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  1. Fulltext In-vitro neurotoxicity of two Malaysian krait species (Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus) venoms: neutralization by monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms from Thailand
    Rusmili MR, Yee TT, Mustafa MR, Othman I, Hodgson WC
    Toxins (Basel), 2014 Mar;6(3):1036-48.
    PMID: 24625762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031036
    Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus are two species of krait found in Southeast Asia. Envenoming by these snakes is often characterized by neurotoxicity and, without treatment, causes considerable morbidity and mortality. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity of each species, and the effectiveness of two monovalent antivenoms and a polyvalent antivenom, against the neurotoxic effects of the venoms, were examined in a skeletal muscle preparation. Both venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches, and attenuated responses to exogenous nicotinic receptor agonists, in the chick biventer preparation, with B. candidus venom being more potent than B. fasciatus venom. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis indicated different profiles between the venoms. Despite these differences, most proteins bands were recognized by all three antivenoms. Antivenom, added prior to the venoms, attenuated the neurotoxic effect of the venoms. Interestingly, the respective monovalent antivenoms did not neutralize the effects of the venom from the other Bungarus species indicating a relative absence of cross-neutralization. Addition of a high concentration of polyvalent antivenom, at the t90 time point after addition of venom, partially reversed the neurotoxicity of B. fasciatus venom but not B. candidus venom. The monovalent antivenoms had no significant effect when added at the t90 time point. This study showed that B. candidus and B. fasciatus venoms display marked in vitro neurotoxicity in the chick biventer preparation and administration of antivenoms at high dose is necessary to prevent or reverse neurotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  2. Isolation, complete amino acid sequence and characterization of a previously unreported post-synaptic neurotoxin - AlphaN3, from the venom of Bungarus candidus
    Karsani SA, Othman I
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2009 Nov 13;389(2):343-8.
    PMID: 19728988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.145
    The Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) is one of the medically most important snake species in Southeast Asia. The venom from this snake has been shown to posses both presynaptic and post-synaptic neurotoxins. We have isolated a previously uncharacterized post-synaptic neurotoxin - alphaN3 from the venom of B. candidus. Isolation of the toxin was achieved in three successive chromatography steps - gel filtration on a Sephadex G75 column, followed by ion exchange chromatography (Mono-S strong cationic exchanger) and a final reverse-phase chromatography step (PRO-RPC C18 column). Purified toxin alphaN3 was shown to have an apparent molecular weight of approximately 7 to 8 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The complete amino acid sequence of toxin alphaN3 was determined by Edman degradation and was found to share a high degree of homology with known post-synaptic neurotoxins (93% with alpha-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus, 50% with alpha cobratoxin from Naja kaouthia). The intravenous LD(50) of toxin alphaN3 was determined to be 0.16+/-0.09 microg/g in mice which is comparable to alpha-bungarotoxin from B. multicinctus. Experiments with isolated nerve-muscle preparations suggested that toxin alphaN3 was a post-synaptic neurotoxin that produced complete blockade of neuromuscular transmission by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  3. Fulltext Effect of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on muscle fatty acid composition in goats
    Abubakr A, Alimon AR, Yaakub H, Abdullah N, Ivan M
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0119756.
    PMID: 25789610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119756
    The present study aims to evaluate the effects of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on different muscle fatty acid profiles in goats. Thirty-two Cacang × Boer goats were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) control diet (CD), (2) 80% decanter cake diet (DCD), (3) 80% palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and (4) CD plus 5% palm oil (PO) supplemented diet (CPOD). After 100 days of feeding, four goats from each group were slaughtered and longissimus dorsi (LD), infraspinatus (IS) and biceps femoris (BF) were sampled for analysis of fatty acids. Goats fed the PKCD had higher (P<0.05) concentration of lauric acid (C12:0) than those fed the other diets in all the muscles tested. Compared to the other diets, the concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were lower (P<0.05) and that of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) was higher (P<0.05) in the muscles from goats fed the CD. It was concluded that palm kernel cake and decanter cake can be included in the diet of goats up to 80% with more beneficial than detrimental effects on the fatty acid profile of their meat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  4. Effects of Eurycoma longifolia jack on laevator ani muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats
    Ang HH, Cheang HS
    Arch Pharm Res, 2001 Oct;24(5):437-40.
