The eyebrow and eyelid are important sexually dimorphic and ethnic features of the face. In cosmetic surgery, maintenance of these landmarks is important to obtaining satisfactory results.
The upper eyelid crease height pretarsal skin and eyebrow height were studied in 305 Malay subjects (146 males and 159 females) varying in age from 2-80 years, who were randomly selected from the residents of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. In females, from the age of 11 years the mean pretarsal skin height increased progressively with age. In males, however, it decreased with age up to 60 years. In both sexes, subjects more than 60 years old showed highest values for pretarsal skin height. The mean eyelid crease height increased progressively with age from 11 years onwards in males but not in females. The mean eyebrow height increased with age in females but not in males. Eyebrow and eyelid measurements seem to show a definite racial variation. Besides establishing normal values for eyelid and eyebrow measurements in Malays, our findings indicate that age and sex should be taken into consideration to achieve satisfactory results in cosmetic eyelid surgery in Malays.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of double eyelid among two main Mongoloid ethnicities, the Malays and Chinese who reside in Malaysia. We also measured their periorbital tissue parameters for application in anthropology, optometry, ophthalmology, oculoplastic surgery and maxillofacial trauma surgery. The images of the 103 Malay and 97 Chinese volunteers were captured using indirect 3D photogrammetry, and quantitative measurement was obtained using the software provided by the manufacturer. All Malays and 70.1% of Chinese in this cross section population had double eyelid on both eyes. The mean pretarsal skin height was 3.99 mm for the Malays and 2.29 mm for the Chinese. The Malays appeared to have shorter eyebrow height (11.10 mm) compared to the Chinese (11.79 mm). An opposite pattern could be seen in the measurement of upper eyelid crease height between the Malays (8.33 mm) and the Chinese (4.91 mm). Of note, the intercanthal distance of the Chinese (IDC = 35.85 mm) was wider and their interpupillary distance was narrower (IPD = 62.85 mm) compared to the Malays' (ICD = 34.21 mm; IPD = 64.04 mm). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the prevalence of double eyelid and periorbital tissue measurements between the Malays and Chinese.
Fast and non-invasive systems of the three-dimensional (3D) technology are a recent trend in orthodontics. The reproducibility of facial landmarks is important so that 3D facial measurements are accurate and may-be applied clinically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera.