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Three-layer technique to close a persistent tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Lee LM, Razi A

Asian J Surg, 2004 Oct;27(4):336-8.
PMID: 15564191

This report of a patient with a persistent tracheo-oesophageal (TE) fistula after removal of a speech valve describes a modification of the technique described by Rosen et al for closing TE. Under local anaesthesia, an incision was made above the stoma edge from 9 o'clock to 3 o'clock. The trachea was separated from the oesophagus to beyond the fistula, and the fistula tract was excised. The oesophageal opening was closed in layers and a local flap rotated from the adjacent sternocleidomastoid muscle and sutured over the oesophageal closure. The trachea was then closed separately.
Liquid state bioconversion of sewage treatment plant sludge in batch fermenter and shake flask

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A

Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 2004;32(3):485-500.
PMID: 15508283

A study on liquid state bioconversion of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge was assisted to evaluate the performance of batch fermenter compared to shake flask in a laboratory. Bioconversion of STP sludge was highly influenced by the mixed fungal culture of Penicillium corylophilum and Aspergillus niger after 4 days of treatment. The results showed that about 24.9 g kg(-1) dry sludge cake (DSC) was produced with enrichment of fungal biomass protein in fermenter while 20.1 g kg(-1) in shake flask after 4 days of fungal treatment. The effective biodegradation of STP sludge was recorded in both fermenter and shake flask experiment compared to control (uninnoculated sample). The results presented in this study revealed that the overall performance of fermenter in terms of sludge cake (biosolids) accumulation and biodegradation of STP sludge was higher than the shake flask.
Effect of agitation and aeration on bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge in a batch fermenter

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2002;37(6):1087-97.
PMID: 12090282

Effects of agitation and aeration rate on microbial treatment of domestic wastewater sludge were investigated in a batch fermenter using mixed culture of Penicillium corylophilum and Aspergillus niger. It was found that liquid state bioconversion (LSB) of wastewater sludge was highly influenced by the effects of agitation and aeration. The maximum production of sludge cake and reduction of organic substances in treated sludge were recorded at 150-200 rpm of agitation speed and 0.5 vvm of aeration rate after 72 h of treatment. No effective results were observed at higher rate of agitation (300 rpm) and aeration (1.5 vvm) as compared to optimum values. The results showed that the minimum level of air saturation (pO2) was adequate to maintain the bioconversion process.
Enhanced settleability and dewaterability of fungal treated domestic wastewater sludge by liquid state bioconversion process

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A

Water Res, 2003 Mar;37(5):1118-24.
PMID: 12553987

A study was conducted to evaluate the settleability and dewaterability of fungal treated and untreated sludge using liquid state bioconversion process. The fungal mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum was used for fungal pretreatment of wastewater sludge. The fungal strains immobilized/entrapped on sludge particles with the formation of pellets and enhanced the separation process. The results presented in this study showed that the sludge particles (pellets) size of 2-5mm of diameter were formed with the microbial treatment of sludge after 2 days of fermentation that contained maximum 33.7% of total particles with 3-3.5mm of diameter. The settling rate (measured as total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, 130 mg/l) was faster in treated sludge than untreated sludge (TSS concentration, 440 mg/l) after 1 min of settling time. In 1 min of settling operation, 86.45% of TSS was settled in treated sludge while 4.35% of TSS settled in raw sludge. Lower turbidity was observed in treated sludge as compared to untreated sludge. The results to specific resistance to filtration (SRF) revealed that the fungal inoculum had significant potentiality to reduce SRF by 99.8% and 98.7% for 1% w/w and 4% w/w of TSS sludge, respectively. The optimum fermentation period recorded was 3 days for 1% w/w sludge and 6 days for 4% w/w sludge, respectively, for dewaterability test.
Enhancement of bioseparation and dewaterability of domestic wastewater sludge by fungal treated dewatered sludge