    PMID: 11693547 DOI: 10.1007/BF02975191
    It has been reported that Eurycoma longifolia Jack commonly known as Tongkat Ali has gained notoreity as a symbol of man's ego and strength by the Malaysian men because it increases male virility and sexual prowess during sexual activities. As such, the effects of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform fractions of E. longifolia Jack were studied on the laevator ani muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats after dosing them for 12 consecutive weeks. Results showed that 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform fractions of E. longifolia Jack significantly increased (p<0.05) the leavator ani muscle to 58.56+/-1.22, 58.23+/-0.31, 60.21 +/-0.86 and 62.35 +/-0.98 mg/100 g body weight, respectively, when compared with the control (untreated) in the uncastrated intact male rats and 49.23+/-0.82, 52.23+/-0.36, 50.21+/-0.66 and 52.35+/-0.58 mg/100 g body weight, respectively, when compared to control (untreated) in the testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats. Hence, the pro-androgenic effect as shown by this study further supported the traditional use of this plant as an aphrodisiac.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  5. Chlorogenic acid ameliorates muscle wasting by upregulating mRNA expressions of calcineurin and PGC-1α in diabetic rat model
    Siwi K, Tejosukmono A, Anggorowati N, Arfian N, Yunus J
    Med J Malaysia, 2024 Aug;79(Suppl 4):23-30.
    PMID: 39215411
    INTRODUCTION: Muscle health in diabetes mellitus (DM) is often neglected, which leads to muscle wasting. Increased reactive oxygen species in DM could decrease antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and -2 (SOD-2) and inhibit calcineurin (CN) and PGC-1α signalling pathways. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known as a potent antioxidant and activators of CN and PGC-1α. This study aimed to determine the effect of CGA on mRNA expressions of SOD-1, SOD-2, CN and PGC-1α in inhibiting the progression of DM to muscle wasting.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada starting on July 20th, 2020. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (four rats per group), i.e., control, DM 1.5 months (DM1.5), and DM 2 months (DM2); and DM groups treated with CGA in three different doses, namely CGA1 (12.5 mg/kg BW), CGA2 (25 mg/kg BW), and CGA3 (50 mg/kg BW). Control group was only injected with normal saline, while diabetic model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Blood glucose levels were measured twice (one week after diabetic induction and before termination). The soleus muscle tissue was harvested to analyse the mRNA expressions of SOD-1, SOD- 2, CN and PGC-1α using RT-PCR. In addition, the tissue samples were stained with immunohistochemistry for CN and haematoxylin-eosin (HE) for morphologic analysis under light microscopy.

    RESULTS: The mRNA expressions of SOD-1 and SOD-2 in the CGA1 group were relatively higher compared to the DM2 groups. The mRNA expression of CN in the CGA1 group was significantly higher compared to the DM2 group (p = 0.008). The mRNA expression of PGC-1α in the CGA1 group was significantly higher compared to the DM2 group (p = 0.025). Immunohistochemical staining showed that CNimmunopositive expression in the CGA1 group was more evident compared to the other groups. Haematoxylin-eosin staining showed that muscle tissue morphology in the CGA1 group was similar to that in the control group.

    CONCLUSION: Chlorogenic acid at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg BW shows lower blood glucose level, good skeletal muscle tissue morphology and higher mRNA expressions of SOD-1, SOD-2, CN and PGC-1α compared to the DM groups.

    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  6. An assessment of heavy metal bioaccumulation in Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus, during plowing stages of a paddy cycle
    Sow AY, Ismail A, Zulkifli SZ
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2013 Jul;91(1):6-12.
