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Developing nano-micro size chitosan beads using imidazolium-based ionic liquid: A perspective

Saheed IO, Suah FBM

Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jun 30;241:124610.
PMID: 37116836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124610

The aggressive search for unique materials in recent years has put forward chitosan and modified-chitosan as materials with unique structural and morphological characteristics for various important applications. Just as imidazolium-based ionic liquids are the commonly applied ionic liquids (ILs) type for chitosan modifications for various applications, their further modifications into beads for enhancing their properties is now gaining most attention. However, most of the currently prepared imidazolium ILs modified-chitosan beads are not in nano size due to preparation difficulties. In response to this and referencing the research works in the literature, the possible breakthrough directions including synthesis routes, and physical and mechanical transformation processes are proposed. These procedures are expected to provide certain theoretical and empirical basis, as well as technical guide for developing nano-micro size chitosan beads using imidazolium based ILs.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry
Efficiency of Ionic Liquids-Based Aqueous Two-phase Electrophoresis for Partition of Cytochrome c

Kee PE, Lan JC, Yim HS, Tan JS, Chow YH, Ng HS

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2020 May;191(1):376-386.
PMID: 31907777 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03202-y

Cytochrome c is a small water-soluble protein that is abundantly found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space of microorganism, plants and mammalians. Ionic liquids (ILs)-based aqueous two-phase electrophoresis system (ATPES) was introduced in this study to investigate the partition efficiency of cytochrome c to facilitate subsequent development of two-phase electrophoresis for the separation of cytochrome c from microbial fermentation. The 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, (C6mim)Br and potassium citrate salt were selected as the phase-forming components. Effects of phase composition; position of electrodes; pH and addition of neutral salt on the partition efficiency of cytochrome c in the ATPES were evaluated. Highest partition coefficient (K = 179.12 ± 0.82) and yield of cytochrome c in top phase (YT = 99.63% ± 0.00) were recorded with IL/salt ATPES composed of 30% (w/w) (C6mim)Br and 20% (w/w) potassium citrate salt of pH 7 and 3.0% (w/w) NaCl addition with anode at the bottom phase and cathode at the top phase. The SDS-PAGE profile revealed that cytochrome c with a molecular weight of 12 kDa was preferably partitioned to the IL-rich top phase. Present findings suggested that the single-step ATPES is a potential separation approach for the recovery of cytochrome c from microbial fermentation. Graphical Abstract.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry*
A review of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) as electrochemical sensors for important small biomolecules in human body fluids

Feng Z, Lim HN, Ibrahim I, Gowthaman NSK

J Mater Chem B, 2023 Oct 06;11(38):9099-9127.
PMID: 37650588 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01221b

Small biomolecules play a critical role in the fundamental processes that sustain life and are essential for the proper functioning of the human body. The detection of small biomolecules has garnered significant interest in various fields, including disease diagnosis and medicine. Electrochemical techniques are commonly employed in the detection of critical biomolecules through the principle of redox reactions. It is also a very convenient, cheap, simple, fast, and accurate measurement method in analytical chemistry. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a unique type of metal-organic framework (MOF) composed of porous crystals with extended three-dimensional structures. These frameworks are made up of metal ions and imidazolate linkers, which form a highly porous and stable structure. In addition to their many advantages in other applications, ZIFs have emerged as promising candidates for electrochemical sensors. Their large surface area, pore diameter, and stability make them ideal for use in sensing applications, particularly in the detection of small molecules and ions. This review summarizes the critical role of small biomolecules in the human body, the standard features of electrochemical analysis, and the utilization of various types of ZIF materials (including carbon composites, metal-based composites, ZIF polymer materials, and ZIF-derived materials) for the detection of important small biomolecules in human body fluids. Lastly, we provide an overview of the current status, challenges, and future outlook for research on ZIF materials.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry
Separation of selected imidazole enantiomers using dual cyclodextrin system in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Wan Ibrahim WA, Abd Wahib SM, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY

Chirality, 2013 Jun;25(6):328-35.
PMID: 23716264 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22156

Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) method was developed for simultaneous enantioseparation of three imidazole drugs namely tioconazole, isoconazole and fenticonazole. Three easily available and inexpensive cyclodextrins namely 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) were evaluated to discriminate the six stereoisomers of the drugs. However, none of the three CDs gave a complete enantioseparation of the drugs. Effective enantioseparation of tioconazole, isoconazole and fenticonazole was achieved using a combination of 35 mM HP-γ-CD and 10 mM DM-β-CD as chiral selectors. The best separation using both HP-γ-CD and DM-β-CD (35 mM:10 mM) as chiral selectors were accomplished in background electrolyte (BGE) containing 35 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 15% (v/v) acetonitrile at 27 kV and 30 °C with all peaks resolved in less than 15 min with resolutions, Rs 1.90-27.22 and peak efficiencies, N > 180 000. The developed method was linear over the concentration range of 25-200 mg l(-1) (r(2) > 0.998) and the detection limits (S/N = 3) of the three imidazole drugs were found to be 2.7-7.7 mg l(-1). The CD-MEKC method was successfully applied to the determination of the three imidazole drugs in spiked human urine sample and commercial cream formulation of tioconazole and isoconazole with good recovery (93.6-106.2%) and good RSDs ranging from 2.30-6.8%.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/urine; Imidazoles/chemistry*
Alkyl-imidazolium glycosides: non-ionic-cationic hybrid surfactants from renewable resources

Salman AA, Tabandeh M, Heidelberg T, Hussen RS, Ali HM

Carbohydr Res, 2015 Aug 14;412:28-33.
PMID: 26000863 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.022

A series of surfactants combining carbohydrate and imidazolium head groups were prepared and investigated on their assembly behavior. The presence of the imidazolium group dominated the interactions of the surfactants, leading to high CMCs and large molecular surface areas, reflected in curved rather than lamellar surfactant assemblies. The carbohydrate, on the other hand, stabilized molecular assemblies slightly and reduced the surface tension of surfactant solutions considerably. A comparative emulsion study discourages the use of pure alkyl imidazolium glycosides owing to reduced assembly stabilities compared with APGs. However, the surfactants are believed to have potential as component in carbohydrate based surfactant mixtures.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemical synthesis; Imidazoles/chemistry*
Fulltext Effect of Different Amino Acids and Heating Conditions on the Formation of 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and Its Kinetics Formation Using Chemical Model System

Ishak AA, Selamat J, Sulaiman R, Sukor R, Abdulmalek E, Jambari NN

Molecules, 2019 Oct 24;24(21).
PMID: 31652883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213828

The formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was investigated using a kinetic study approach as described by first-order, Arrhenius, and Eyring equations. Chemical model systems with different amino acid precursors (proline, phenylalanine, and glycine) were examined at different times (4, 8, 12, and 16 min) and temperatures (150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 °C). PhIP was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The good fit in first-order suggested that PhIP formation was influenced by the types of amino acids and PhIP concentration significantly increased with time and temperature (up to 240 °C). PhIP was detected in proline and phenylalanine model systems but not in the glycine model system. The phenylalanine model system demonstrated low activation energy (Ea) of 95.36 kJ/mol that resulted in a high rate of PhIP formation (great amount of PhIP formed). Based on the ∆S‡ values both proline and phenylalanine demonstrated bimolecular rate-limiting steps for PhIP formation. Altogether these kinetic results could provide valuable information in predicting the PhIP formation pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemical synthesis*; Imidazoles/chemistry*
Neonicotinoid resistance in rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Gorman K, Liu Z, Denholm I, Brüggen KU, Nauen R

Pest Manag Sci, 2008 Nov;64(11):1122-5.
PMID: 18803175 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1635

Rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a primary insect pest of cultivated rice, and effective control is essential for economical crop production. Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides, in particular imidacloprid, has been reported as an increasing constraint in recent years. In order to investigate the extent of resistance, 24 samples of N. lugens were collected from China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam during 2005 and 2006. Their responses to two diagnostic doses of imidacloprid (corresponding approximately to the LC(95) and 5 x LC(95) of a susceptible strain) were examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles*
Fulltext Emerging Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Cucurbit[8]uril Complexes: From Supramolecular Polymers to Nanofibers

Barrio JD, Liu J, Brady RA, Tan CSY, Chiodini S, Ricci M, et al.

J Am Chem Soc, 2019 09 11;141(36):14021-14025.
PMID: 31422657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07506

The binding of imidazolium salts to cucurbit[8]uril, CB[8], triggers a stepwise self-assembly process with semiflexible polymer chains and crystalline nanostructures as early- and late-stage species, respectively. In such a process, which involves the crystallization of the host-guest complexes, the guest plays a critical role in directing self-assembly toward desirable morphologies. These include platelet-like aggregates and two-dimensional (2D) fibers, which, moreover, exhibit viscoelastic and lyotropic properties. Our observations provide a deeper understanding of the self-assembly of CB[8] complexes, with fundamental implications in the design of functional 2D systems and crystalline materials.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
Fulltext Toxicity of imidacloprid gel bait against laboratory strain of periplaneta americana (l.) (dictyoptera : blattidae) and blattella germanica (l.) (dictyoptera : blattellidae)