Fakhru'l-Razi A, Molla AH

J Hazard Mater, 2007 Aug 17;147(1-2):350-6.
PMID: 17321676

A promising biological, sustainable, non-hazardous, safe and environmental friendly management and disposal technique of domestic wastewater sludge is global expectation. Fungal entrapped biosolids as a result of prior fungal treated raw wastewater sludge was recycled to evaluate its performance as inoculum for bioseparation/bioconversion of supplemented sludge in view of continuous as well as scale up wastewater sludge treatment. Encouraging results were achieved in bioseparation of suspended solids and in dewaterability/filterability of treated domestic wastewater sludge. Fungal entrapped biosolids offered 98% removal of total suspended solids (TSS) in supplemented sludge treatment at 6-day without nutrient (wheat flour, WF) supply. Consequently, 99% removal of turbidity and 87% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were achieved in supernatant of treated sludge. The lowest value (1.75 x 10(12)m/kg) of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was observed at 6-day after treatment, which was equivalent to the 70% decrease of SRF. The all results except SRF were not influenced further in treatments accompanied with WF supplementation. The present treatments offered significant (P
Recycling of polymer waste with fluid catalytic cracking catalysts

Ali S, Garforth A, Fakhru'l-Razi A

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2006;41(6):1145-54.
PMID: 16760091

Feedstock recycling of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts (1:6 ratio) was carried out using a laboratory fluidized bed reactor operating at 450 degrees C. Fresh and steam deactivated commercial FCC catalysts with different levels of rare earth oxide (REO) were compared as well as used FCC catalysts (E-Cats) with different levels of metal poisoning. Fresh FCC catalysts gave the highest results of HDPE degradation in terms of yield of volatile hydrocarbon product. Meanwhile, steamed FCC catalysts and used FCC catalysts showed similar but lower yields. Overall, the product yields from HDPE cracking showed that the level of metal contamination (nickel and vanadium) did not affect the product stream generated from polymer cracking. This study gives promising results as an alternative technique for the cracking and recycling of polymer waste.
Fulltext Catalytic gasification of empty fruit bunch for enhanced production of hydrogen rich fuel gas

Mohammed, M.A.A., Salmiaton, A., Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G., Mohamad Amran, M.S., Omar, R., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., et al.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2012;20(1):139-149.
MyJurnal

Oil palm is widely grown in Malaysia. There has been interest in the utilization of oil palm biomass for production of environmental friendly biofuels. The gasification of empty fruit bunches (EFB), a waste of the palm oil industry, was investigated in this study to effectively and economically convert low value and highly distribution solid biomass to a uniform gaseous mixture mainly hydrogen (H2). The effects of temperature, equivalence ratio (ER) and catalyst adding on the yields and distribution of hydrogen rich gas products were also investigated. The main gas species generated, as identified by GC, were H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and trace amounts of C2H4 and C2H6. With temperature increasing from 700 to 1000 °C, the total gas yield was enhanced greatly and reached the maximum value (~ 90 wt. % ) at 1000°C with a big portion of H2 (38.02 vol. %) and CO (36.36 vol. %). Equivalence ratio (ER) showed a significant influence on the upgrading of hydrogen production and product distribution. The optimum ER (0.25) was found to attain a higher H2 yield (27.42 vol. %) at 850°C. The effect of adding catalysts (Malaysian dolomite1, P1), Malaysian dolomite2 (GML), NaOH, NaCl, CaO, ZnO, NiO) as a primary catalyst on gas product yield was investigated, and it was found that adding dolomite showed the greatest effect with the maximum H2 yield achieved (28.18 vol.%) at 850°C.
Mycoremediation--a prospective environmental friendly technique of bioseparation and dewatering of domestic wastewater sludge

Molla AH, Fakhru'l-Razi A

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2012 Jun;19(5):1612-9.
PMID: 22134862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0676-0

INTRODUCTION: Environmental safe and friendly management and disposal of wastewater sludge is a problem of every treatment plant throughout the world. Bioseparation and dewaterability of raw domestic wastewater sludge were evaluated for proper management and disposal by mycoremediation, i.e., using prior grown 2% (v/v) spore suspension of filamentous fungal (Mucor hiemalis Wehmer) broth inoculation, which were grown in 2% (w/v) solution of malt extract and wheat flour for 48-60 h in orbital shaker.
DISCUSSION: Within 2-3 days of treatment application, encouraging results were achieved in total dry solids (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and pH due to fungal treatment in recognition of bioseparation and dewaterability of wastewater sludge compared to control. The significant reduction of TDS was remarked at fungal biomass (FB) in wheat flour (WF) treatment. The removal of TSS, turbidity, COD, and SRF were observed 96.0%, 99.4%, 92.6%, and 97.6%, respectively, in supernatant at 5 days by FB in WF. The SRF measuring the dewaterability was decreased with maximum (0.26 × 10(-12) mg/kg) equivalent to 95.5% at 2 days in FB in WF also. FB in WF broth is a potential, environmental friendly, comparatively low-cost biological technique which might play the significant role for bioremediation and bioseparation of domestic wastewater sludge. The present technique may bring a dynamic change in treatment of wastewater in future.
Optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum, using response surface methodology

Mannan S, Fakhruĺ-Razi A, Alam MZ

J Environ Sci (China), 2007;19(1):23-8.
PMID: 17913149

The optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The three parameters namely temperature of 33 degrees C, agitation of 150 r/min, and pH of 5 were chosen as center point from the previous study of fungal treatment. The experimental data on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (%) were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing response surface three-dimensional surface plot and contour plot and by solving the regression model equation with Design Expert software. Box-Behnken design technique under RSM was used to optimize their interactions, which showed that an incubation temperature of 32.5 degrees C, agitation of 105 r/min, and pH of 5.5 were the best conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted yield of COD removal was 98.43%. These optimum conditions were used to evaluate the trail experiment, and the maximum yield of COD removal was recorded as 98.5%.
Use of fungi for the bioconversion of rice straw into cellulase enzyme

Khan MH, Ali S, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Alam Z

J Environ Sci Health B, 2007 May;42(4):381-6.
PMID: 17474017

Cellulase production was carried out by solid state bioconversion (SSB) method using rice straw, a lignocellulosic material and agricultural waste, as the substrate of three Trichoderma spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in lab-scale experiments. The results were compared to select the best fungi among them for the production of cellulase. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to be the best among these species of fungi, which produced the highest cellulase enzyme of 1.43 IU/mL of filter paper activity (FPase) and 2.40 IU/mL of carboxymethylcellulose activity (CMCase). The "glucosamine" and "reducing sugar" parameters were observed to evaluate the growth and substrate utilization in the experiments. In the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, the highest glucosamine concentration was 1.60 g/L and a high concentration of the release of reducing sugar was measured as 2.58 g/L obtained on the 4th day of fermentation. The pH values were also recorded. The range of the pH was about 5.15 to 5.56 in the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium.
Treatment and biodegradation kinetics of microbially treated domestic wastewater sludge

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Molla AH

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2004;39(8):2059-70.
PMID: 15332668

A laboratory-scale study was undertaken to evaluate the liquid state bioconversion (LSB) in terms of biodegradation of microbially treated domestic wastewater sludge (biosolids) as well as its kinetics. The potential fungal strains and process factors developed from previous studies were used throughout the study. The results presented in this study showed that an effective biodegradation occurred with the biosolids (sludge cake) accumulated. The maximum biosolids (sludge cake) accumulated (93.8 g/kg of liquid sludge) enriched with the biomass protein (30.2 g/kg of dry biosolids), was achieved which improved the effluent quality by enhancing the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), reducing sugar (RS), soluble protein (SP), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS). The higher reduction of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was observed during bioconversion process. The kinetics results showed that the experimental data were better fitted for the biodegradation efficiency, and biosolids accumulation and biodegradation rate.
Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Molla AH

