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Fulltext Effect of betanin supplementation on the histological structure of liver and heart in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats

Nurul Shazini, R., Asmah, R., Patimah, I.

Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2016;12(1):78-83.
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Betacyanins are water soluble pigment commonly detected in plants. The most studied betacyanins pigment is betanin group. Betanin has been shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation and heme decomposition, suggesting that these pigments may provide protection against certain oxidative stress-related disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in hepatic and heart structure in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced obese rats following supplementation of betanin. A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: corn-starch group (C), corn-starch + betanin group (CB), high-carbohydrate, high fat group (H) and high-carbohydrate, high fat + betanin (HB).The intervention with 50 mg betanin/kg of food was started for 8 weeks after 8 weeks initiation of the diet. Liver and cardiac structures were defined by histology. Results showed that betanin supplemented rats showed normalized inflammatory state with no change in collagen deposition in the heart but did not normalize the macrovesicular steatosis in the liver. The effects of betanin supplementation were more prominent in corn starch fed rats suggesting its potential in preventing fat accumulation possibly by its potent scavenging ability from the pigment, but not reversing the abnormalities related to obesity.
Fulltext Association of variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the IL-4 gene with end-stage renal disease in Malaysian patients

Vasudevan R, Norhasniza MN, Patimah I

Genet. Mol. Res., 2011;10(2):943-7.
PMID: 21644211 DOI: 10.4238/vol10-2gmr1066

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene has been associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) subjects in many different populations, although with conflicting results. We determined the 70 bp of VNTR polymorphism at intron 3 of the IL-4 gene in Malaysian ESRD subjects. Buccal cells were collected from 160 case and 160 control subjects; genomic DNA was amplified using PCR, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. There were significant differences in genotypes and alleles of the IL-4 gene. We conclude that VNTR polymorphism of the IL-4 gene is a risk factor for the development of ESRD among Malaysians.
Fulltext Comparison of the health implications on the use of As and Cd contaminated water supply between urban and rural communities

Zailina H, Najibah H, Aiezzati AN, Praveena SM, Patimah I

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:797603.
PMID: 25530970 DOI: 10.1155/2014/797603

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in blood, urine, and drinking water as well as the health implications on 100 residents in an urban and a rural community. Results showed the blood As, urinary Cd, DNA damage, and water As and Cs were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings showed significant (P < 0.005) correlations between blood As and DNA damage with household income, years of residence, and total glasses of daily water consumption among the rural residents. The urinary NAG concentrations, years of residence, milk powder intake (glass/week), and seafood intake (per week) were significantly correlated (P < 0.005) with urinary Cd concentrations among respondents. In addition, urinary Cd level significantly influenced the urinary NAG concentrations (P < 0.001). The rural respondents experienced significantly higher lymphocyte DNA damage and blood As influenced by their years of residence and water consumption. The Cd in drinking water also resulted in the rural respondents having significantly higher urinary NAG which had a significant relationship with urinary Cd.
Association of azoospermia factor region deletions in infertile male subjects among Malaysians

Hussein AA, Vasudevan R, Patimah I, Prashant N, Nora FA

Andrologia, 2015 Mar;47(2):168-77.
PMID: 24528375 DOI: 10.1111/and.12240

Azoospermia factor region (AZF) deletions (AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and AZFd) in the Y chromosome were analysed in male infertility subjects in various populations with conflicting results. This study comprised of 54 infertile males and 63 fertile controls, and the frequency of AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and AZFd deletions were determined using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as real-time PCR-high resolution melting analysis-based methods. The results of this study showed that, three of 54 cases (5.55%) had AZF (a, b and c) deletions (two had AZFc and one had AZFa deletions). Four cases were found to have AZFd deletions (7.4%) with two of them being associated with AZFc deletions (P = 0.028). The frequency of AZF (a, b and c) deletions in Malaysian infertile male subjects was found to be comparable with other populations. AZFd deletions were found to be significant (P < 0.05) in male infertility and it may be associated with other types of AZF deletions.
Obesity can predict and promote systemic inflammation in healthy adults

Ellulu MS, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Abed Y

Int J Cardiol, 2016 Jul 15;215:318-24.
PMID: 27128554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.089

