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Quantitative studies with mh2 reticulo endothelioma virus

Dhaliwal SS

Br. J. Cancer, 1959;13:685-692.
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1959.76

When MH2 virus is assayed on the chorioallantoic membrane the result depends very largely on the age of the embryo, the pock count on membranes of embryos aged 10 days being 2½ times that on those 8 days old. This was always much less than that determined in the same strain of day old chicks by the limiting dilution method. Slight adaptation of the virus to egg passage was found but this was lost when the virus was transmitted through chicks. Non reactor eggs were few, and the number decreased markedly with the increasing embryo age, to vanish at age 11 days and over. This work was done while on a grant from the Government of the Federation of Malaya. I am grateful to Professor C. H. Waddington for laboratory facilities and to Dr. J. G. Carr for valuable advice. I am also grateful for the material and facilities provided by the British Empire Cancer Campaign Unit at the A.R.C. Poultry Research Centre. © 1959, The British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research. All rights reserved.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized
Fulltext Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage

Tangcharoensathien V, Patcharanarumol W, Ir P, Aljunid SM, Mukti AG, Akkhavong K, et al.

Lancet, 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):863-73.
PMID: 21269682 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61890-9

In this sixth paper of the Series, we review health-financing reforms in seven countries in southeast Asia that have sought to reduce dependence on out-of-pocket payments, increase pooled health finance, and expand service use as steps towards universal coverage. Laos and Cambodia, both resource-poor countries, have mostly relied on donor-supported health equity funds to reach the poor, and reliable funding and appropriate identification of the eligible poor are two major challenges for nationwide expansion. For Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, social health insurance financed by payroll tax is commonly used for formal sector employees (excluding Malaysia), with varying outcomes in terms of financial protection. Alternative payment methods have different implications for provider behaviour and financial protection. Two alternative approaches for financial protection of the non-poor outside the formal sector have emerged-contributory arrangements and tax-financed schemes-with different abilities to achieve high population coverage rapidly. Fiscal space and mobilisation of payroll contributions are both important in accelerating financial protection. Expanding coverage of good-quality services and ensuring adequate human resources are also important to achieve universal coverage. As health-financing reform is complex, institutional capacity to generate evidence and inform policy is essential and should be strengthened.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized*
An Islamic Microfinance Approach to Scaling up the Economic Life of Vulnerable People with HIV/AIDS in the Muslim Society

Islam R, Ahmad R, Ghailan K, Hoque KE

J Relig Health, 2020 Jun;59(3):1327-1343.
PMID: 31134517 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00832-8

People with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) commonly pose problems to their family as well as to society because of their vulnerable health and economic conditions. Contrarily, PLWHA encounter social discrimination and adverse realities while finding it difficult to continue in their jobs. These complex phenomena interact to push them into a low economic status. A microfinance program can hopefully assist poor patients to cope with the negative economic consequences of this disease. But the conventional market-oriented microfinance institutions show reluctance to serve this group of people due to the possibilities of having credit risk. In this paper, we propose an alternative microfinancing technique that can provide a better economic life of the PLWHA while absorbing the credit risks. A comprehensive model is designed using specific Islamic financial instruments in conjugation with household economic portfolio theory. Critical realism method was adopted to construct this model. We concluded that the application of Islamic microfinance can enhance income of HIV patients while reducing the productivity-loss. This model can be useful to the microfinance practitioners and policymakers for addressing a different market segment, diversifying products, and formulating policy.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized/organization & administration*
Fulltext Association Between Residual Inhibition and Neural Activity in Patients with Tinnitus: Protocol for a Controlled Within- and Between-Subject Comparison Study

Hu S, Anschuetz L, Huth ME, Sznitman R, Blaser D, Kompis M, et al.

JMIR Res Protoc, 2019 Jan 09;8(1):e12270.
PMID: 30626571 DOI: 10.2196/12270

BACKGROUND: Electroencephalography (EEG) studies indicate possible associations between tinnitus and changes in the neural activity. However, inconsistent results require further investigation to better understand such heterogeneity and inform the interpretation of previous findings.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the feasibility of EEG measurements as an objective indicator for the identification of tinnitus-associated neural activities.
METHODS: To reduce heterogeneity, participants served as their own control using residual inhibition (RI) to modulate the tinnitus perception in a within-subject EEG study design with a tinnitus group. In addition, comparison with a nontinnitus control group allowed for a between-subjects comparison. We will apply RI stimulation to generate tinnitus and nontinnitus conditions in the same subject. Furthermore, high-frequency audiometry (up to 13 kHz) and tinnitometry will be performed.
RESULTS: This work was funded by the Infrastructure Grant of the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Bernafon AG, Bern, Switzerland. Enrollment for the study described in this protocol commenced in February 2018. Data analysis is currently under way and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2019.
CONCLUSIONS: This study design helps in comparing the neural activity between conditions in the same individual, thereby addressing a notable limitation of previous EEG tinnitus studies. In addition, the high-frequency assessment will help to analyze and classify tinnitus symptoms beyond the conventional clinical standard.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/12270.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized
Breaking open a closed system

Cyranoski D

Nature, 2005 Aug 11;436(7052):884-5.
PMID: 16136648
Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized/economics
Challenges, alternatives, and paths to sustainability: better public health promotion using social networking pages as key tools

Zaidan AA, Zaidan BB, Kadhem Z, Larbani M, Lakulu MB, Hashim M

J Med Syst, 2015 Feb;39(2):7.
PMID: 25631841 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-015-0201-y

This paper discusses the possibility of promoting public health and implementing educational health services using Facebook. We discuss the challenges and strengths of using such a platform as a tool for public health care systems from two different perspectives, namely, the view of IT developers and that of physicians. We present a new way of evaluating user interactivity in health care systems from tools provided by Facebook that measure statistical traffic in the Internet. Findings show that Facebook is a very promising tool in promoting e-health services in Web 2.0. Results from statistical traffic show that a Facebook page is more efficient than other pages in promoting public health.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized
Organizational Update: Asia Pacific Stroke Organization

Venketasubramanian N, Anderson C, Mehndiratta M, Lin RT, Tan KS, Huang CY

Stroke, 2017 09;48(9):e252-e254.
PMID: 28754827 DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017044
Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized
Fulltext Western impressions of the Hong Kong health care system

Bennett CL, Pei GK, Ultmann JE

West. J. Med., 1996 Jul-Aug;165(1-2):37-42.
PMID: 8855683

Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia are initiating health care reform to meet the changing demands of populations with improved socioeconomic status and access to modern technologies and who are living longer than in previous generations. Hong Kong, in particular, is facing a unique set of circumstances as its people prepare for the transition in 1997 from a British colony to a Special Administrative Region of China. While spending only 4% of its gross domestic product on health care, it has a large and regulated public hospital system for most inpatient medical care and a separate, loosely regulated private health care system for most outpatient medical care. In 1993 the Secretary for Health and Welfare of Hong Kong initiated a year-long process to debate the pros and cons of 5 fundamental programs for health care reform. After a year of open consultation, options were chosen. We describe the Hong Kong health care system, the fundamental changes that have been adopted, and lessons for reformers in the United States.

Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Organized