J Environ Sci (China), 2004;16(1):132-7.
PMID: 14971468

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats(wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i.e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments), biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration (filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.
Use of fungi to improve bioconversion of activated sludge

Mannan S, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Alam MZ

Water Res, 2005 Aug;39(13):2935-43.
PMID: 16000208

The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of microbial adaptation and its affinity to biodegradation as well as bioconversion of soluble/insoluble (organic) substances of domestic wastewater treatment plant (DWTP) sludge (activated domestic sludge) under natural/non-sterilized conditions. The two filamentous fungi, Penicillium corylophilum (WWZP1003) and Aspergillus niger (SCahmA103) were used to achieve the objectives. It was observed that P. corylophilum (WWZP1003) was the better strain compared to A. niger (SCahmA103) for the bioconversion of domestic activated sludge through adaptation. The visual observation in plate culture showed that about 95-98% of cultured microbes (P. corylophilum and A. niger) dominated in treated sludge after 2 days of treatment. In this study, it was also found that the P. corylophilum was capable of removing 94.40% of COD and 98.95% of turbidity of filtrate with minimum dose of inoculum of 10% v/v in DWTP sludge (1% w/w). The pH level was lower (acidic condition) in the fungal treatment and maximum reduction of COD and turbidity was observed (at lower pH). The results for specific resistance to filtration (SRF) showed that the fungi played a great role in enhancing the dewaterability and filterability. In particular, the strain Penicillium had a more significant capability (than A. niger) of reducing 93.20% of SRF compared to the uninoculated sample. Effective results were observed by using fungal inoculum after 2 days of treatment. The developed LSB process is a new biotechnological approach for sludge management strategy.
Biosolids accumulation and biodegradation of domestic wastewater treatment plant sludge by developed liquid state bioconversion process using a batch fermenter

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Molla AH

Water Res, 2003 Sep;37(15):3569-78.
PMID: 12867323

The biosolids accumulation and biodegradation of domestic wastewater treatment plant (DWTP) sludge by filamentous fungi have been investigated in a batch fermenter. The filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum isolated from wastewater and DWTP sludge was used to evaluate the treatment performance. The optimized mixed inoculum (A. niger and P. corylophilum) and developed process conditions (co-substrate and its concentration, temperature, initial pH, inoculum size, and aeration and agitation rate) were incorporated to accelerate the DWTP sludge treatment process. The results showed that microbial treatment of higher strength of DWTP sludge (4% w/w of TSS) was highly influenced by the liquid state bioconversion (LSB) process. In developed bioconversion processes, 93.8 g/kg of biosolids was enriched with fungal biomass protein of 30 g/kg. Enrichment of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) in biosolids was recorded in 6.2% (w/w), 3.1% (w/w) and 0.15% (w/w) from its initial values of 4.8% (w/w), 2.0% (w/w) and 0.08% (w/w) respectively after 10 days of fungal treatment. The biodegradation results revealed that 98.8% of TSS, 98.2% of TDS, 97.3% of turbidity, 80.2% of soluble protein, 98.8% of reducing sugar and 92.7% of COD in treated DWTP sludge supernatant were removed after 8 days of microbial treatment. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) in treated sludge (1.4x10(12) m/kg) was decreased tremendously by the microbial treatment of DWTP sludge after 6 days of fermentation compared to untreated sample (85x10(12) m/kg).
Assessment of sewage sludge bioremediation at different hydraulic retention times using mixed fungal inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion

Rahman RA, Molla AH, Fakhru'l-Razi A

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2014 Jan;21(2):1178-87.
PMID: 23881591 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1974-5

