MyMedR

Fulltext QTc prolongation and antipsychotic medications in psychiatric patients – a review

Zainuddin, Z., Zaini, S.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;26(2):0-0.

MyJurnal

Background: Antipsychotic medications are the cornerstones of the acute and
long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Despite their benefits in minimizing
the schizophrenia symptoms, they have been associated with the risk of
inducing QTc prolongation, which may lead to a serious life-threatening
arrhythmia and cause sudden death. Objective: To review the QTc
prolongation caused by antipsychotic medications used among psychiatric
patients. Methods: Literature search was conducted using databases such as
Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, and Springer link. The keywords used for
the search were “QTc prolongation”, “antipsychotic medications” and
“schizophrenia”. The inclusion criteria are articles from 2001 to 2014,
articles written in English and articles related to the effects of antipsychotics
in causing sudden cardiac death. The inclusion criteria are the articles
written in other languages and the article about other adverse effect of
antipsychotics. Results: Twenty-seven articles were found to be relevant to
this study and twenty of them which discusses about antipsychotic-induced
QT interval prolongation have been included in the table of evidence.
Conclusion: Antipsychotics regardless of the generations have the potential of
causing QT interval prolongation. The risk-to-benefit ratio that accounts for
the danger of sudden cardiac death should be evaluated before prescribing
an antipsychotic medicine and each individual patient should be assessed on
the potential contributing factors to the prolongation of QTc.

Epilepsy in pregnancy - a primary care approach

Zainuddin Z, Tan CK

Family Physician, 2003;12:9-11.

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in pregnancy. The effects of epilepsy include congenital abnormalities which are increased 2-3 fold. The babies born suffer from haemorrhagic disease of newborn. Preconception management and folic acid supplementation is important in optimizing outcome. With close monitoring and proper management, more than 90% of mothers have no complications throughout their pregnancy. Hormonal contraception dosage need to be increased due to the enzyme inducing nature of the anti epileptics drugs.

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

Zainuddin Z, Shaker AAH

Family Physician, 2005;13(3):2-4.

MyJurnal

Thyroid diseases are common in women, including at the time of pregnancies. Many typical features of hyperthyroidism are common in normal pregnancies and this may delay or mask the diagnosis. Uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis increases the rate of miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), premature labour and perinatal mortality. Multi-disciplinary efforts are required to achieve optimal control of thyrotoxicosis. Anti-thyroid drugs are safe and should be used with the lowest possible doses. Radioiodine treatment is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation. Indications of surgery include: compression symptoms, thyroid malignancy, non-compliance to medications or when the patient develop drugs side effects

Fulltext The Genome Sequence of a Type ST239 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate from a Malaysian Hospital

Lee L, Teh L, Zainuddin Z, Salleh M

Stand Genomic Sci, 2014 Jun 15;9(3):933-9.

PMID: 25197474 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3887716

We report the genome sequence of a healthcare-associated MRSA type ST239 clone isolated from a patient with septicemia in Malaysia. This clone typifies the characteristics of ST239 lineage, including resistance to multiple antibiotics and antiseptics.

Fulltext Reliable epileptic seizure detection using an improved wavelet neural network

Zainuddin Z, Huong LK, Pauline O

Australas Med J, 2013;6(5):308-14.

PMID: 23745153 DOI: 10.4066/AMJ.2013.1640

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis is indispensable in epilepsy diagnosis as it offers valuable insights for locating the abnormal distortions in the brain wave. However, visual interpretation of the massive amounts of EEG signals is time-consuming, and there is often inconsistent judgment between experts.

Malaysian Indians are genetically similar to Caucasians: CYP2C9 polymorphism

Zainuddin Z, Teh LK, Suhaimi AW, Ismail R

J Clin Pharm Ther, 2006 Apr;31(2):187-91.

PMID: 16635054

CYP2C9 is one of the major drug metabolizing enzymes for many drugs including warfarin, NSAIDs and losartan. It is polymorphic in many populations. Data on the distribution of CYP2C9 and the implication of CYP2C9 polymorphism in the Malaysian population is lacking. Our objectives were therefore to investigate the prevalence of CYP2C9 variants among unrelated healthy volunteers of Malays, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia.

Evaluation of semen collected by electroejaculation from captive lesser Malay chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus)

Haron AW, Ming Y, Zainuddin ZZ

J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 2000 Jun;31(2):164-7.

