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Bio-cellulose Production by Beijerinckia fluminensis WAUPM53 and Gluconacetobacter xylinus 0416 in Sago By-product Medium

Voon WWY, Muhialdin BJ, Yusof NL, Rukayadi Y, Meor Hussin AS

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2019 Jan;187(1):211-220.
PMID: 29915916 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2807-2

Bio-cellulose is the microbial extracellular cellulose that is produced by growing several microorganisms on agriculture by-products, and it is used in several food applications. This study aims to utilize sago by-product, coconut water, and the standard medium Hestrin-Schramm as the carbon sources in the culture medium for bio-cellulose production. The bacteria Beijerinkia fluminensis WAUPM53 and Gluconacetobacter xylinus 0416 were selected based on their bio-cellulose production activity. The structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, while the toxicity safety was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality test. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the bio-cellulose produced by B. fluminensis cultivated in sago by-products was of high quality. The bio-cellulose production by B. fluminensis in the sago by-product medium was slightly higher than that in the coconut water medium and was comparable with the production in the Hestrin-Schramm medium. Brine shrimp lethality test confirmed that the bio-cellulose produced by B. fluminensis in the sago by-product medium has no toxicity, which is safe for applications in the food industry. This is the first study to determine the high potential of sago by-product to be used as a new carbon source for the bio-cellulose production.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus/metabolism*
Fulltext Different media formulation on biocellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum (0416)

Suryani Kamarudin, Mohd Sahaid, K., Mohd Sobri, T., Wan Mohtar, W.Y., Dayang Radiah, A.B., Norhasliza, H.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):29-36.
MyJurnal

Biocellulose (BC), produced by Acetobacter xylinum (0416), was carried out using three types of medium
composition under static surface culture. The media used in this experiment included CWHSM (Coconut
water in Hestrin-Schramm medium), CM (Complex medium) and HSM (Hestrin-Schramm medium).
CWHSM and CM used coconut water from agro-waste as the main source of sugar. The fermentation
was conducted for 12 days and the results of BC dry weight, cell entrapped, pH medium and productivity
were evaluated and compared. The results show that CWHSM is the most suitable medium for BC
production with a productivity of up to 0.044 g l
-1
day
-1
.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Effect of different drying methods on the morphology, crystallinity, swelling ability and tensile properties of nata de coco

Norhayati Pa'e, Nur Idayu Abd Hamid, Norzieana Khairuddin, Khairul Azly Zahan, Kok FS, Bazlul Mobin Siddique, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:767-773.

Nata de coco or bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum is a unique type of biocellulose. It contains more than 90% of water. Dried nata was preferred compared to wet form since it is more convenient and portable with stable properties. Therefore, drying process is necessary in order to produce dried nata de coco. Drying method is a key factor that influenced the properties of dried nata de coco produced. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different drying methods on morphology, crystallinity, swelling ability and tensile strength of dried nata de coco. Nata de coco samples were dried using three physical drying methods such as oven, tray dryer or freeze dryer until it achieved 3-5% moisture content. Obviously, the three drying techniques produced web-like structured nata de coco and quite similar crystallinity which was in range between 87 and 89%. Freeze dried sample showed the largest swelling capacity and tensile strength which was found to be 148 MPa. Different drying method gave different properties of nata de coco. Therefore, the present work proposed the most suitable drying method can be utilized based on the properties of end product needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus
An evaluation of fermentation period and discs rotation speed of rotary discs reactor for bacterial cellulose production

Khairul Azly Zahan, Norhayati Pa’e, Ida Idayu Muhamad

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:393-400.