    PMID: 23666324 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1009-4
    Livers and muscles of swamp eels (Monopterus albus) were analyzed for bioaccumulation of heavy metals during the plowing stage of a paddy cycle. Results showed heavy metals were bioaccumulated more highly in liver than muscle. Zinc (Zn) was the highest bioaccumulated metal in liver (98.5 ± 8.95 μg/g) and in muscle (48.8 ± 7.17 μg/g). The lowest bioaccumulated metals were cadmium (Cd) in liver (3.44 ± 2.42 μg/g) and copper (Cu) in muscle (0.65 ± 0.20 μg/g). In sediments, Zn was present at the highest mean concentration (52.7 ± 2.85 μg/g), while Cd had the lowest mean concentration (1.04 ± 0.24 μg/g). The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for Cu, Zn, Cd and nickel (Ni) in liver tissue was greater than the corresponding BSAF for muscle tissue. For the three plowing stages, metal concentrations were significantly correlated between liver and muscle tissues in all cases, and between sediment and either liver or muscle in most cases. Mean measured metal concentrations in muscle tissue were below the maximum permissible limits established by Malaysian and U.S. governmental agencies, and were therefore regarded as safe for human consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  7. Fulltext Colostrum supplementation protects against exercise-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in mice
    Appukutty M, Radhakrishnan AK, Ramasamy K, Ramasamy R, Abdul Majeed AB, Noor MI, et al.
    BMC Res Notes, 2012;5:649.
    PMID: 23173926 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-649
    This study examined the effects of bovine colostrum on exercise -induced modulation of antioxidant parameters in skeletal muscle in mice. Adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (control, colostrum alone, exercise and exercise with colostrum) and each group had three subgroups (day 0, 21 and 42). Colostrum groups of mice were given a daily oral supplement of 50 mg/kg body weight of bovine colostrum and the exercise group of mice were made to exercise on the treadmill for 30 minutes per day. Total antioxidants, lipid hydroperoxides, xanthine oxidase and super oxide dismutase level was assayed from the homogenate of hind limb skeletal muscle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  8. Fulltext Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury
    Nuge T, Liu Z, Liu X, Ang BC, Andriyana A, Metselaar HSC, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Jan 29;26(3).
    PMID: 33572728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030699
    Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is associated with muscle loss function and often untreated and considered part of the natural sequelae of trauma. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and properties have been developed to treat VML. However, much work remains yet to be done before the scaffolds can pass from the bench to the bedside. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the construction and application of natural polymers-based tissue scaffolding for volumetric muscle injury. Here, the tissue engineering approaches for treating volumetric muscle loss injury are highlighted and recent advances in cell-based therapies using various sources of stem cells are elaborated in detail. An overview of different strategies of tissue scaffolding and their efficacy on skeletal muscle cells regeneration and migration are presented. Furthermore, the present paper discusses a wide range of natural polymers with a special focus on proteins and polysaccharides that are major components of the extracellular matrices. The natural polymers are biologically active and excellently promote cell adhesion and growth. These bio-characteristics justify natural polymers as one of the most attractive options for developing scaffolds for muscle cell regeneration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  9. Effects of acute supplementation of caffeine on cardiorespiratory responses during endurance running in a hot & humid climate
    Ping WC, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A
    Indian J Med Res, 2010 Jul;132:36-41.
    PMID: 20693587
    Athletes in Malaysia need to perform in a hot and humid climate. Chronic supplementation of caffeine on endurance performance have been studied extensively in different populations. However, concurrent research on the effects of acute supplementation of caffeine on cardiorespiratory responses during endurance exercise in the Malaysian context especially in a hot and humid environment is unavailable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  10. Fulltext Mechanisms underpinning the permanent muscle damage induced by snake venom metalloprotease
    Williams HF, Mellows BA, Mitchell R, Sfyri P, Layfield HJ, Salamah M, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2019 Jan;13(1):e0007041.
