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  1. Organ transplantation in Malaysia: a need for a comprehensive legal regime
    Kassim PN
    Med Law, 2005 Mar;24(1):173-89.
    PMID: 15887621
    Organ transplantation has become increasingly routine as a means of saving and improving the quality of lives of thousands of people each year. However, transplant activity is increasingly constrained by the shortage of organs. The major impediment in procuring organs for transplant in Malaysia is the lack of cadaveric donors. The lack of cadaveric donors has encouraged patients to go to countries like India and China to purchase organs especially kidneys for transplantation. The inadequacies of the existing Malaysian Human Tissues Act 1974 has also contributed to this problem. For instance, the word 'tissue" is not defined under the Act. This raises complex and ethical questions as to the scope of the definition for "tissue". There is also no definition of "the person lawfully in possession of the body." This is significant as he is the person who is empowered by the Act to authorise removal of tissue. Further, there is also no articulation of a hierarchy of relatives who are deemed the next of kin. In a situation involving a large number of relatives, asserting different opinions, this may pose a problem. The articulation of a priority list is particularly difficult in Malaysia as it is a multi-cultural society where the hierarchy of relatives with the right to claim decision-making powers may vary in different cultures. Furthermore, there is also a pressing need for a legislation to ensure that the rights of potential live donors are protected. At the moment, the Human Tissues Act 1974 only relates to cadaveric donors whereas live donors fall within the purview of the common law. The system of "opting out" should be considered in Malaysia whereby every individual is presumed to be a donor unless he or she registers an objection. But this system can only be fair if every person in the community is given notice of the law and understands its implications. For the system to work, there must also exist a simple and effective way of registering objections. There is a need for continuous intensive public education and counselling. A nationally co-ordinated mechanism must be in place to ensure effectiveness of identifying potential donors and recipients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organ Transplantation/legislation & jurisprudence*
  2. Ethical and legal issues in organ transplantation: Indian scenario
    Mathiharan K
    Med Sci Law, 2011 Jul;51(3):134-40.
    PMID: 21905567 DOI: 10.1258/msl.2011.010134
    In 1994, the Government of India enacted the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) to prevent commercial dealings in human organs. However, a greater number of scandals involving medical practitioners and others in the kidney trade has surfaced periodically in every state in India. The present regulatory system has failed mainly due to the misuse of Section 9(3) of the THOA, which approves the consent given by a live unrelated donor for the removal of organs for the reason of affection or attachment towards the recipient or for any other special reason. Currently in India, approximately 3500-4000 kidney transplants and 150-200 liver transplants are performed annually. However, the availability of organs from brain-dead persons is very low. As a result, live related or unrelated donors form the main source of organ transplantation. Therefore, physicians and policy-makers should re-examine the value of introducing regulated incentive-based organ donation to increase the supply of organs for transplantation and to end unlawful financial transaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organ Transplantation/legislation & jurisprudence*
  3. Islamic medical jurisprudence syllabus: A Review in Saudi Arabia
    Chamsi-Pasha H, Albar MA
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 10;72(5):278-281.
    PMID: 29197882
    INTRODUCTION: The ever-increasing technological advances of Western medicine have created new ethical issues awaiting answers and response. The use of genetic therapy, organ transplant, milk-banking, end-of-life care and euthanasia are of paramount importance to the medical students and need to be addressed.

    METHODS: A series of searches were conducted of Medline databases published in English between January 2000 and January 2017 with the following keywords: medical ethics, syllabus, Islam, jurisprudence.

    RESULTS: Islamic medical jurisprudence is gaining more attention in some medical schools. However, there is still lack of an organised syllabus in many medical colleges.

    CONCLUSION: The outlines of a syllabus in Islamic medical jurisprudence including Islamic values and moral principles related to both the practice and research of medicine are explored.

    Matched MeSH terms: Organ Transplantation/legislation & jurisprudence
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