PMID: 10982126

Thirteen sexually mature captive male lesser Malay chevrotains (Tragulus javanicus) were each anesthetized twice with tiletamine-zolazepam for electroejaculation. Viable spermatozoa were collected from all animals. The semen was creamy, milky, pale yellowish, or watery. The mean values for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and percentages of sperm motility, normality and viability were 23.7 +/- 2.5 microl, 366.9 +/- 127.8 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml, 40.0% +/- 3.1%, 71.4% +/- 1.6%, and 59.6% +/- 2.1%, respectively. Semen pH was 7-8. No adverse effects of electroejaculation were noted. These are the first reported values for semen of lesser Malay chevrotain. Electroejaculation should be usable for routine semen collection in this species.

Fulltext Alum irrigation for the treatment of intractable haematuria

Ho CC, Md Zainuddin Z

Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Oct;16(4):66-8.

PMID: 22135514 MyJurnal

Managing intractable haematuria is a daunting task. One cause of this condition is radiationinduced haemorrhagic cystitis. Several treatments for the condition have been proposed and one non-invasive option is alum irrigation. Here, we report on a 65-year-old woman with intractable haematuria secondary to radiation cystitis who was successfully treated with alum irrigation. Alum irrigation is safe, well tolerated and relatively cheap. A review of the literature and a comprehensive discussion on alum irrigation as treatment for haematuria is discussed here to create an awareness regarding this treatment option.

Association of mitochondrial DNA 10398 polymorphism in invasive breast cancer in malay population of peninsular malaysia

Tengku Baharudin N, Jaafar H, Zainuddin Z

Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Jan;19(1):36-42.

PMID: 22977373 MyJurnal

BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 10398 polymorphism is hypothesised to alter a mitochondrial subunit of the electron transfer chain and is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders and cancers.

METHODS: In this study, an mtDNA polymorphism at nucleotide position 10398 was screened in 101 Malay female patients with invasive breast cancer and 90 age-matched healthy female controls using minisequencing analysis.

RESULTS: The Malay women with the 10398G variant showed a significantly increased risk of invasive breast cancer (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.25-4.20, P = 0.007). Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of this polymorphism on the levels of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The level of Bax (a pro-apoptotic protein) expression was significantly higher than that of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic protein) in patients carrying the G allele (P = 0.016) but not in those carrying the A allele (P = 0.48).

CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, we propose that the mtDNA 10398 polymorphism may be a potential risk marker for breast cancer susceptibility in the Malay population.

Wavelet neural networks applied to pulping of oil palm fronds

Zainuddin Z, Wan Daud WR, Pauline O, Shafie A

Bioresour Technol, 2011 Dec;102(23):10978-86.

PMID: 21996481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.080

In the organosolv pulping of the oil palm fronds, the influence of the operational variables of the pulping reactor (viz. cooking temperature and time, ethanol and NaOH concentration) on the properties of the resulting pulp (yield and kappa number) and paper sheets (tensile index and tear index) was investigated using a wavelet neural network model. The experimental results with error less than 0.0965 (in terms of MSE) were produced, and were then compared with those obtained from the response surface methodology. Performance assessment indicated that the neural network model possessed superior predictive ability than the polynomial model, since a very close agreement between the experimental and the predicted values was obtained.

Spectral estimation of nonstationary EEG using particle filtering with application to event-related desynchronization (ERD)

Ting CM, Salleh ShH, Zainuddin ZM, Bahar A

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2011 Feb;58(2):321-31.

PMID: 21257361 DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2010.2088396

This paper proposes non-Gaussian models for parametric spectral estimation with application to event-related desynchronization (ERD) estimation of nonstationary EEG. Existing approaches for time-varying spectral estimation use time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) state-space models with Gaussian state noise. The parameter estimation is solved by a conventional Kalman filtering. This study uses non-Gaussian state noise to model autoregressive (AR) parameter variation with estimation by a Monte Carlo particle filter (PF). Use of non-Gaussian noise such as heavy-tailed distribution is motivated by its ability to track abrupt and smooth AR parameter changes, which are inadequately modeled by Gaussian models. Thus, more accurate spectral estimates and better ERD tracking can be obtained. This study further proposes a non-Gaussian state space formulation of time-varying autoregressive moving average (TVARMA) models to improve the spectral estimation. Simulation on TVAR process with abrupt parameter variation shows superior tracking performance of non-Gaussian models. Evaluation on motor-imagery EEG data shows that the non-Gaussian models provide more accurate detection of abrupt changes in alpha rhythm ERD. Among the proposed non-Gaussian models, TVARMA shows better spectral representations while maintaining reasonable good ERD tracking performance.