BACKGROUND: To find out the differences on biomedical data between obese and non-obese participants, and to identify risk factors associated with systemic inflammation in healthy Palestinian adults.
METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study involved 105 apparently healthy adults. Interview questionnaire was used to collect personal information. Participants were excluded if they suffered from acute or chronic inflammatory diseases, or continued using medicines, which might affect the biomedical results.
RESULTS: In association with increased Body Mass Index (BMI), the obese group displayed significant higher markers including: interleukin 6 (IL-6), high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Obese group in association with increased waist circumference (WC) was higher significantly in inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP), lipid profile (TC) and triglyceride (TG), and blood pressure (SBP, DBP). A tertile of a feature of systemic inflammation (hs-CRP) was created, by Ordinal Logistic Regression, after adjusting for the age, gender, smoking habits, physical activity pattern, father and mother's health history; risk factors were the increased BMI [OR: 1.24] (95% CI: 1.005-1.548, P=0.050), IL-6 [OR: 3.35] (95% CI: 1.341-8.398, P=0.010), DBP [OR: 1.19] (95% CI: 1.034-1.367, P=0.015), and reduced Adiponectin [OR: 0.59] (95% CI: 0.435-0.820, P=0.001). Finally, BMI correlated with IL-6 and hs-CRP (r=0.326, P=0.005; r=0.347, P<0.001; respectively), and hs-CRP correlated with IL-6 (r=0.303, P=0.010), and inversely with Adiponectin (r=-0.342, P=0.001).
CONCLUSION: The increased level of IL-6 and reduced Adiponectin, which strongly associated with obesity, indicated that having high BMI is a useful marker in association with IL-6 and further developed systemic inflammation.
Fulltext Effect of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial

Ellulu MS, Khaza'ai H, Patimah I, Rahmat A, Abed Y

Food Nutr Res, 2016;60:29268.
PMID: 26829184 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29268

Obesity is a degree of excess weight that predisposes people to metabolic syndromes via an inflammatory mechanism. Hypertensive and diabetic people have higher risks of developing systemic inflammation. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC ω-3 PUFAs) can reduce the cardiovascular events and help against inflammation.
Fulltext Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial

Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Abed Y

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:3405-12.
PMID: 26170625 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S83144

Obesity is well associated as being an interfering factor in metabolic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes by increasing the secretion of proinflammatory markers from adipose tissue. Having healthy effects, vitamin C could work as an anti-inflammatory agent through its antioxidant capacity.
Fulltext Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications

Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y

Arch Med Sci, 2017 Jun;13(4):851-863.
PMID: 28721154 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.58928

Obesity is the accumulation of abnormal or excessive fat that may interfere with the maintenance of an optimal state of health. The excess of macronutrients in the adipose tissues stimulates them to release inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, and reduces production of adiponectin, predisposing to a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress. The increased level of interleukin 6 stimulates the liver to synthesize and secrete C-reactive protein. As a risk factor, inflammation is an imbedded mechanism of developed cardiovascular diseases including coagulation, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It is also associated with development of non-cardiovascular diseases such as psoriasis, depression, cancer, and renal diseases. On the other hand, a reduced level of adiponectin, a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality, is associated with impaired fasting glucose, leading to type-2 diabetes development, metabolic abnormalities, coronary artery calcification, and stroke. Finally, managing obesity can help reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases and poor outcome via inhibiting inflammatory mechanisms.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review of initiators and protective factors

Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y, Ali F

Inflammopharmacology, 2016 Feb;24(1):1-10.
PMID: 26750181 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0255-y

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term comprising of a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. These diseases are the largest cause of morbidity and premature death worldwide. Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (stroke) are the most frequently occurring diseases. The two major initiators involved in the development of atherosclerotic CVD are vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxidation. In atherosclerosis development, ROS is associated with rapid loss of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activities of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO(·)) resulting in endothelial dysfunction. In part involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, ROS have been involved in signaling cascades leading to vascular pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic gene expression. ROS is also a potent activator of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which indicate plaque destabilization and rupture. The second initiator involved in atherosclerotic CVD is the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Oxidation of LDL in vessel wall leads to an inflammatory cascade that activates atherogenic pathway leading to foam cell formation. The accumulation of foam cells leads to fatty streak formation, which is the earliest visible atherosclerotic lesion. In contrast, the cardiac sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) and hepatic apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression can improve cardiovascular function. SERCA2a regulates the cardiac contractile function by lowering cytoplasmic calcium levels during relaxation, and affecting NO(·) action in vascular cells, while apoE is a critical ligand in the plasma clearance of triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins.