"Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development.... The model presented in this article proposes different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients, illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia."
Comparison and evaluation of physicochemical properties of the six betamethasone·17-valerate creams available locally were studied. Tests that were conducted include stiffness/hardness, grittiness. colour, odour, homogeneity (phase separation), pH, weight of loss, tackiness (stickiness) and microscopic examination. A point grading system was used 10 assess and compare the products. Results revealed that BetnovateT and CamnovaleT to be the most superior followed by BeavateT, SetrosoneT, BetasoneT and UniflexT
In this Viewpoint, the impact of the paper published by Gautam R. Desiraju and Angelo Gavezzotti (J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1989, 621) upon the development of Crystal Engineering, now recognised a key discipline in contemporary chemical/pharmaceutical/materials science, is discussed.
Despite being disparaged for their malodorous and toxic demeanour, compounds of selenium, a bio-essential element, and tellurium, offer possibilities as therapeutic agents. Herein, their potential use as drugs, for example, as anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory agents, etc., will be surveyed along with a summary of the established biological functions of selenium. The natural biological functions of tellurium remain to be discovered.
The title supra-molecular polymer, [Cu(S(3)O(6))(H(2)O)(4)](n), features a tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedral Cu(II) centre within an O(6) donor set with the longer Cu-O bonds linking the dication and the trithio-nate dianion. Extensive O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions connect the supra-molecular chains into a three-dimensional network.
The Cambridge Structural Database was evaluated for crystals containing Se…O chalcogen bonding interactions. These secondary bonding interactions are found to operate independently of complementary intermolecular interactions in about 13% of the structures they can potentially form. This number rises significantly when more specific interactions are considered, e.g. Se…O(carbonyl) interactions occur in 50% of cases where they can potentially form. In about 55% of cases, the supramolecular assemblies sustained by Se…O(oxygen) interactions are one-dimensional architectures, with the next most prominent being zero-dimensional assemblies, at 30%.
Introduction: The geriatric population in Malaysia is expanding rapidly due to increased life expectancies. The vulnerability of this population to the adverse effects of medications due to multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy predisposes them to potentially inappropriate medications (PIMSs). The Beers Criteria is a recognized tool for assessing PIMs, but the level of awareness regarding these criteria among community pharmacists is currently unknown.
This study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of Beers Criteria and its extent of application in practice among community pharmacists in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 community pharmacists in the Klang Valley using a validated, self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge on PIMs was assessed using a ten-question clinical vignette based on Beers Criteria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Respondents had a significant proportion of their customer base who were elderly. Only 28% of respondents were aware of Beers Criteria, and of this group only 41% were aware of the latest update. The mean score for the clinical vignette was 5.42 ± 1.98. Awareness of Beers Criteria and years of experience in practice were associated with higher knowledge scores (p < 0.05). Good geriatric practices were reported by respondents with the exception of regular usage of Beers Criteria (16.5% agreement) and regularly asking
elderly-looking customers their age (43.6% agreement). Most respondents (74.3%) utilized other clinical resources and were confident in providing care to elderly customers. Conclusion: Awareness of Beers Criteria remains low among community pharmacists. However, pharmacists utilized other resources and demonstrated good geriatric practices. While this shows the adequacy of current practice, efforts to increase awareness of geriatric-specific tools such as Beers Criteria may address specific knowledge gaps and improve the level of care involving the elderly.
In the title compound, C14H8N4O6, the benzoxazin-4-one fused-ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.018 Å) is coplanar with the attached benzene ring [dihedral angle = 0.81 (4)°], there being an intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond between them. Each nitro group is twisted out of the plane of the attached benzene ring [O-N-C-C torsion angles = 167.94 (11) and 170.38 (11)°]. In the crystal, amine-nitro N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to centrosymmetric dimeric aggregates that are connected into a three-dimensional architecture by oxazin-yl-nitro C-H⋯O and π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distance between the oxazinyl and terminal benzene rings = 3.5069 (7) Å].