CoRe, H. W., Lee, H. L., M. Sofian-Azirun, Nura-Muna, A. H., Chen, C. D., O. Wan-Norafikah

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2017;15(2):37-42.
MyJurnal

The efficacy of a 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait against laboratory strain Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica
was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The susceptibility trend of both species towards imidacloprid was: adult male
< adult female < nymphs. All stages of both species were dead within 10 days in primary poisoning testing. Periplaneta
americana adult male (LT50 = 0.47 h; LT95 = 5.24 h) died fastest, while nymphs of B. germanica took the longest time to
reach 95% mortality (LT95 = 43.84 h). In indirect exposure via secondary poisoning, only adult males of P. americana (LT50
= 100.63 h) and B. germanica (LT50 = 54.66 h) obtained 50% mortality before the testing ended. No complete mortalities
were achieved in any stages of both species within 10 days of secondary poisoning testing. Therefore, imidacloprid gel
bait used in this study was able to cause complete mortalities within less than 2 days of 10-day primary poisoning testing
but less effective in the 10-day secondary poisoning testing.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
Self-healing epoxy coating synthesis by embedment of metal 2-methyl imidazole and acetylacetonate complexes with microcapsules

Ullah H, Qureshi KS, Khan U, Zaffar M, Yang YJ, Rabat NE, et al.

Chemosphere, 2021 Dec;285:131492.
PMID: 34273691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131492

The restoration of mechanical properties is desired for creating the self-healing coatings with no corrosion capabilities. The encapsulation of epoxy resins is limited by various factors in urea and melamine formaldehyde microcapsules. An improved method was developed, where epoxy resin was encapsulated by individual wrapping of poly(melamine-formaldehyde) and poly(urea-formaldehyde) shell around emulsified epoxy droplets via oil-in-water emulsion polymerization method. The synthesized materials were characterized analytically. The curing of the epoxy was achieved by adding the [Ni/Co(2-MI)6].2NO3 as a latent hardener and iron acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3] as a latent accelerator. Isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed lower curing temperature (Tonset = 116 °C) and lower activation energies (Ea ≈ 69-75 kJ/mol). The addition of microcapsules and complexes did not adversely alter the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the epoxy coatings. The adhesion strength of neat coating decreased from 6310.8 ± 31 to 4720.9 ± 60 kPa and percent healing increased from 50.83 to 67.45% in the presence of acetylacetonate complex at 10 wt% of microcapsules.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
Biomimetic Supramolecular Polymer Networks Exhibiting both Toughness and Self-Recovery

Liu J, Tan CS, Yu Z, Lan Y, Abell C, Scherman OA

Adv Mater, 2017 Mar;29(10).
PMID: 28092128 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604951

Biomimetic supramolecular dual networks: By mimicking the structure/function model of titin, integration of dynamic cucurbit[8]uril mediated host-guest interactions with a trace amount of covalent cross-linking leads to hierarchical dual networks with intriguing toughness, strength, elasticity, and energy dissipation properties. Dynamic host-guest interactions can be dissociated as sacrificial bonds and their facile reformation results in self-recovery of the dual network structure as well as its mechanical properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
3D N-doped carbon derived from zeolitic imidazole framework as heterogeneous catalysts for decomposition of pulp and paper mill effluent: Optimization and kinetics study

Saputra E, Prawiranegara BA, Nugraha MW, Oh WD, Sugesti H, Evelyn, et al.

Environ Res, 2023 Oct 01;234:116441.
PMID: 37331558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116441

Three specific catalysts, namely ZIF-67 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-67), Co@NCF (Co@Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Framework), and 3D NCF (Three-Dimensional Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Framework), were prepared and studied for pulp and paper mill effluent degradation using heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Numerous characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2 adsorption, were used to characterize the properties of three different catalysts. 3D NCF is remarkably effective at heterogeneous activation of PMS to generate sulfate radicals to degrade pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME) compared to the other as-prepared catalysts. The catalytic activity reveals a sequence of 3D NCF > Co@NCF > ZIF-67.3D NCF could degrade organic pollutants in 30 min at an initial COD concentration of 1146 mg/L of PPME, 0.2 g/L catalysts, 2 g/L PMS, and 50 °C. Consequently, it was observed that the degradation of PPME using 3D NCF followed first-order kinetics, with an activation energy of 40.54 kJ mol-1. Overall, 3D NCF/PMS system reveals promising performance for PPME removal.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
Daridorexant as a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach in insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dutta S, Singhal S, Shah R, Charan J, Dhingra S, Haque M

Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2023;22(12):1237-1251.
PMID: 37526060 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2243217

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is a multi-factorial disorder with conventional treatment options that are not satisfactory for many patients. This metaanalysis analyzed the safety and efficacy of daridorexant.
METHODS: An electronic database search for RCTs was conducted on Medline via PubMed, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov using the terms 'Daridorexant,' 'RCT,' 'Insomnia' trials evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of daridorexant for insomnia were included. The data were synthesized using Cochrane review manager version 5.4.1. Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool and GRADEpro-GDT were used to assess the methodological and evidence quality, respectively.
RESULTS: Of 109 searched studies, four trials were included. The risk of treatment-emergent adverse events with 25 mg daridorexant [risk ratio (RR) = 1.12 (0.88, 1.43), p = 0.36; I2 = 0%] and 50 mg daridorexant [RR = 1.25 (0.88, 1.79), p = 0.22; I2 = 28%] and serious adverse events with 25 mg [RR = 0.86 (0.23, 3.19), p = 0.82, I2 = 56%] and 50 mg [RR = 1.32 (0.29, 6.08), p = 0.72, I2 = 52%] was comparable to placebo [Moderate quality evidence]. Risk of nasopharyngitis was also comparable to placebo. The efficacy parameters like wake after sleep onset, latency to persistent sleep, and subjective total sleep time showed significant improvement with daridorexant. The risk of bias is low for three studies and some concern for one.
CONCLUSION: Daridorexant is a safer and efficacious agent for induction and maintenance of sleep for chronic insomnia.
PROSPERO: The registration number is CRD42022335233.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials.gov identifiers are NCT03575104, NCT03545191, NCT03679884, and NCT02839200).

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles
Selective binding of imidazolium cations in building multi-component layers

Ling I, Alias Y, Sobolev AN, Byrne LT, Raston CL

Chemistry, 2010 Jun 18;16(23):6973-82.
PMID: 20455217 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903320

Addition of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (C(n)-mim) cations 3-5 to a mixture of bis-phosphonium cation 2 and sodium p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (1) in the presence of lanthanide ions results in the selective binding of an imidazolium cation into the cavity of the calixarene. The result is a multi-layered solid material with an inherently flexible interplay of the components. Incorporating ethyl-, n-butyl- or n-hexyl-mim cations into the multi-layers results in significant perturbation of the structure, the most striking effect is the tilting of the plane of the bowl-shaped calixarene relative to the plane of the multi-layer, with tilt angles of 7.2, 28.9 and 65.5 degrees , respectively. The lanthanide ions facilitate complexation, but are not incorporated into the structures and, in all cases, the calixarene takes on a 5- charge, with one of the lower-rim phenolic groups deprotonated. ROESY NMR experiments and other (1)H NMR spectroscopy studies establish the formation of 1:1 supermolecules of C(n)-mim and calixarene, regardless of the ratio of the two components, and indicate that the supermolecules undergo rapid exchange on the NMR spectroscopy timescale.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry*
Isolation of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis microalga using Ionic liquid based aqueous two-phase system

Chang YK, Show PL, Lan JC, Tsai JC, Huang CR

Bioresour Technol, 2018 Dec;270:320-327.
PMID: 30241065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.138

An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) with ionic liquids (ILs) was used for the isolate of C-phycocyanin (CPC) from Spirulina platensis microalga. Various imidazolium ILs and potassium salts were studied. The effect of ILs-ATPS on the extraction efficiency of CPC was also studied. The experimental parameters like pH, loading volume, algae concentration, temperature, and alkyl chain length of IL were well-covered in this report. The experimental results showed that the extraction efficiency, the partition coefficient, and the separation factor for CPC were 99%, 36.6, and 5.8, respectively, for an optimal pH value of 7 and a temperature of 308 K. The order of extraction efficiency for CPC using IL-ATPS was: 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C8MIM-Br) > 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C6MIM-Br) > 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C4MIM-Br). The isolation process followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the thermodynamic results were obviously spontaneous.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry
Enantioseparation of Selected Imidazole Drugs Using Dual Cyclodextrin-Modified Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography

Ibrahim WAW, Wahib SMA, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM

Methods Mol Biol, 2019;1985:407-416.
PMID: 31069749 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_24

Particular attention has been paid to capillary electrophoresis as versatile and environmentally friendly approach for enantioseparations of a wide spectrum of compounds. Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) is a method of choice to provide effective separation toward hydrophobic and uncharged stereoisomers. The chiral discrimination of the solutes relies upon the partitioning between a given CD in the aqueous phase and micelles formed from a surfactant. Synergistic combinations of chiral selectors, surfactant, and modifier contribute to successful enantioseparations of the enantiomers. In this chapter, an application of CD-MEKC for the enantioseparation of selected imidazole drugs employing a dual CDs system is described.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry*
Fulltext A Sustainable Approach to the Stereoselective Synthesis of Diazaheptacyclic Cage Systems Based on a Multicomponent Strategy in an Ionic Liquid

Suresh Kumar R, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Altaf M, Menéndez JC, Kumar RR, et al.