    PMID: 30695027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007041
    Snakebite is a major neglected tropical health issue that affects over 5 million people worldwide resulting in around 1.8 million envenomations and 100,000 deaths each year. Snakebite envenomation also causes innumerable morbidities, specifically loss of limbs as a result of excessive tissue/muscle damage. Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are a predominant component of viper venoms, and are involved in the degradation of basement membrane proteins (particularly collagen) surrounding the tissues around the bite site. Although their collagenolytic properties have been established, the molecular mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the purification and characterisation of an SVMP from a viper (Crotalus atrox) venom. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that this protein is most likely to be a group III metalloprotease (showing high similarity to VAP2A) and has been referred to as CAMP (Crotalus atrox metalloprotease). CAMP displays both collagenolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities and inhibits CRP-XL-induced platelet aggregation. To determine its effects on muscle damage, CAMP was administered into the tibialis anterior muscle of mice and its actions were compared with cardiotoxin I (a three-finger toxin) from an elapid snake (Naja pallida) venom. Extensive immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that CAMP significantly damages skeletal muscles by attacking the collagen scaffold and other important basement membrane proteins, and prevents their regeneration through disrupting the functions of satellite cells. In contrast, cardiotoxin I destroys skeletal muscle by damaging the plasma membrane, but does not impact regeneration due to its inability to affect the extracellular matrix. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the mechanisms through which SVMPs induce permanent muscle damage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  11. Isolation and characterization of α-elapitoxin-Bf1b, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from Malaysian Bungarus fasciatus venom
    Rusmili MR, Tee TY, Mustafa MR, Othman I, Hodgson WC
    Biochem Pharmacol, 2014 Mar 15;88(2):229-36.
    PMID: 24440452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.004
    Bungarus fasciatus is one of three species of krait found in Malaysia. Envenoming by B. fasciatus results in neurotoxicity due to the presence of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. Antivenom, either monovalent or polyvalent, is the treatment of choice in systemically envenomed patients. In this study, we have isolated a postsynaptic neurotoxin which we named α-elapitoxin-Bf1b. This toxin has an approximate molecular weight of 6.9 kDa, with LCMS/MS data showing that it is highly homologous with Neurotoxin 3FTx-RI, a toxin identified in the Bungarus fasciatus venom gland transcriptome. α-Elapitoxin-Bf1b also shared similarity with short-chain neurotoxins from Laticauda colubrina and Pseudechis australis. α-Elapitoxin-Bf1b produced concentration- and time-dependent neurotoxicity in the indirectly-stimulated chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation, an effect partially reversible by repetitive washing of the preparation. The pA2 value for α-elapitoxin-Bf1b of 9.17 ± 0.64, determined by examining the effects of the toxin on cumulative carbacol concentration-response curves, indicated that the toxin is more potent than tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin. Pre-incubation of Bungarus fasciatus monovalent and neuro polyvalent antivenom failed to prevent the neurotoxic effects of α-elapitoxin-Bf1b in the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. In conclusion, the isolation of a postsynaptic neurotoxin that cannot be neutralized by either monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms may indicate the presence of isoforms of postsynaptic neurotoxins in Malaysian B. fasciatus venom.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  12. Fulltext Effects of oils rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acids on fatty acid profile and gene expression in goat meat
    Ebrahimi M, Rajion MA, Goh YM
    Nutrients, 2014 Sep;6(9):3913-28.
    PMID: 25255382 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093913
    Alteration of the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of foods can result in a healthier product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of flaxseed oil or sunflower oil in the goat diet on fatty acid composition of muscle and expression of lipogenic genes in the semitendinosus (ST) muscle. Twenty-one entire male Boer kid goats were fed diets containing different levels of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (LNA) for 100 days. Inclusion of flaxseed oil increased (p < 0.05) the α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) concentration in the ST muscle. The diet high in α-linolenic acid (p < 0.05) decreased the arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) c-9 t-11 content in the ST muscle. There was a significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of PPARα and PPARγ gene expression and downregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene in the ST muscle for the high α-linolenic acid group compared with the low α-linolenic acid group. The results of the present study show that flaxseed oil as a source of α-linolenic acid can be incorporated into the diets of goats to enrich goat meat with n-3 fatty acids, upregulate the PPARα and PPARγ, and downregulate the SCD gene expression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  13. Fulltext No effect of NOS inhibition on skeletal muscle glucose uptake during in situ hindlimb contraction in healthy and diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats
    Hong YH, Betik AC, Premilovac D, Dwyer RM, Keske MA, Rattigan S, et al.