The asymmetric unit of title co-crystal, C10H8N2·2C7H7NO2, comprises a centrosymmetric 4,4'-bi-pyridine mol-ecule, and a 2-amino-benzoic acid mol-ecule in a general position. The latter is effectively planar [C-C-C-O torsion angle = 5.0 (3)°] owing to an intra-molecular N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bond. Three-mol-ecule aggregates are formed via O-H⋯N(pyrid-yl) hydrogen bonds and these are connected into supra-molecular layers in the bc plane by N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between pyridyl and benzene rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.634 (2) Å]. Layers are connected along the a axis by weak π-π inter-actions between benzene rings [3.964 (2) Å].
The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, C10H6O8·2C8H10N4O2, comprises a centrosymmetric benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid (LH4) mol-ecule and a mol-ecule of caffeine in a general position. LH4 is nonplanar, with the dihedral angles between the ring and pendent carb-oxy-lic acid groups being 44.22 (7) and 49.74 (7)°. By contrast, the caffeine mol-ecule is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.040 Å). Supra-molecular layers parallel to (-1-10) are sustained by carb-oxy-lic acid O-H⋯O(carbon-yl) and O-H⋯N(imidazole) hydrogen bonds, as well as by meth-yl-carbonyl C-H⋯O inter-actions. These stack via π-π inter-actions between the benzene and imidazole rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.4503 (10) Å].
The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, C12H12N2·2C7H7NO2, comprises a centrosymmetric 4-[2-(pyridin-4-yl)eth-yl]pyridine mol-ecule and a 2-amino-benzoic acid mol-ecule in a general position. The acid has a small twist between the carb-oxy-lic acid residue and the ring [dihedral angle = 7.13 (6)°] despite the presence of an intra-molecular N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bond. Three-mol-ecule aggregates are formed via O-H⋯N(pyrid-yl) hydrogen bonds, and these are connected into supra-molecular layers in the bc plane by N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between pyridine and benzene rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.6332 (9) Å]. Layers are connected along the a axis by weak π-π inter-actions between benzene rings [3.9577 (10) Å].
The title compound, C(13)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)S, represents a monoclinic polymorph of the previously reported ortho-rhom-bic form [Ramnathan et al. (1996 ▶). Acta Cryst. C52, 134-136]. The mol-ecule is twisted with the dihedral angle between the benzene rings being 55.37 (7)°. The N-H atoms are syn to each other, which contrasts their anti disposition in the ortho-rhom-bic form. In the crystal, mol-ecules assemble into zigzag chains along the c axis via N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds. Chains are connected into layers via C-H⋯Cl inter-actions, and these stack along the a axis.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {(C34H28FeP2)[Au(C5H8NS2)]2}, comprises half a mol-ecule, with the full mol-ecule being generated by the application of a centre of inversion. The independent Au(I) atom is coordinated by thiol-ate S and phosphane P atoms that define an approximate linear geometry [S-Au-P = 169.35 (3)°]. The deviation from the ideal linear is traced to the close approach of the (intra-molecular) non-coordinating thione S atom [Au⋯S = 3.1538 (8) Å]. Supra-molecular layers parallel to (100) feature in the crystal packing, being sustained by phen-yl-thione C-H⋯S inter-actions, with the non-coordinating thione S atom in the role of a dual acceptor. Layers stack with no specific inter-actions between them.
The asymmetric unit of the title 1:2 co-crystal, C14H10O4S2·2C7H6O2, comprises half a mol-ecule of di-thiodi-benzoic acid [systematic name: 2-[(2-carb-oxy-phen-yl)disulfan-yl]benzoic acid, DTBA], as the mol-ecule is located about a twofold axis of symmetry, and a mol-ecule of benzoic acid (BA). The DTBA mol-ecule is twisted about the di-sulfide bond [the C-S-S-C torsion angle is -83.19 (8)°] resulting in a near perpendicular relationship between the benzene rings [dihedral angle = 71.19 (4)°]. The carb-oxy-lic acid group is almost co-planar with the benzene ring to which it is bonded [dihedral angle = 4.82 (12)°]. A similar near co-planar relationship pertains for the BA mol-ecule [dihedral angle = 3.65 (15)°]. Three-mol-ecule aggregates are formed in the crystal whereby two BA mol-ecules are connected to a DTBA mol-ecule via hy-droxy-O-H⋯O(hydroxy) hydrogen bonds and eight-membered {⋯HOC=O}2 synthons. These are connected into a supra-molecular layer in the ab plane through C-H⋯O inter-actions. The inter-actions between layers to consolidate the three-dimensional architecture are π-π stacking inter-actions between DTBA and BA rings [inter-centroid separation = 3.8093 (10) Å] and parallel DTBA-hy-droxy-O⋯π(BA) contacts [O⋯ring centroid separation = 3.9049 (14) Å]. The importance of the specified inter-actions as well as other weaker contacts, e.g. π-π and C-H⋯S, are indicated in the analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface and inter-action energies.