An abdominal mass owing to Penicillium marneffei in an HIV-infected 7-year-old boy: case report

Othman N, Yip CW, Intan HI, Zainuddin Z, Amran F

Ann Trop Paediatr, 2006 Sep;26(3):259-62.

PMID: 16925966

A 7-year-old boy, referred with lymphoma, presented with prolonged fever and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy demonstrated on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Blood culture isolated Penicillium marneffei. The patient was subsequently proven serologically to be positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Treatment with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole was successful. A high level of clinical suspicion and awareness is necessary for early diagnosis of penicilliosis, especially in an era of an increasing prevalence of HIV in this region.

Development of resazurin-based assay in 384-well format for high throughput whole cell screening of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strain STIB 900 for the identification of potential anti-trypanosomal agents

Lim KT, Zahari Z, Amanah A, Zainuddin Z, Adenan MI

Exp Parasitol, 2016 Mar;162:49-56.

PMID: 26772786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.002

To accelerate the discovery of novel leads for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), it is necessary to have a simple, robust and cost-effective assay to identify positive hits by high throughput whole cell screening. Most of the fluorescence assay was made in black plate however in this study the HTS assay developed in 384-well format using clear plate and black plate, for comparison. The HTS assay developed is simple, sensitive, reliable and reproducible in both types of plates. Assay robustness and reproducibility were determined under the optimized conditions in 384-well plate was well tolerated in the HTS assay, including percentage of coefficient of variation (% CV) of 4.68% and 4.74% in clear and black 384-well plate, signal-to-background ratio (S/B) of 12.75 in clear 384-well plate and 12.07 in black 384-well plate, Z' factor of 0.79 and 0.82 in clear 384-well plate and black 384-well plate, respectively and final concentration of 0.30% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in both types of plate. Drug sensitivity was found to be comparable to the reported anti-trypanosomal assay in 96-well format. The reproducibility and sensitivity of this assay make it compliant to automated liquid handler use in HTS applications.

Allele frequency distribution for 10 STR loci in the Malay population of Malaysia

Panneerchelvam S, Haslindawaty N, Ravichandran M, Norazmi MN, Zainuddin ZF

J Forensic Sci, 2003 Mar;48(2):451-2.

PMID: 12665016

Fulltext Hereditary ovalocytosis in Malays

George E, Mohandas N, Duraisamy G, Adeeb N, Zainuddin ZA, Teng MS, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 1988 Dec;43(4):327-31.

PMID: 3241598

Effect of pulping variables on the characteristics of oil-palm frond-fiber

Wan Rosli WD, Law KN, Zainuddin Z, Asro R

Bioresour Technol, 2004 Jul;93(3):233-40.

PMID: 15062817

Caustic pulping of oil-palm frond-fiber strands was conducted following a central composite design using a two-level factorial plan involving three pulping variables (temperature: 160-180 degrees C, time: 1-2 h, alkali charge: 20-30% NaOH). Responses of pulp properties to the process variables were analyzed using a statistical software (DESIGN-EXPERT). The results indicated that frond-fiber strands could be pulped with ease to about 35-45% yield. Statistically, the reaction time was not a significant factor while the influences of the treatment temperature and caustic charge were in general significantly relative to the properties of the resultant pulps.

A simple method for the detection of CYP2C9 polymorphisms: nested allele-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Zainuddin Z, Teh LK, Suhaimi AW, Salleh MZ, Ismail R

Clin Chim Acta, 2003 Oct;336(1-2):97-102.

PMID: 14500040 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00319-x

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P4502C9 (CYP2C9), a principle drug-metabolizing enzyme is polymorphic in humans and is responsible for important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations of CYP2C9 substrates. We developed an allele-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of common CYP2C9 alleles.
METHOD: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood obtained from 40 unrelated healthy Malaysian Indian volunteers. The DNA was subjected to a first PCR that was used to amplify both exons 3 and 7 simultaneously in one reaction tube and a second PCR that was used to detect the polymorphic sites of CYP2C9 alleles using allele-specific primers. Sequencing was performed to validate the test results.
RESULTS: We were successful in amplifying the fragments of interest from the DNA samples. The method was also reproducible and specific. The amplified sequences showed 100% homology to CYP2C9 sequence.
CONCLUSION: This is the first nested allele-specific multiplex PCR method reported to allow for the simultaneously detection of five CYP2C9 alleles.

