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  1. Loo GH, Muthkumaran G, Ritza Kosai N
    Cureus, 2024 Mar;16(3):e57152.
    PMID: 38681472 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57152
    True parahiatal hernia is a type of diaphragmatic hernia in which herniation occurs through a defect in the diaphragm, adjacent to the normal oesophageal hiatus. Its reported incidence is very rare, and it is commonly misdiagnosed as paraoesophageal hernia. Although the clinical distinction between paraoesophageal and parahiatal hernia is difficult, it is essential to recognise these two separate entities clinically as their management differs. Clinical presentation of parahiatal hernia includes symptoms related to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients may also present emergently with symptoms of respiratory distress and chest symptoms. With that in mind, we describe a compelling case of a young lady who initially presented with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. However, she was found to have an incarcerated parahiatal hernia.
  2. Loo GH, Rajan R, Mohd Tamil A, Ritza Kosai N
    Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2020 Jun;16(6):778-783.
    PMID: 32199766 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.02.003
    BACKGROUND: Obesity is a growing health problem that has become a global epidemic. Serial population studies have shown the same in Malaysia, where the prevalence of obesity increased rapidly in the last decade. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment in patients with morbid obesity. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep-related breathing disorder seen in obesity.

    OBJECTIVES: We aim to ascertain the prevalence and severity of OSA in Asian patients who underwent bariatric surgery and were seen in our center.

    SETTING: The study was conducted in our university hospital.

    METHODS: Study approval was obtained from our institutional review board for a retrospective chart review. A total of 226 patients were included in this review. OSA was noted as absent or present and graded from mild to severe. The patient population was stratified by body mass index according to the World Health Organization guidelines for Asian population.

    RESULTS: The overall sample prevalence of OSA was 80.5%. Of these, 24.3% had mild OSA, 23.9% had moderate OSA, and 32.3% had severe OSA. Only 17.3% have been diagnosed with OSA before bariatric workup. Among men, the prevalence of OSA was 93.7% and 75.5% among women.

    CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, Asian patients undergoing bariatric workup should be considered for routine polysomnography to enable treatment of OSA.

  3. Lai JH, Loo GH, Shuhaili MAB, Ritza Kosai N
    Int J Surg Case Rep, 2019;60:276-280.
    PMID: 31261047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.06.045
    INTRODUCTION: Primary fascial closure can be a challenging step during a laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair for a ventral hernia.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We present here a novel technique of using intravenous (IV) cannula as an alternative to suture passer for fascial closure during laparoscopic IPOM repair for a 59-year-old patient with an incisional ventral hernia. The placement of non-absorbable sutures for fascial closure was done with the help of a 14 gauge IV cannula instead of a transfascial suture passer. The rest of the procedural steps were the same as a standard laparoscopic IPOM repair. The patient's post-operative recovery was uneventful.

    DISCUSSION: Primary fascial closure during a laparoscopic IPOM hernia repair can be done either by intracorporeal or extracorporeal techniques, using interrupted or continuous sutures. We propose a novel alternative to suture passer in primary fascial closure. IV cannulas are widely available in hospital settings. The advantage of using an IV cannula instead of a suture passer is that they are widely available. Its single-use also eliminates the risk of transmissible diseases, and as it has a smaller diameter than suture passer, it requires a lower insertion force for successful placement.

    CONCLUSION: An IV cannula may be used as a more economical alternative to a transfascial suture passer. This technique is easily reproducible and does not violate the principles of primary fascial defect closure in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.

  4. Loo GH, Rajan R, Deva Tata M, Ritza Kosai N
    Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2020 Jul;55:252-255.
    PMID: 32528674 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.05.018
    Background: Gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a spectrum of symptoms arising from the laxity of the cardio-oesophageal junction. Anti-reflux surgery is reserved for patients with refractory GERD. Anterior partial fundoplication (Dor) is a regularly performed anti-reflux surgery in Malaysia. We intend to determine the improvement in disease-specific quality of life in our patients after surgery.

    Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted to assess patients' improvement in disease-specific quality of life after Dor fundoplication. Ethics approval was obtained from our institutional review board. Patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years who underwent Dor fundoplication within the past five years were assessed using the GERD HRQL as well as the VISICK score via telephone interview. We excluded cases of revision surgery.

    Results: Out of 129 patients screened, 55 patients were included. We found a significant improvement in patients' GERD HRQL score with the pre-operative mean score of 28.3 ± 9.39 and 6.55 ± 8.52 post-operatively, p 

  5. Rosly NB, Loo GH, Shuhaili MAB, Rajan R, Ritza Kosai N
    Int J Surg Case Rep, 2019;61:161-164.
    PMID: 31374465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.07.039
    INTRODUCTION: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a widely used intraoperative diagnostic tool in cardiac patients, and it is considered as a safe and non-invasive procedure. However, it has its known complications, which is estimated to be 0.18% with mortality reported as 0.0098%. Complications of TOE include odynophagia, upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, endotracheal tube malpositioning and dental injury. One of the rarer complications includes oesophageal perforation, whose incidence is reported to be 0.01%.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 61-year-old lady with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) who underwent TOE with subsequent presentation of odynophagia with left neck swelling. An upper endoscopy examination was inconclusive; however, a contrasted computed tomography of the neck showed evidence of cervical oesophageal perforation. She was managed conservatively and discharged well.

    DISCUSSION: The trauma caused by TOE probe insertion and manipulation accounts for most of the upper gastrointestinal complications. Mortality of patients associated with oesophageal perforation can be up to 20% and doubled if the treatment is delayed for more than 24 h. Mechanism of injury from TOE probe is likely multifactorial. Predisposing factors that increase the risk of tissue disruption include the presence of unknown structural pathology. Imaging studies and an upper endoscopy examination may aid in the diagnosis of oesophageal perforation.

    CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion, coupled with a tailored, multidisciplinary approach, is essential to achieve the best possible outcome. Conservative management may be worthwhile in a stable patient despite delayed presentation. Although TOE is considered a safe procedure, physicians should be made aware of such a dreaded complication.

  6. Hou LG, Prabakaran A, Rajan R, Mohd Nor FB, Ritza Kosai N
    Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2019 Nov;47:53-56.
    PMID: 31687133 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.10.002
    Introduction: Massive localised lymphedema (MLL) is considered a rare large, pendulous localised benign overgrowth of lymphoproliferative tissue commonly seen in patients with morbid obesity. Histologically, it may be mistaken for well-differentiated liposarcoma; hence, it is also known as pseudosarcoma.

    Presentation of case: We describe the successful management of MLL of the left medial thigh in a 35-year-old man weighing 220 kgs (BMI 80.8 kgs/m2). He underwent a concurrent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with surgical resection of the MLL. He recovered well and during our last follow up six months after the operation, he is ambulating well and weighs 148 kgs (BMI 54.4 kgs/m2).

    Discussion: MLL is a form of secondary lymphedema resulting in disruption or compression of normal lymphatic drainage due to fat accumulation in obese patients. Patients usually delay treatment for even up to a decade, when it becomes sufficiently large enough to restrict mobility and daily activities, or when it becomes infected. MLL is primarily a clinical diagnosis. A detailed history regarding its slow growth spanning over the years makes malignancy less likely. However, if left untreated, MLL may progress to angiosarcoma. Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are usually performed to rule out malignancy or vascular malformations. A tissue biopsy is not recommended unless there are suspicious pigmented lesions.

    Conclusion: MLL remains to be underdiagnosed. Due to the obesity epidemic, clinicians must be aware of this once rare disease. The role of concurrent bariatric surgery with surgical resection of MLL warrants further studies.

  7. Sadu Singh RS, Loo GH, Muthkumaran G, Azna Ali A, Ritza Kosai N
    Cureus, 2024 Oct;16(10):e71240.
    PMID: 39525114 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.71240
    Obesity stands as a prominent health challenge in our society, with metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) emerging as a solution due to its efficacy in addressing obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) remain the most common MBS after sleeve gastrectomy. Complications from RYGB are uncommon but include anastomotic stricture, marginal ulcers, small bowel obstruction, and nutritional complications. We present a 52-year-old lady with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 27.6 kg/m2 and poorly controlled T2DM who presented with generalized body weakness and uncontrolled weight loss after an RYGB performed four months earlier. She was cachexic with a BMI of 17 kg/m2,with generalized anasarca with a multitude of electrolyte disturbances. After nutritional optimization, she underwent a reversal surgery back to normal anatomy. Reversal of RYGB to normal anatomy is a complex surgical procedure and is often the last resort undertaken in patients experiencing severe complications from the initial surgery. Indications include malnutrition, severe dumping syndrome, excessive weight loss, and recalcitrant marginal ulcers. Our case outlines the importance of proper patient selection for MBS and highlights the preoperative management of RYGB reversal to normal anatomy. We also describe the surgical procedure using a stepwise approach. In conclusion, the reversal of RYGB to normal anatomy should only be undertaken after a careful period of prehabilitation to reduce perioperative complications. The inclusion of dietitians, endocrinologists, and physiotherapists is crucial to ensure the best possible outcome.
  8. Ong MN, Loo GH, Muthkumaran G, Md Pauzi SH, Ritza Kosai N
    Cureus, 2024 Oct;16(10):e71497.
    PMID: 39544575 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.71497
    Abdominal wall hernia is a common condition seen in the clinical practice of surgery. However, malignant tumors in the hernia sac are rare and there are limited studies on this subject. We report a case of a 77-year-old female who presented with generalized abdominal pain and vomiting. She was treated for an incarcerated incisional hernia and underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which showed a multiseptated incisional hernia sac. Histopathological examination revealed a metastatic endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC). ESC is an aggressive variant associated with poor prognosis, characterized by metastasis and extrauterine spread. Its treatment mainly involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgical treatment and chemoradiotherapy. This report highlights the importance of considering malignant tumors in the differential diagnosis of hernia sac contents. Raising awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public can aid in the prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and improved outcomes for individuals with such rare presentations.
  9. Sadu Singh RS, Loo GH, Muthkumaran G, Sambanthan ST, Ritza Kosai N
    Cureus, 2024 Jul;16(7):e64945.
    PMID: 39156343 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64945
    Oesophagogastric junction carcinoma is now being increasingly regarded as a distinct site of neoplasia, separate from its adjacent sites. Recent advances in multimodal treatment approaches, including endoscopic procedures, oesophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection, and definitive chemoradiotherapy, have significantly improved overall patient survival rates. Despite these advancements, the recurrence rate remains around 50% within one to three years following initial surgery. A major challenge in management arises when the resected surgical margins are involved with cancer. We present a 55-year-old man who experienced progressive dysphagia and, upon further assessment, was noted to have a Siewert III oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. He underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before undergoing total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy with a Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed a positive proximal margin involvement. After optimization, he then underwent a salvage three-field McKeown oesophagectomy with colonic conduit reconstruction and adjuvant chemotherapy. Salvage surgery can be considered for patients with locoregional recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy or surgery. Other options include salvage chemoradiotherapy. Our case outlines the importance of proper patient selection for salvage surgery and highlights the choices of conduit in patients undergoing total esophagectomy post gastrectomy.  In conclusion, managing proximal margin involvement of cardioesophageal junction adenocarcinoma remains a complex and multifaceted challenge, necessitating a tailored, multidisciplinary approach. The decision-making process must consider the patient's functional status, previous treatments, and specific anatomical considerations.
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