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  1. Fulltext UHPLC-UV/PDA Method Validation for Simultaneous Quantification of Luteolin and Apigenin Derivatives from Elaeis guineensis Leaf Extracts: An Application for Antioxidant Herbal Preparation
    Che Zain MS, Osman MF, Lee SY, Shaari K
    Molecules, 2021 Feb 19;26(4).
    PMID: 33669484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041084
    Luteolin and apigenin derivatives present in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaves (OPL) are reported to possess excellent antioxidant properties relating to numerous health benefits. To meet the global demand for flavonoids, OPL, which is plentifully generated as an agricultural by-product from oil palm plantations, can be further exploited as a new source of natural antioxidant compounds. However, to produce a standardized herbal preparation, validation of the quantification method for these compounds is required. Therefore, in this investigation, we developed and validated an improved and rapid analytical method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet/photodiode array (UHPLC-UV/PDA) for the quantification of 12 luteolin and apigenin derivatives, particularly focusing on flavonoid isomeric pairs: orientin/isoorientin and vitexin/isovitexin, present in various OPL extracts. Several validation parameters were assessed, resulting in the UHPLC-UV/PDA technique offering good specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness, where the values were within acceptable limits. Subsequently, the validated method was employed to quantify luteolin and apigenin derivatives from OPL subjected to different drying treatments and extraction with various solvent systems, giving total luteolin (TLC) and apigenin content (TAC) in the range of 2.04-56.30 and 1.84-160.38 µg/mg extract, respectively. Additionally, partial least square (PLS) analysis disclosed the combination of freeze dry-aqueous methanol yielded OPL extracts with high TLC and TAC, which are strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Therefore, we provide the first validation report of the UHPLC-UV/PDA method for quantification of luteolin and apigenin derivatives present in various OPL extracts, suggesting that this approach could be employed in standardized herbal preparations by adopting orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin as chemical markers.
  2. Intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirement among liver transplant recipients: A national single-center experience 2020
    Yusop MF, Tahir NM, Azim SMSS, Kamaruzaman AA, Hata NRM, Kugaan A, et al.
    Asian J Transfus Sci, 2023;17(2):251-255.
    PMID: 38274975 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_38_21
    BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) is a complicated surgical procedure with high risk for massive intraoperative blood loss due to pre-existing coagulopathy, portosystemic shunts with collateral circulations, and splenomegaly. The transfusion service will direct most of their resources toward LT programs with great impact on cost. The purpose of this study was to evaluate single center transfusion strategies and to identify the risk factors associated with the intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion.

    METHODS: The study includes 18 patients who underwent LT at Hospital Selayang between January 2020 and December 2020. Retrospective analysis of data included preoperative assessment of coagulopathy, intraoperative blood loss, and blood component transfusion.

    RESULTS: The mean age in the study group was 36.4 ± 12.68 years. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 4450 ± 1646 ml requiring 4.17 ± 3.3 packed red blood cell (PRBC) units, 7.56 ± 5.5 platelet units, and 9.50 ± 6.0 fresh-frozen plasma units. The independent risk factor for high blood loss (HBL) group was lower preoperative platelet count and it is statistically significant (P = 0.024). The HBL group is associated with higher usage of PRBC (P = 0.024) and platelet units (P = 0.031) and it is statistically significant. The length of stay (LOS) in intensive care unit (ICU) averaging 8.6 ± 4.95 days, and there is no significant differences comparing the HBL and LBL group (P = 0.552). The mortality <90 days for all recipients was 22.2%.

    CONCLUSION: The preoperative platelet count for is the most important factor associated with HBL in LT procedure. The usage of PRBC and platelet units was statistically higher in the HBL group. Comparing HBL and LBL patients, there is no difference in terms of the LOS in ICU postoperatively. A larger sample size would be needed in view of relatively small sample size.

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