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during January-April 2019. The home addresses of rubella and CRS cases were geocoded using the Global Positioning System. Average of the nearest neighbour and space-time permutation analyses were conducted to discover the spatiotemporal patterns and clusters of rubella and CRS cases.
RESULTS: The peak of rubella cases occurred in 2017 (IR: 22.3 per 100,000 population). Twelve confirmed cases of CRS were found in the 2016-2018 period (IR: 0.05 per 1,000 live births). The occurrence of CRS in Yogyakarta was detected 6-8 months after the increase and peak of rubella cases. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that rubella cases were mostly clustered, while CRS cases were distributed in a dispersed pattern. Rubella cases were found within a buffer zone of 2.5 km from any CRS case.
CONCLUSIONS: Rubella cases were spatiotemporally associated with the occurrence of CRS in Yogyakarta. We recommend strengthening the surveillance system of CRS and rubella cases in order to contain any further spreading of the disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology*
Congenital rubella syndrome: a review of laboratory data from 2002 to 2011

Saraswathy TS, Rozainanee MZ, Asshikin RN, Zainah S

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 May;44(3):429-35.
PMID: 24050074

Rubella infection in pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to fetal anomalies, commonly known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The objective of our study was to analyze the serological test results among infants suspected of having CRS aged < or = 12 months compared with their clinical status. Between January 2002 and December 2011, 3,279 serum samples from infants aged < or = 12 months from government hospitals in Malaysia were examined for rubella specific IgM and IgG antibodies using a Axsym, automated analyzer (Abbott Laboratories). Forty-eight samples were positive for rubella specific IgM antibodies and 494 samples were positive for rubella specific IgG antibodies. These were then age stratified and their clinical history reviewed for any CRS symptoms. Fifteen of 38 rubella IgM positive infants (39.5%) aged < 3 months, had a clinical appearance compatible with CRS. However, only 1 IgM positive infant aged 3 to 6 months and one infant aged 7 to 11 months had clinical appearance compatible with CRS. The most common abnormal findings in these cases were congenital heart defects and cataracts. Forty-eight point eight percent of IgM positive cases and 53.1% of IgG positive cases, had inadequate information in the chart to determine the presence of CRS. Clinical findings and timely laboratory diagnosis to determine the presence of CRS are important in infants born with congenital defects. Physicians should also be aware of the appropriate interpretation of these findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology