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Recombinant LipL32 Protein Developed Using a Synthetic Gene Detects Leptospira-specific Antibodies in Human Serum Samples

Yaakob Y, Rodrigues KF, Opook F, William T, John DV

Malays J Med Sci, 2017 Oct;24(5):44-51.
PMID: 29386971 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.5

Background: Synthetic biology is emerging as a viable alternative for the production of recombinant antigens for diagnostic applications. It offers a safe alternative for the synthesis of antigenic principles derived from organisms that pose a high biological risk.
Methods: Here, we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the synthetic recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) protein expressed in Escherichia coli for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in human serum samples. The rLipL32-based ELISA was compared with a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which is currently used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of leptospirosis.
Results: Our results showed that all the MAT-positive serum samples were positive for Leptospira-specific IgG in an ELISA, while 65% (n = 13) of these samples were also positive for Leptospira-specific IgM. In the MAT-negative serum samples, 80% and 55% of the samples were detected as negative by an ELISA for Leptospira-specific IgM and IgG, respectively.
Conclusion: An ELISA using the synthetic rLipL32 antigen was able to distinguish Leptospira-specific IgM (sensitivity 65% and specificity 80%) and IgG (sensitivity 100% and specificity 55%) in human serum samples and has the potential to serve as a rapid diagnostic test for leptospirosis.
Fulltext Molecular Mechanism of Action of Repurposed Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Used for the Treatment of Patients Infected With COVID-19: A Systematic Scoping Review

Lem FF, Opook F, Lee DJH, Chee FT, Lawson FP, Chin SN

Front Pharmacol, 2020;11:585331.
PMID: 33746739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585331

Background: The emergence of COVID-19 as a pandemic has resulted in the need for urgent development of vaccines and drugs and the conduction of clinical trials to fight the outbreak. Because of the time constraints associated with the development of vaccines and effective drugs, drug repurposing and other alternative treatment methods have been used to treat patients that have been infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and have acquired COVID-19. Objective: The objective of this systematic scoping review is to provide an overview of the molecular mechanism of action of repurposed drugs or alternative treatment medicines used to attenuate COVID-19 disease. Method: The research articles or gray literature, including theses, government reports, and official news online, were identified from four databases and one search engine. The full content of a total of 160 articles that fulfilled our inclusion criteria was analyzed and information about six drugs (ritonavir, lopinavir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, favipiravir, and chloroquine) and four Traditional Chinese Medicines (Shuang Huang Lian Kou Fu Ye, TCM combination of Bu Huan Jin Zheng Qi San and Da Yuan Yin, Xue Bi Jing Injection, and Qing Fei Pai Du Tang) was extracted. Results: All of the repurposed drugs and complementary medicine that have been used for the treatment of COVID-19 depend on the ability of the drug to inhibit the proliferation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by binding to enzyme active sites, viral chain termination, or triggering of the molecular pathway, whereas Traditional Chinese Medicine plays a pivotal role in triggering the inflammation pathway, such as the neuraminidase blocker, to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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