Acetobacter xylinum strains are known as efficient producers of cellulose. A. xylinum is an obligate aerobic bacterium that has an oxygen-based metabolism. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a rotary discs reactor (RDR) is one of the most important factors that need to be observed during the cellulose synthesis by these bacteria. In this study, the effects of different discs rotation speed (5, 7, 9 and 12 rpm) and fermentation period (3, 4, 5 and 6 days) on the DO concentration and production of bacterial cellulose in a 10-L RDR were examined. The highest yield was obtained at 7 rpm with a total dried weight of 28.3 g for 4 days fermentation. The results showed that the DO concentration in the 10-L RDR increased in the range of 13 to 17% with increasing of discs rotation speed from 7 to 12 rpm. However, fermentation with high discs rotation speed at 12 rpm reduced the bacterial cellulose production. Analysis of data using Statistica 8.0 showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.92). In conclusion, discs rotation speed gave more significant effect on the DO concentration and production of bacterial cellulose in 10-L RDR compared to fermentation period. This was further combined with synergistic effect from sufficient consumption of oxygen for the enhanced production of bacterial cellulose and providing the controlled environment for encouraging bacterial growth throughout the fermentation process.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Topological characterization of a bacterial cellulose-acrylic acid polymeric matrix

Halib N, Mohd Amin MC, Ahmad I, Abrami M, Fiorentino S, Farra R, et al.

Eur J Pharm Sci, 2014 Oct 1;62:326-33.
PMID: 24932712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.06.004

This paper focuses on the micro- and nano-topological organization of a hydrogel, constituted by a mixture of bacterial cellulose and acrylic acid, and intended for biomedical applications. The presence of acrylic acid promotes the formation of two interpenetrated continuous phases: the primary "pores phase" (PP) containing only water and the secondary "polymeric network phase" (PNP) constituted by the polymeric network swollen by the water. Low field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF NMR), rheology, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and release tests were used to determine the characteristics of the two phases. In particular, we found that this system is a strong hydrogel constituted by 81% (v/v) of PP phase the remaining part being occupied by the PNP phase. Pores diameters span in the range 10-100 μm, the majority of them (85%) falling in the range 30-90 μm. The high PP phase tortuosity indicates that big pores are not directly connected to each other, but their connection is realized by a series of interconnected small pores that rend the drug path tortuous. The PNP is characterized by a polymer volume fraction around 0.73 while mesh size is around 3 nm. The theoretical interpretation of the experimental data coming from the techniques panel adopted, yielded to the micro- and nano-organization of our hydrogel.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Fulltext PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF Komagataeibacter sp.: A CELLULOSE-PRODUCER BACTERIA BASED ON 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCES+-

Nur Aisyah Atikah Alizan, Sarah S. Zakaria

Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):97-105.
MyJurnal

Bacteria of the genus Komagataeibacter are described to be the most noteworthy for having several of its species being efficient and strong cellulose producers. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene analysis is often used for the identification and taxonomic classification of these bacteria species. In order to observe the phylogenetic relationship among Komagataeibacter sp., twelve sequences of the 16S rRNA gene with three sequences each for species namely Komagataeibacter europaeus, Komagataeibacter hansenii, Komagataeibacter intermedius and Komagataeibacter xylinus were retrieved from NCBI GenBank database. The sequences were aligned and analysed using PAUP, OrthoANI and BLAST, followed by the phylogenetic tree construction using a Maximum Likelihood method. The parsimony character diagnostic analysis showed very few numbers of parsimony- informative characters present in the aligned sequences which is only 1.5% of the total characters. The inferred phylogenetic relationships demonstrated the unexpected positioning of K. xylinus (GQ240638: Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain) and K. xylinus (KC11853: G. xylinus strain) into the clades of K. europaeus and K. hansenii respectively. The also very low bootstrap values of the branch points linking the K. europaeus species indicated low support for the produced topologies. The findings of this study indicate that more phylogenies information can be attained by increasing the taxon sampling. In addition, more robust molecular data are needed to infer the phylogenetic relationships between the Komagataeibacter species more accurately.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Fulltext Bacterial Cellulose: Production, Characterization, and Application as Antimicrobial Agent

Lahiri D, Nag M, Dutta B, Dey A, Sarkar T, Pati S, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Nov 30;22(23).
PMID: 34884787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312984

