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A Comparative Evaluation of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) and ChatGPT-4 in Statistical Analyses

Shahrul AI, Syed Mohamed AMF

Cureus, 2024 Oct;16(10):e72581.
PMID: 39610603 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.72581

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4.0 (ChatGPT-4; OpenAI, San Francisco, CA ) compared to Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) in performing statistical analyses commonly used in medical and dental research.
METHODS: The datasets were analysed using SPSS (version 26) and ChatGPT-4. Statistical tests included the independent t-test, paired t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson and Spearman correlation, regression analysis, kappa statistic, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and sensitivity and specificity analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report results, and differences between the two tools were noted.
RESULTS: SPSS and ChatGPT-4 produced identical results for the independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and simple linear regression. In one-way ANOVA, both tools provided consistent F-values, but post-hoc analysis revealed discrepancies in mean differences and confidence intervals. Pearson chi-square and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed variations in p-values and Z-values. Mann-Whitney U test had differences in interquartile range (IQR), U, and Z-values. Pearson and Spearman's correlations were consistent, with IQR differences in Spearman. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were consistent, though differences in standard errors and confidence intervals were observed.
CONCLUSION: ChatGPT-4 produced accurate results for several statistical tests, matching SPSS in simpler analyses. However, discrepancies in post-hoc analyses, confidence intervals, and more complex tests indicate that careful validation is required when using ChatGPT-4 for detailed statistical work. Researchers should exercise caution and cross-validate results with established tools such as SPSS.
The Heritability of Palatal Rugae Morphology Among Siblings*, †

Chong JA, Syed Mohamed AMF, Marizan Nor M, Pau A

J Forensic Sci, 2020 Nov;65(6):2000-2007.
PMID: 32692413 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14507

Although there is clinical applicability of the palatal rugae as an identification tool in forensic odontology, controversy exists whether the palatal rugae patterns are stable or variable. The greater the genetic component, the higher the probability that palatal rugae patterns are stable. The aim of this study was to compare the palatal rugae morphology between full siblings and the proportion of variability due to genetic component. This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital models of 162 siblings aged 15-30 years old. The palatal rugae patterns were assessed with Thomas and Kotze (1983) classification using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). The palatal rugae morphology between siblings showed significantly similar characteristics for total number of left rugae (p = 0.001), left primary rugae (p = 0.017), secondary rugae for right (p = 0.024) and left sides (p = 0.001), right straight rugae (p = 0.010), and right convergent rugae (p = 0.005) accounting for at least 6.25%-12.8% of the variability due to heredity. Despite the similarities found, the palatal rugae patterns showed significant differences between siblings of at least 46.9% (p = 0.001). Zero heritability was found in 9 of the 14 rugae patterns. Meanwhile, total number of rugae, primary, backward, and convergent rugae showed moderate heritability (h2 > 0.3) and total number of secondary rugae showed high heritability (h2 > 0.6). In conclusion, despite the individuality characteristics, an appreciable hereditary component is observed with significant similarities found between sibling pairs and the palatal rugae patterns were both environmentally and genetically influenced.
Fulltext Dentine hypersensitivity-like tooth pain associated with the use of high-dose steroid therapy

Abdullah D, Syed Mohamed AMF, Cheen Liew AK

J Conserv Dent, 2019 3 2;22(1):102-106.
PMID: 30820092 DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_113_18

Although corticosteroid provides many clinical benefits, it may cause a range of side effects. A 47-year-old female patient presented with a complaint of pain from her teeth, triggered upon taking cold, hot, and sweet food and drink. From her medical history, she was previously diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. She consequently developed pyoderma gangrenosum, and high-dose prednisolone was administered to treat this condition (prednisolone 30 mg bd for 4 months followed by tapering dose 5 mg/week). She claimed the pain started at the end of steroid therapy. The pain mimicked symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity, but without the presence of the clinical signs associated with hypersensitivity, suggesting that the pain was steroid induced. Patients in this condition will find that their dietary choices will be limited and effective oral hygiene be impeded. Reassurance and advising patients to maintain oral hygiene are the most appropriate treatment as this condition would eventually wear off with time.
A morphometric approach to morphology analysis of palatal rugae in sibling groups

