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Fulltext A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine and Compare the Craniofacial Anthropometric Norms in a Selected Kenyan and Chinese Population

Sarna K, Sonigra KJ, Ngeow WC

Plast Surg (Oakv), 2023 Feb;31(1):84-90.
PMID: 36755821 DOI: 10.1177/22925503211024763

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry provides essential data for diagnosis and treatment planning, with the norms for many races having been investigated. The results reveal that facial morphometry varies greatly because of geographical, ethnic, and racial variations. This study aims to gather the normative anthropometric data and compare the differences in facial morphometry between the Kenyan population and that of the Chinese. Methods: Four vertical measurements (trichion-nasion, nasion-subnasale, subnasale-gnathion, and superaurale-subaurale) and 6 horizontal measurements (zygion-zygion, exocanthion-endocanthion, endocanthion-endocanthion, pupil-pupil, alare-alare, and chelion-chelion) were obtained manually from subjects with no craniofacial abnormality. Results: A total of 180 participants (90 Kenyans and 90 Chinese) were included. Among the Kenyans, males generally had greater dimensions in comparison to the Kenyan females with the exception of the upper third, lower third, and intercanthal, and interpupillary distances. Among the Chinese, there was a significant difference between the 2 genders with the exception of intercanthal distance. All measurements were greater in Chinese males in comparison to the females. Comparison between races shows that Kenyans had greater vertical measurements with exception of the ear length for both genders. The Chinese males had increased facial width and intercanthal distance, while the Chinese females showed increased intercanthal distance compared to Kenyans. Kenyans exhibited hyperleptoprosopic-type face, while Chinese exhibited mesoprosopic-type face, with none of the 2 groups conforming to the neoclassical canons. Conclusion: Kenyans generally have greater craniofacial measurements versus Chinese, except for the facial width and intercanthal distance for males and interorbital distance for females.
Fulltext The Journey of the Lingual Artery from the Neck to the Oral Cavity: A Cadaveric Study

Sarna K, Sonigra KJ, Amuti T, Kamau M, Ngeow WC, Mandela Idenya P

Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr, 2022 Mar;15(1):39-45.
PMID: 35265276 DOI: 10.1177/19433875211002058

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional.
OBJECTIVE: The origin of the lingual artery (LA) has been well studied due to its implication in neck dissection, but the course thereafter to the oral cavity is less described. This cadaveric study traced the journey of the LA from the external carotid artery to its terminal branches in the tongue.
METHODS: Following bilateral neck dissections in 35 black Kenyan cadavers, the incidence of Beclard's, Lesser's and Pirogoff's triangles, the types of LA origin with its length, relationship to the hyoglossus muscle and anastomosis with other vessels were documented.
RESULTS: Beclard's triangle was found in 64 dissections (91.42%), Lesser's in 46 dissections (65.71%) and Pirogoff's in 39 dissections (55.71%). The LA presented either as a solitary branch (67.15%) or as a branch of either the linguofacial (LFT-24.29%), thyrolingual (TLT-2.72%) or thyrolinguofacial (TLFT-2.86%) trunk. The solitary LA was the longest at 6.93 mm, followed by the TLT branch (6.58 mm), LFT branch (6.12 mm) and TLFT branch (5.65 mm). The majority of solitary LA and LA branches of LFT and TLFT passed through the hyoglossus, while all LA branches of the TLT coursed medial to the muscle. All variants of LA have been found to anastomose with the submental artery (SMA) at frequencies that ranged from 11.10% to 100%.
CONCLUSIONS: The LA was found in all cadavers and all Beclards' triangles. There is a significant incidence of LFT and TLFT variants in the Kenyan population. The LA passed either through or medial to the hyoglossus with no lateral relationship being observed.
Anatomical Patterns of the Nasopalatine Canal and Incisive Foramen in an African Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sarna K, Estreed MA, Sonigra KJ, Amuti T, Opondo F, Kamau M, et al.

Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr, 2023 Sep;16(3):222-233.
PMID: 37975024 DOI: 10.1177/19433875221100943

Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Objective: To determine the morphology and morphometry of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) and incisive foramen (IF) in an African population. Methods: Measurements of the NPC and the IF were carried out on 150 Cone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The maxillary bone thickness anterior to the NPC was measured at 3 levels. Independent t-test and Chi-square test were performed to determine the presence of sexual dimorphism. Results: The presence of one Stenson's foramen was most prevalent. The mean length of NPC was 13.21 ± 3.25 mm with significantly longer canals in males. The most prevalent shape of NPC was cylindrical in sagittal view and a single canal in coronal view. The mean angulation of NPC was 118.42° to the horizontal plane. The average dimensions of the IF were 3.53 mm and 3.07 mm in the anteroposterior and mediolateral diameter, respectively, while the most common shape was round. The anterior maxillary bone was thicker in males and generally reduced in thickness from the anterior nasal spine superiorly towards the alveolar crest inferiorly. Conclusion: This study highlights the anatomical characteristics of the NPC and IF, with significant sexual dimorphism observed regarding the number of Stenson's foramina, length of NPC, shapes of the NPC and IF, as well as alveolar bone thickness anterior to NPC.

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