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is recognized as a multifaceted, versatile biomaterial with abundant applications. Groups of microorganisms such as bacteria are accountable for BC synthesis through static or agitated fermentation processes in the presence of competent media. In comparison to static cultivation, agitated cultivation provides the maximum yield of the BC. A pure cellulose BC can positively interact with hydrophilic or hydrophobic biopolymers while being used in the biomedical domain. From the last two decades, the reinforcement of biopolymer-based biocomposites and its applicability with BC have increased in the research field. The harmony of hydrophobic biopolymers can be reduced due to the high moisture content of BC in comparison to hydrophilic biopolymers. Mechanical properties are the important parameters not only in producing green composite but also in dealing with tissue engineering, medical implants, and biofilm. The wide requisition of BC in medical as well as industrial fields has warranted the scaling up of the production of BC with added economy. This review provides a detailed overview of the production and properties of BC and several parameters affecting the production of BC and its biocomposites, elucidating their antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy with an insight to highlight their therapeutic potential.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus/metabolism*
Fulltext Attachment of Salmonella strains to a plant cell wall model is modulated by surface characteristics and not by specific carbohydrate interactions

Tan MS, Moore SC, Tabor RF, Fegan N, Rahman S, Dykes GA

BMC Microbiol, 2016 09 15;16:212.
PMID: 27629769 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0832-2

BACKGROUND: Processing of fresh produce exposes cut surfaces of plant cell walls that then become vulnerable to human foodborne pathogen attachment and contamination, particularly by Salmonella enterica. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and hemicelluloses (predominantly xyloglucan). Our previous work used bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models to study the interaction between Salmonella and the various plant cell wall components. We demonstrated that Salmonella attachment was favoured in the presence of pectin while xyloglucan had no effect on its attachment. Xyloglucan significantly increased the attachment of Salmonella cells to the plant cell wall model only when it was in association with pectin. In this study, we investigate whether the plant cell wall polysaccharides mediate Salmonella attachment to the bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models through specific carbohydrate interactions or through the effects of carbohydrates on the physical characteristics of the attachment surface.
RESULTS: We found that none of the monosaccharides that make up the plant cell wall polysaccharides specifically inhibit Salmonella attachment to the bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that Salmonella cells can penetrate and attach within the tightly arranged bacterial cellulose network. Analysis of images obtained from atomic force microscopy revealed that the bacterial cellulose-pectin-xyloglucan composite with 0.3 % (w/v) xyloglucan, previously shown to have the highest number of Salmonella cells attached to it, had significantly thicker cellulose fibrils compared to other composites. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed that the bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-xyloglucan composites were more porous when compared to the other composites containing pectin.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the attachment of Salmonella cells to cut plant cell walls was not mediated by specific carbohydrate interactions. This suggests that the attachment of Salmonella strains to the plant cell wall models were more dependent on the structural characteristics of the attachment surface. Pectin reduces the porosity and space between cellulose fibrils, which then forms a matrix that is able to retain Salmonella cells within the bacterial cellulose network. When present with pectin, xyloglucan provides a greater surface for Salmonella cells to attach through the thickening of cellulose fibrils.

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus/physiology
Characterisation and in vitro antimicrobial activity of biosynthetic silver-loaded bacterial cellulose hydrogels

Gupta A, Low WL, Radecka I, Britland ST, Mohd Amin MC, Martin C

J Microencapsul, 2016 Dec;33(8):725-734.
PMID: 27781557 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1253796

Wounds that remain in the inflammatory phase for a prolonged period of time are likely to be colonised and infected by a range of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Treatment associated with these types of wounds mainly focuses on controlling infection and providing an optimum environment capable of facilitating re-epithelialisation, thus promoting wound healing. Hydrogels have attracted vast interest as moist wound-responsive dressing materials. In the current study, biosynthetic bacterial cellulose hydrogels synthesised by Gluconacetobacter xylinus and subsequently loaded with silver were characterised and investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two representative wound infecting pathogens, namely S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Silver nitrate and silver zeolite provided the source of silver and loading parameters were optimised based on experimental findings. The results indicate that both AgNO3 and AgZ loaded biosynthetic hydrogels possess antimicrobial activity (p

Matched MeSH terms: Gluconacetobacter xylinus/chemistry*