Sustainable, environmental friendly, and safe disposal of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge is a global expectation. Bioremediation performance was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in 3-10 days and organic loading rates (OLR) at 0.66-7.81 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) per liter per day, with mixed filamentous fungal (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum) inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion (LSB) technique as a continuous process in large-scale bioreactor. Encouraging results were monitored in treated sludge by LSB continuous process. The highest removal of total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, and COD were achieved at 98, 99, and 93%, respectively, at 10 days HRT compared to control. The minimum volatile suspended solid/suspended solid implies the quality of water, which was recorded 0.59 at 10 days and 0.72 at 3 days of HRT. In treated supernatant with 88% protein removal at 10 days of HRT indicates a higher magnitude of purification of treated sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) quantifies the performance of dewaterability; it was recorded minimum 0.049 × 10(12) m kg(-1) at 10 days of HRT, which was equivalent to 97% decrease of SRF. The lower OLR and higher HRT directly influenced the bioremediation and dewaterability of STP sludge in LSB process. The obtained findings imply encouraging message in continuing treatment of STP sludge, i.e., bioremediation of wastewater for environmental friendly disposal in near future.
Fulltext Concha bullosa in chronic sinusitis

Subramanian S, Lekhraj Rampal GR, Wong EFM, Mastura S, Razi A

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Dec;60(5):535-9.
PMID: 16515102

Sinusitis is an important cause of morbidity and one of the major sources of income loss. Anatomical variations of the nose have been reported to predispose to sinusitis. These variations include concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and oversized bulla. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and the distribution of concha bullosa in patients with chronic sinusitis and to determine the relationship between concha bullosa and age, sex, ethnicity. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat in Kuala Lumpur Hospital (HKL). Data was collected retrospectively using a pretested proforma. All patients who underwent Sino nasal surgery between January 1999 and December 2000 and whose preoperative CT scans were available were included in the study. The CT scans were reviewed. Analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Out of 146 patients who underwent sinonasal surgery between January 1999 and December 2000, 101 (69.2% preoperative CT scans of these patients were available and these were reviewed. The proportion of patients with concha bullosa was 49.5%. The results showed that there was significant relationship between presence of concha bullosa and age and sex. The overall mean age of patient with concha bullosa was 35.7 years (95% CI 12.1-39.3) and ranged from 11-years to 56-years. The mean age of respondents with concha bullosa was significantly lower than patients without concha bullosa 41.98 (95% CI 37.6-46.3; t-test = 2.221; df=99; p < 0.05). Concha bullosa was significantly more in females (66.0%) compared to males (chi2 = 4.465, df=1, p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between presence of concha bullosa and ethnicity.
Optimization of process parameters for pilot-scale liquid-state bioconversion of sewage sludge by mixed fungal inoculation

Rahman RA, Molla AH, Barghash HF, Fakhru'l-Razi A

Environ Technol, 2016;37(1):1-15.
PMID: 26111620 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1058860

Liquid-state bioconversion (LSB) technique has great potential for application in bioremediation of sewage sludge. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum level of LSB process of sewage sludge treatment by mixed fungal (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum) inoculation in a pilot-scale bioreactor. The optimization of process factors was investigated using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design considering hydraulic retention time (HRT) and substrate influent concentration (S0) on nine responses for optimizing and fitted to the regression model. The optimum region was successfully depicted by optimized conditions, which was identified as the best fit for convenient multiple responses. The results from process verification were in close agreement with those obtained through predictions. Considering five runs of different conditions of HRT (low, medium and high 3.62, 6.13 and 8.27 days, respectively) with the range of S0 value (the highest 12.56 and the lowest 7.85 g L(-1)), it was monitored as the lower HRT was considered as the best option because it required minimum days of treatment than the others with influent concentration around 10 g L(-1). Therefore, optimum process factors of 3.62 days for HRT and 10.12 g L(-1) for S0 were identified as the best fit for LSB process and its performance was deviated by less than 5% in most of the cases compared to the predicted values. The recorded optimized results address a dynamic development in commercial-scale biological treatment of wastewater for safe and environment-friendly disposal in near future.
Domestic wastewater biosolids accumulation by liquid state bioconversion process for rapid composting