Fulltext Primary sclerosing lipogranuloma: an unusual scrotal mass

Singam P, Suriyani L, Ho C, Eng Hong G, Zainuddin Z

Libyan J Med, 2010 Oct 04;5.

PMID: 21483560 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5524

Sclerosing lipogranuloma (SLG) of the male external genitalia is a rare benign condition presenting as subcutaneous masses. The underlying pathological process is a granulomatous reaction of fatty tissue in this area. The cause of this is unclear but hypothesis stems around the pathogenesis of exogenous lipid degeneration from injection of foreign bodies such as paraffin for penile augmentation. However, endogenous lipid degeneration from other various causes such as infection, trauma, and allergic mechanisms has also been reported. We present the case of a 40-year-old man with primary SLG of the external genitalia. Literature review on the treatment strategies are addressed and discussed.

Fulltext RNA sequencing read depth requirement for optimal transcriptome coverage in Hevea brasiliensis

Chow KS, Ghazali AK, Hoh CC, Mohd-Zainuddin Z

BMC Res Notes, 2014 Feb 01;7:69.

PMID: 24484543 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-69

BACKGROUND: One of the concerns of assembling de novo transcriptomes is determining the amount of read sequences required to ensure a comprehensive coverage of genes expressed in a particular sample. In this report, we describe the use of Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq (PE RNA-Seq) reads from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) bark to devise a transcript mapping approach for the estimation of the read amount needed for deep transcriptome coverage.

FINDINGS: We optimized the assembly of a Hevea bark transcriptome based on 16 Gb Illumina PE RNA-Seq reads using the Oases assembler across a range of k-mer sizes. We then assessed assembly quality based on transcript N50 length and transcript mapping statistics in relation to (a) known Hevea cDNAs with complete open reading frames, (b) a set of core eukaryotic genes and (c) Hevea genome scaffolds. This was followed by a systematic transcript mapping process where sub-assemblies from a series of incremental amounts of bark transcripts were aligned to transcripts from the entire bark transcriptome assembly. The exercise served to relate read amounts to the degree of transcript mapping level, the latter being an indicator of the coverage of gene transcripts expressed in the sample. As read amounts or datasize increased toward 16 Gb, the number of transcripts mapped to the entire bark assembly approached saturation. A colour matrix was subsequently generated to illustrate sequencing depth requirement in relation to the degree of coverage of total sample transcripts.

CONCLUSIONS: We devised a procedure, the "transcript mapping saturation test", to estimate the amount of RNA-Seq reads needed for deep coverage of transcriptomes. For Hevea de novo assembly, we propose generating between 5-8 Gb reads, whereby around 90% transcript coverage could be achieved with optimized k-mers and transcript N50 length. The principle behind this methodology may also be applied to other non-model plants, or with reads from other second generation sequencing platforms.

Fulltext A review on non-syndromic tooth agenesis associated with PAX9 mutations

Fauzi NH, Ardini YD, Zainuddin Z, Lestari W

Jpn Dent Sci Rev, 2018 Feb;54(1):30-36.

PMID: 29628999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.001

Tooth agenesis in the reduction of tooth number which includes hypodontia, oligodontia and anodontia is caused by disturbances and gene mutations that occur during odontogenesis. To date, several genetic mutations that unlock the causes of non-syndromic tooth agenesis are being discovered; these have been associated with certain illnesses because tooth development involves the interaction of several genes for tooth epithelium and mesenchyme odontogenesis. Mutation of candidate genes PAX9 and MSX1 have been identified as the main causes of hypodontia and oligodontia; meanwhile, AXIN2 mutation is associated with anodontia. Previous study using animal models reported that PAX9-deficient knockout mice exhibit missing molars due to an arrest of tooth development at the bud stage. PAX9 frameshift, missense and nonsense mutations are reported to be responsible; however, the most severe condition showed by the phenotype is caused by haploinsufficiency. This suggests that PAX9 is dosage-sensitive. Understanding the mechanism of genetic mutations will benefit clinicians and human geneticists in future alternative treatment investigations.

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