The seeds in fruits consumed by primates may be chewed and digested, swallowed and defecated intact, or separated from the flesh and spat out. We show by a combination of close field observations and experiments with caged animals, that long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) have a remarkably low threshold of 3-4 mm for swallowing seeds and also that wild macaques rarely break them. The seeds of 69% of the ripe fruit species eaten are spat out intact or cleaned outside the mouth and dropped. Seed-spitting significantly reduces the swallowed food bulk and may lessen the risk of releasing seed toxins during mastication. However, it requires that even small fruits are processed in the mouth one or a few at a time. We suggest that fruit storage in the cheek pouches of cercopithecine monkeys allows them to spit seeds individually without excessively slowing fruit intake while feeding on patchily distributed fruit. In contrast, Apes and New World monkeys apparently swallow and defecate most ripe seeds in their diet and colobine monkeys break and digest them, detoxifying seed defenses by bacterial fermentation.
Intestinal knot formation was first described by Riverius in 16th century and later by Rokitansky in 1836. We report a very rare cause of small bowel gangrene caused by appendiceal knotting on to the ileum in a previously healthy mid aged lady. Patient underwent laparatomy and right hemicolectomy and primary anastomosis. The intra operative findings were the appendix was twisting (knotting) the small bowel about 40cm from the terminal ileum and causing gangrene to the segment of small bowel. Appendicitis is a common condition and management is usually straightforward. However we must be aware of rare complications which may arise that require a change from the standard treatment of acute appendicitis.
Dibenzo[1,5]diazocine scaffolds are present in a wide range of organic building blocks, for example in pharmaceuticals, materials and structural chemistry. However, the development of these structural frameworks has not received significant attention owing to limited synthetic protocols and strategies. Herein, a summary of the attractive synthetic approaches for the construction of dibenzo[1,5]diazocines, epiminodibenzo[1,5]diazocines and epoxydibenzo[1,5]diazocines developed over the past two decades is presented. The spectroscopic, synthetic mechanisms for the formation of the heterocyclic rings and remarkable structural features, including in the solid-state, are discussed.
The title 1:1 solvate, C14H10O4S2·C3H7NO, features a twisted mol-ecule of 2,2'-di-thiodi-benzoic acid (DTBA), with the central C-S-S-C torsion angle being -88.57 (6)°, and a mol-ecule of di-methyl-formamide (DMF). The carb-oxy-lic acid groups are, respectively, close to co-planar and twisted with respect to the benzene rings to which they are connected as seen in the CO2/C6 torsion angles of 1.03 (19) and 7.4 (2)°. Intra-molecular, hypervalent S←O inter-actions are noted [S⋯O = 2.6140 (9) and 2.6827 (9) Å]. In the crystal, four-mol-ecule aggregates are formed via DTBA-O-H⋯O(DMF) and DTBA-O-H⋯O(DTBA) hydrogen bonding, the latter via an eight-membered {⋯OHCO}2 homosynthon. These are linked into supra-molecular layers parallel to (011) via benzene-C-H⋯O(DTBA) and DTBA-C=O⋯π(benzene) inter-actions, with the connections between these, giving rise to a three-dimensional architecture, being of the type benzene-C-H⋯π(benzene). An analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surfaces indicates, in addition to the aforementioned inter-molecular contacts, the presence of stabilizing inter-actions between a benzene ring and a quasi-π-system defined by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between a DTBA dimer, i.e. the eight-membered {⋯OCOH}2 ring system, and between a benzene ring and a quasi-π(OCOH⋯OCH) system arising from the DTBA-O-H⋯O(DMF) hydrogen bond. The inter-centroid separations are 3.65 and 3.49 Å, respectively.