Fakhru'l-Razi A, Alam MZ, Idris A, Abd-Aziz S, Molla AH

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2002 Sep;37(8):1533-43.
PMID: 12369644

Bioconversion of higher strength of domestic wastewater biosolids (sludge) (4% w/w of TSS) by mixed fungal culture of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum was studied in a laboratory. The effect of potential mixed fungi on domestic wastewater sludge accelerated the liquid state bioconversion (LSB) process. The highest production of dry sludge cake (biosolids) was enriched with fungal biomass to about 85.66 g/kg containing 25.23 g/kg of protein after 8 days of treatment. The results presented in this study revealed that the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of treated sludge were highly influenced by the fungal culture as compared to control (uninnoculated). The maximum removal rates in treated sludge (biosolids) supernatant recorded were 92% of COD and 98.8% of TSS. Lower SRF (1.08 x 10(12) m/kg) was perceived in microbially treated sludge after 6 days of fermentation. The observed parameters were highly influenced after 8 days of treatment. The influence of pH was also studied and presented in the paper.
Filamentous fungi in Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) sewage treatment plant for biological treatment of domestic wastewater sludge

Fakhrul-Razi A, Alam MZ, Idris A, Abd-Aziz S, Molla AH

J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2002 Mar;37(3):309-20.
PMID: 11929070

A study was carried out to isolate and identify filamentous fungi for the treatment of domestic wastewater sludge by enhancing biodegradability, settleability and dewaterability of treated sludge using liquid state bioconversion process. A total of 70 strains of filamentous fungi were isolated from three different sources (wastewater, sewage sludge and leachate) of IWK's (Indah Water Konsortium) sewage treatment plant, Malaysia. The isolated strains were purified by conventional techniques and identified by microscopic examination. The strains isolated belonged to the genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Spicaria and Hyaloflorae The distribution of observed isolated fungi were 41% in sewage sludge followed by 39% in wastewater and 20% in leachate. The predominant fungus was Penicillium (39 strains). The second and third most common isolates were Aspergillus (14 strains) and Trichoderma (12 strains). The other isolates were Spicaria (3 strains) and Hyaloflorae (2 strains). Three strains (WWZP1003, LZP3001, LZP3005) of Penicillium (P. corylophilum, P. waksmanii, and P. citrinum respectively), 2 strains (WWZA1006 and SS2017) of Aspergillus (A. terrues and A. flavus respectively) and one strain (SSZT2008) of Trichoderma (T. harzianum) were tentatively identified up to species level and finally verified by CABI Bioscience Identification Services, UK.
Bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge by immobilized mixed culture of penicillum Corylophilum WWZA1003 and Aspergillus niger SCahmA103

Alam MZ, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Idris A, Abd-Aziz S

Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 2002 Jul;30(4):307-18.
PMID: 12227649

The bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge by immobilized mixed culture of filamentous fungi was investigated in a laboratory. The potential mixed culture of Penicillium corylophilum WWZA1003 and Aspergillus niger SCahmA103 was isolated from its local habitats (wastewater and sludge cake) and optimized on the basis of biodegradability and dewaterability of treated sludge. The observed results in this study showed that the sludge treatment was highly influenced by the effect of immobilized mixed fungi using liquid state bioconversion (LSB) process. The maximum production of dry filter cake (DFC) was enriched with fungal biomass to about 20.05 g/kg containing 23.47 g/kg of soluble protein after 4 days of fungal treatment. The reduction of COD, TSS, turbidity (optical density against distilled water, 660 nm), reducing sugar and protein in supernatant and filtration rate of treated sludge were influenced by the fungal mixed culture as compared to control (uninnoculated). After these processes, 99.4% of TSS, 98.05% of turbidity, 76.2% of soluble protein, 98% of reducing sugar and 92.4% of COD in supernatant of treated sludge were removed. Filtration time was decreased tremendously by the microbial treatment after 2 days of incubation. The effect of fungal strain on pH was also studied and presented. Effective bioconversion was observed after 4 days of fungal treatment.

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