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Fulltext Assessing oral cancer knowledge and awareness among Malaysian dental and medical students

Awan KH, Khang TW, Yee TK, Zain RB

J Cancer Res Ther, 2014 Oct-Dec;10(4):903-7.
PMID: 25579526 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.138011

BACKGROUND:
Oral cancer is a foremost health dilemma in several regions of the world. General dental practitioners and general medical practitioners play a major role in recognition of oral mucosal changes that may lead to malignancy. Their knowledge in oral cancer itself and the risk factors associated with the disease need to be sufficient.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the present study was to investigate awareness and knowledge of undergraduate dental and medical students in early detection and prevention of oral cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Dental and medical students were invited to participate by answering a questionnaire on their habits of the oral mucosa examination and history taking, knowledge on risk factors and changes related with oral cancer, referral of patients as well as their desire to receive further information on oral cancer. Chi-square test was carried out to analyze knowledge and awareness between undergraduate dental and medical students.

RESULTS:
Undergraduate dental students were more likely to examine oral mucosa (96.7%) and advice risk habits to patients (93.9%) compared to medical students (60.6% and 79.8% respectively). Significantly more dental students considered smoking (84.4%), betel quid chewing (76.1%), and alcohol drinking (35%) as risk factors. Clinical changes of oral cancer were better identified by dental students (leukoplakia-52.8%, erythroplakia-45%, and non-healing ulcer-40%) compared to medical students (leukoplakia-12.9%, erythroplakia-4.6%, and non-healing ulcer-10.3%). Both dental and medicals students reported the desire to receive further information in relation to oral cancer.

CONCLUSION:
Dental students have better knowledge and awareness in prevention and early detection of oral cancer compared to medical students.
Fulltext Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as an oral lesion

George KT, Anand R, Ganasalingam S, Zain RB

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 2013 Jan;17(1):106-9.
PMID: 23798841 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029X.110694

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder in which the pathologic Langerhans cells infiltrate and destroy the tissues. Patients with LCH present varied clinical manifestations. Cutaneous lesions in LCH manifest as vesiculopapular eruptions that often mimic various infectious diseases particularly in infants. We present a case of a female infant with an ulcerative lesion intraorally. The baby was asymptomatic otherwise. A detailed history revealed the presence of cutaneous lesions that was overlooked by her parents.
CONCLUSION: This report tries to briefly discuss the current concepts regarding the etiology of LCH. An attempt has been made to emphasis the need for a through systemic examination. The protocol of investigative procedures to be adopted in LCH is also discussed.
Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation

Ismail SB, Kumar SK, Zain RB

J Oral Sci, 2007 Jun;49(2):89-106.
PMID: 17634721

Lichen planus, a chronic autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease affects the oral mucosa (oral lichen planus or OLP) besides the skin, genital mucosa, scalp and nails. An immune mediated pathogenesis is recognized in lichen planus although the exact etiology is unknown. The disease most commonly affects middle-aged females. Oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) which are considered variants of OLP, may be regarded as a disease by itself or as an exacerbation of an existing OLP, by the presence of medication (lichenoid drug reactions) or dental materials (contact hypersensitivity). OLP usually presents as white striations (Wickham's striae), white papules, white plaque, erythema, erosions or blisters. Diagnosis of OLP is established either by clinical examination only or by clinical examination with histopathologic confirmation. Direct immunofluorescence examination is only used as an adjunct to the above method of diagnosis and to rule out specific autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus and pemphigoid. Histopathologic features of OLP and OLR are similar with suggestions of certain discriminatory features by some authors. Topical corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for OLP although several other medications have been studied including retinoids, tacrolimus, cyclosporine and photodynamic therapy. Certain OLP undergo malignant transformation and the exact incidence and mechanisms are still controversial. In this paper, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation of OLP and OLR have been reviewed.
Fulltext Factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour in Malaysian adults

Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang YH, Talib NA, Ikeda N, Axell T, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2011;11:82.
PMID: 21294919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-82

Betel quid chewing is a common habit widely practiced in Southern Asian populations. However, variations are seen in the content of a betel quid across the different countries. Factors associated with commencement and cessation of this habit has been numerously studied. Unfortunately, data on Malaysian population is non-existent. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the inception and also cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour among Malaysian adults.
Data Set for the Reporting of Oral Cavity Carcinomas: Explanations and Recommendations of the Guidelines From the International Collaboration of Cancer Reporting

Müller S, Boy SC, Day TA, Magliocca KR, Richardson MS, Sloan P, et al.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2019 04;143(4):439-446.
PMID: 30500296 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0411-SA

The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is a nonprofit organization whose goal is to develop evidence-based, internationally agreed-upon standardized data sets for each cancer site for use throughout the world. Providing global standardization of pathology tumor classification, staging, and other reporting elements will lead to the objective of improved patient management and enhanced epidemiologic research. Carcinomas of the oral cavity continue to represent a significant oncologic management burden, especially as changes in alcohol and tobacco use on a global scale contribute to tumor development. Separation of oral cavity carcinomas from oropharyngeal tumors is also important, as management and outcome are quite different when human papillomavirus association is taken into consideration. Topics such as tumor thickness versus depth of invasion, pattern of invasive front, extent and size of perineural invasion, and margin assessment all contribute to accurate classification and staging of tumors. This review focuses on the data set developed for Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity Histopathology Reporting Guide, with discussion of the key elements developed for inclusion.
Dietary pattern and oral cancer risk--a factor analysis study

Helen-Ng LC, Razak IA, Ghani WM, Marhazlinda J, Norain AT, Raja Jallaludin RL, et al.