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2015 May 15;308(10):R862-71.
    PMID: 25786487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2014
    Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be involved in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise, especially in individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). To examine the potential mechanisms, we examined the effect of local NO synthase (NOS) inhibition on muscle glucose uptake and muscle capillary blood flow during contraction in healthy and T2D rats. T2D was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using a combined high-fat diet (23% fat wt/wt for 4 wk) and low-dose streptozotocin injections (35 mg/kg). Anesthetized animals had one hindlimb stimulated to contract in situ for 30 min (2 Hz, 0.1 ms, 35 V) with the contralateral hindlimb rested. After 10 min, the NOS inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 5 μM) or saline was continuously infused into the femoral artery of the contracting hindlimb until the end of contraction. Surprisingly, there was no increase in skeletal muscle NOS activity during contraction in either group. Local NOS inhibition had no effect on systemic blood pressure or muscle contraction force, but it did cause a significant attenuation of the increase in femoral artery blood flow in control and T2D rats. However, NOS inhibition did not attenuate the increase in muscle capillary recruitment during contraction in these rats. Muscle glucose uptake during contraction was significantly higher in T2D rats compared with controls but, unlike our previous findings in hooded Wistar rats, NOS inhibition had no effect on glucose uptake during contraction. In conclusion, NOS inhibition did not affect muscle glucose uptake during contraction in control or T2D Sprague-Dawley rats, and this may have been because there was no increase in NOS activity during contraction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  14. Fulltext Celastrol Protects against Antimycin A-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
    Abu Bakar MH, Cheng KK, Sarmidi MR, Yaakob H, Huri HZ
    Molecules, 2015 May 07;20(5):8242-69.
    PMID: 25961164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058242
    Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are widely accepted as key hallmarks of obesity-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functional roles of an anti-inflammatory compound, celastrol, in mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance induced by antimycin A (AMA) in human skeletal muscle cells. We found that celastrol treatment improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake activity of AMA-treated cells, apparently via PI3K/Akt pathways, with significant enhancement of mitochondrial activities. Furthermore, celastrol prevented increased levels of cellular oxidative damage where the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultures cells was greatly reduced. Celastrol significantly increased protein phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascades with amplified expression of AMPK protein and attenuated NF-κB and PKC θ activation in human skeletal muscle treated with AMA. The improvement of insulin signaling pathways by celastrol was also accompanied by augmented GLUT4 protein expression. Taken together, these results suggest that celastrol may be advocated for use as a potential therapeutic molecule to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  15. Fulltext Glucose uptake during contraction in isolated skeletal muscles from neuronal nitric oxide synthase μ knockout mice
    Hong YH, Frugier T, Zhang X, Murphy RM, Lynch GS, Betik AC, et al.
    J Appl Physiol (1985), 2015 May 1;118(9):1113-21.
    PMID: 25749441 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2015
    Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) significantly attenuates the increase in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise, and a greater attenuation is observed in individuals with Type 2 diabetes compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, NO appears to play an important role in mediating muscle glucose uptake during contraction. In this study, we investigated the involvement of neuronal NOSμ (nNOSμ), the main NOS isoform activated during contraction, on skeletal muscle glucose uptake during ex vivo contraction. Extensor digitorum longus muscles were isolated from nNOSμ(-/-) and nNOSμ(+/+) mice. Muscles were contracted ex vivo in a temperature-controlled (30°C) organ bath with or without the presence of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) and the NOS substrate L-arginine. Glucose uptake was determined by radioactive tracers. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake increased approximately fourfold during contraction in muscles from both nNOSμ(-/-) and nNOSμ(+/+) mice. L-NMMA significantly attenuated the increase in muscle glucose uptake during contraction in both genotypes. This attenuation was reversed by L-arginine, suggesting that L-NMMA attenuated the increase in muscle glucose uptake during contraction by inhibiting NOS and not via a nonspecific effect of the inhibitor. Low levels of NOS activity (~4%) were detected in muscles from nNOSμ(-/-) mice, and there was no evidence of compensation from other NOS isoform or AMP-activated protein kinase which is also involved in mediating muscle glucose uptake during contraction. These results indicate that NO regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake during ex vivo contraction independently of nNOSμ.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  16. Patient with statin-associated immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy presenting with subcutaneous edema, persistent bulbar weakness and absent anti-HMGCR
    Ong SG, Ding HJ
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2017 Dec;20(12):2175-2178.