Tey SN, Syed Mohamed AMF, Marizan Nor M

J Forensic Sci, 2024 Jan;69(1):189-198.
PMID: 37706423 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15380

Recent advances in imaging technologies, such as intra-oral surface scanning, have rapidly generated large datasets of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) sample reconstructions. These datasets contain a wealth of phenotypic information that can provide an understanding of morphological variation and evolution. The geometric morphometric method (GMM) with landmarks and the development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape. This study aimed to determine whether there are significant differences in 3D palatal rugae shape between siblings. Digital casts representing 25 pairs of full siblings from each group, male-male (MM), female-female (FF), and female-male (FM), were digitized and transferred to a GM system. The palatal rugae were determined, quantified, and visualized using GMM computational tools with MorphoJ software (University of Manchester). Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA) were employed to analyze palatal rugae shape variability and distinguish between sibling groups based on shape. Additionally, regression analysis examined the potential impact of shape on palatal rugae. The study revealed that the palatal rugae shape covered the first nine of the PCA by 71.3%. In addition, the size of the palatal rugae has a negligible impact on its shape. Whilst palatal rugae are known for their individuality, it is noteworthy that three palatal rugae (right first, right second, and left third) can differentiate sibling groups, which may be attributed to genetics. Therefore, it is suggested that palatal rugae morphology can serve as forensic identification for siblings.
Fulltext Gender and age effects on dental and palatal arch dimensions among full siblings

Mei YS, Syed Mohamed AMF, Marizan Nor M, Rosli TI

J Oral Sci, 2023 Oct 01;65(4):237-242.
PMID: 37612067 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.23-0043

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the dental and palatal arch dimensions of male and female siblings in relation to gender and age, using three-dimensional (3D) digital casts.
METHODS: This study involved 54 subjects (27 pairs) of male-female siblings aged 15 to 45 years. Dental casts were digitized and analyzed for tooth size (TS), arch width (AW), arch length (AL), arch length discrepancy (ALD), and palatal arch dimensions (PAD). The data obtained were subjected to t-tests, and the palatal curvature (PC) was modeled using a fourth-order polynomial.
RESULTS: Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sexes were found in the mesiodistal TS, particularly in all canines, as well as 16, 36, 46, and 41. Maxillary AW and AL were also significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by sexes. Most arch parameters were more prominent in male siblings, and the effect of age on PC differed between the sexes. In addition, the PC of adolescent females was mostly superimposed on adult females relative to males.
CONCLUSION: Among siblings, males were found to have significantly larger dental arch dimensions than females. Furthermore, PC showed some differences between the sexes in both the frontal and sagittal planes.
Comparison of the malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs of Down syndrome and non-syndromic subjects by using the dental aesthetics index

Syed Mohamed AMF, Wei TZ, Sean CJ, Rosli TI

Spec Care Dentist, 2023;43(5):554-560.
PMID: 36269010 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12790

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and significance of the malocclusion traits and orthodontic treatment needs of Down syndrome (DS) subjects with matched non-syndromic (NS) controls.
METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study involved 222 subjects (50% DS, 50% NS) who were matched by gender and age. The casts were digitized into three-dimensional images. These images were used alongside the ten occlusal characteristics of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to determine malocclusion severity and the need for orthodontic treatment.
RESULTS: There were 58 (52.3%) females and 53 (47.7%) males with a mean age of 18.4 ± 8.4 years in both groups. The most common and significant (p 30). The DS showed some impact of malocclusion traits components of the DAI.
CONCLUSION: The occurrence of malocclusion was higher in DS, implying a higher need for orthodontic treatments than for NS subjects.