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 2012 Dec;40(6):560-6.
PMID: 22679921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00704.x

The role of diet in cancer risk has mainly been investigated based on intake of individual food items. However, food consumption is made up of a combination of various food items. This study aims to determine the association of dietary patterns with oral cancer risk.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement in Non B-cell Haematological Malignancies

Noor Haslina MN, Marini R, Rosnah B, Shafini MY, Wan Haslindawani WM, Mohd Nazri H, et al.

West Indian Med J, 2013 Nov;62(8):701-4.
PMID: 25014854 DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2013.253

OBJECTIVE: Clonality detection through amplifying immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangements by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful tool in diagnosis of various B-lymphoid malignancies. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement can be an optimal target for clonality detection in B-lymphoid malignancies. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of IGH gene rearrangement in non B-cell haemato-oncology patients including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) and biphenotypic leukaemia.
MEHTODS: We studied 18 cases of haematological malignancies which comprised five patients with T-ALL, 12 patients with AML and one with biphenotypic leukaemia.
RESULTS: We found that the incidence of IGH gene rearrangement in T-ALL and AML were three (60%) and two (16.7%), respectively. The patient with biphenotypic leukaemia was negative for IGH gene rearrangement.
CONCLUSION: Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, which occurs in almost all haematological malignancies of B-cell lineage, also presents in a very small proportion of T-cell or myeloid malignancies.
Fulltext Detection of common deletional alpha-thalassemia spectrum by molecular technique in kelantan, northeastern malaysia

Rosnah B, Rosline H, Zaidah AW, Noor Haslina MN, Marini R, Shafini MY, et al.

ISRN Hematol, 2012;2012:462969.
PMID: 22888447 DOI: 10.5402/2012/462969

Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder that results from genetic defects causing deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains. Although thalassemia mostly affects developing countries, there is limited knowledge of its accurate frequency and distribution in these regions. Knowing the prevalence of thalassemia and the frequency of responsible mutations is therefore an important step in the prevention and control program as well as treatment strategies. This study was performed to determine the prevalence and to study the spectrum of gene deletions that are responsible in α-thalassemia in Kelantan, located in northeastern Malaysia. A total 400 first-time blood donors from multiple areas of donation centre were chosen randomly. The presence of three types of α-thalassemia gene deletion in southeast Asian population which were -(SEA)deletion, -α(3.7) rightward deletion, and -α(4.2) leftward deletion was detected by using multiplex PCR method. 37 (9.25%) of blood donors were confirmed to have α-thalassemia deletion types. 34 (8%) were heterozygous for α3.7 deletion, 1 (0.25%) was heterozygous for α4.2 deletion, and 2 (0.5%) were heterozygous for SEA type deletion. Alpha-thalassemia-2 with 3.7 deletion was the most common determinant detected in Kelantan Malay compared to other ethnic groups. It has been noted that alpha-thalassemia-2 with 3.7 deletion is the most common type of α-thalassemia throughout the world.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in a teaching hospital in northeastern Malaysia

Haslina MN, Khairiah Y, Zainy DZ, Shafini MY, Rosnah B, Marini R

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2012 May;43(3):668-73.
PMID: 23077846

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCV infection and the signal/cutoff (S/CO) value for false reactive, false positive, indeterminate and true positive HCV infection among apparently healthy blood donors in our area. This retrospective study was conducted at the Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from June 2008 to June 2009. Blood samples were screened for anti-HCV using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Reactive cases were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Sixty-one blood donors were found to be reactive after the first screening test. Twenty-nine blood donors had reactive repeat screening, with only 9 samples being true positives. The S/ CO for false reactive, false positive, indeterminate and true positive anti-HCV samples were 1.02 to 1.45, 1.01 to 2.09, 1.07 to 2.43 and 35.95 to 119.89, respectively. The analysis showed the low incidence of HCV infections among blood donors in our area, however, thorough donor screening and stringent selection criteria are still recommended to eliminate high risk donors to improve our blood transfusion service.
IARC Perspective on Oral Cancer Prevention

Bouvard V, Nethan ST, Singh D, Warnakulasuriya S, Mehrotra R, Chaturvedi AK, et al.

N Engl J Med, 2022 Nov 24;387(21):1999-2005.
PMID: 36378601 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr2210097