Molecules, 2016 Jan 29;21(2):165.
PMID: 26840282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020165

The microwave-assisted three-component reactions of 3,5-bis(E)-arylmethylidene]tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridinones, acenaphthenequinone and cyclic α-amino acids in an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, occurred through a domino sequence affording structurally intriguing diazaheptacyclic cage-like compounds in excellent yields.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemistry
Targeted therapies in ameloblastomas and amelobastic carcinoma-A systematic review

Bologna-Molina R, Schuch L, Magliocca K, van Heerden W, Robinson L, Bilodeau EA, et al.

Oral Dis, 2024 Sep;30(6):3571-3581.
PMID: 38693620 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14962

Targeted therapy has the potential to be used in the neoadjuvant setting for odontogenic tumors, reducing the morbidities associated with major surgery. In this regard, the aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence on the different forms of targeted therapy, effectiveness, and drawbacks of this course of treatment. Four databases were searched electronically without regard to publication date or language. Grey literature searches and manual searches were also undertaken. Publications with sufficient clinical data on targeted therapy for odontogenic tumors were required to meet the criteria for eligibility. The analysis of the data was descriptive. A total of 15 papers comprising 17 cases (15 ameloblastomas and 2 ameloblastic carcinomas) were included. Numerous mutations were found, with BRAF V600E being most common. Dabrafenib was the most utilized drug in targeted therapy. Except for one case, the treatment reduced the size of the lesion (16/17 cases), showing promise. Most of the adverse events recorded were mild, such as skin issues, voice changes, abnormal hair texture, dry eyes, and systemic symptoms (e.g., fatigue, joint pain, and nausea). It is possible to reach the conclusion that targeted therapy for ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma may be a useful treatment strategy, based on the findings of the included studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/therapeutic use
Biology-oriented drug synthesis (BIODS): In vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory and in silico studies on 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl aryl carboxylate derivatives

Salar U, Khan KM, Taha M, Ismail NH, Ali B, Qurat-Ul-Ain, et al.

Eur J Med Chem, 2017 Jan 05;125:1289-1299.
PMID: 27886546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.031

Current study is based on the biology-oriented drug synthesis (BIODS) of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl aryl carboxylate derivatives 1-26, by treating metronidazole with different aryl and hetero-aryl carboxylic acids in the presence of 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) as a coupling agent. Structures of all synthetic derivatives were confirmed with the help of various spectroscopic techniques such as EI-MS, (1)H -NMR and (13)C NMR. CHN elemental analyses were also found in agreement with the calculated values. Synthetic derivatives were evaluated to check their β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity which revealed that except few derivatives, all demonstrated good inhibition in the range of IC50 = 1.20 ± 0.01-60.30 ± 1.40 μM as compared to the standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.38 ± 1.05 μM). Compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, 9-19, and 21-24 were found to be potent analogs and showed superior activity than standard. Limited structure-activity relationship is suggested that the molecules having electron withdrawing groups like NO2, F, Cl, and Br, were displayed better activity than the compounds with electron donating groups such as Me, OMe and BuO. To verify these interpretations, in silico study was also performed, a good correlation was observed between bioactivities and docking studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles/chemical synthesis; Imidazoles/pharmacology*; Imidazoles/chemistry*
Temperature dependency of aqueous biphasic systems: an alternative approach for exploring the differences between Coulombic-dominated salts and ionic liquids

E Silva FA, Pereira JFB, Kurnia KA, Ventura SPM, Silva AMS, Rogers RD, et al.

Chem Commun (Camb), 2017 Apr 27.
PMID: 28447082 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02294h

Herein we propose an alternative way to distinguish ionic liquids from Coulombic-dominated salts, based not on their upper limit melting temperature (100 °C), but on the trend of their phase-forming abilities to create aqueous biphasic systems as a function of temperature, in which a wider plethora of interactions can be appraised.

Matched MeSH terms: Imidazoles

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