    PMID: 26692320 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12814
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  17. Fulltext Lipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated rats
    Lim WY, Chia YY, Liong SY, Ton SH, Kadir KA, Husain SN
    Lipids Health Dis, 2009;8:31.
    PMID: 19638239 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-8-31
    The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities comprising visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance (IR). With the onset of IR, the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is reduced. Increased activation of glucocorticoid receptors results in MetS symptoms and is thus speculated to have a role in the pathophysiology of the MetS. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the bioactive constituent of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that catalyzes the activation of glucocorticoids. Thus, oral administration of GA is postulated to ameliorate the MetS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
  18. Celastrol attenuates inflammatory responses in adipose tissues and improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions in high fat diet-induced obese rats via upregulation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathways
    Abu Bakar MH, Shariff KA, Tan JS, Lee LK
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2020 Sep 15;883:173371.
    PMID: 32712089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173371
    Accumulating evidence indicates that adipose tissue inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle are inextricably linked to obesity and insulin resistance. Celastrol, a bioactive compound derived from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii exhibits a number of attributive properties to attenuate metabolic dysfunction in various cellular and animal disease models. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of celastrol in the obesogenic environment in vivo remain elusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the metabolic effects of celastrol on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory response in adipose tissue and mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle of the high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Our study revealed that celastrol supplementation at 3 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks significantly reduced the final body weight and enhanced insulin sensitivity of the HFD-fed rats. Celastrol noticeably improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake activity and increased expression of plasma membrane GLUT4 protein in skeletal muscle. Moreover, celastrol-treated HFD-fed rats showed attenuated inflammatory responses via decreased NF-κB activity and diminished mRNA expression responsible for classically activated macrophage (M1) polarization in adipose tissues. Significant improvement of muscle mitochondrial functions and enhanced antioxidant defense machinery via restoration of mitochondrial complexes I + III linked activity were effectively exhibited by celastrol treatment. Mechanistically, celastrol stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis attributed by upregulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathways. Together, these results further demonstrate heretofore the conceivable therapeutic mechanisms of celastrol in vivo against HFD-induced obesity mediated through attenuation of inflammatory response in adipose tissue and enhanced mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects*
  19. Beneficial effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    Abdulrazaq NB, Cho MM, Win NN, Zaman R, Rahman MT
    Br J Nutr, 2012 Oct;108(7):1194-201.
    PMID: 22152092
    Zingiber officinale (ZO), commonly known as ginger, has been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Several studies have reported the hypoglycaemic properties of ginger in animal models. The present study evaluated the antihyperglycaemic effect of its aqueous extract administered orally (daily) in three different doses (100, 300, 500 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 30 d to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A dose-dependent antihyperglycaemic effect revealed a decrease of plasma glucose levels by 38 and 68 % on the 15th and 30th day, respectively, after the rats were given 500 mg/kg. The 500 mg/kg ZO significantly (P<0·05) decreased kidney weight (% body weight) in ZO-treated diabetic rats v. control rats, although the decrease in liver weight (% body weight) was not statistically significant. Kidney glycogen content increased significantly (P<0·05) while liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content decreased significantly (P<0·05) in diabetic controls v. normal controls. ZO (500 mg/kg) also significantly decreased kidney glycogen (P<0·05) and increased liver and skeletal muscle glycogen in STZ-diabetic rats when compared to diabetic controls. Activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in diabetic controls were decreased by 94, 53 and 61 %, respectively, when compared to normal controls; and ZO significantly increased (P<0·05) those enzymes' activities in STZ-diabetic rats. Therefore, the present study showed that ginger is a potential phytomedicine for the treatment of diabetes through its effects on the activities of glycolytic enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
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