Elbow dislocation, though a common orthopaedic emergency is rare with brachial artery injury and is even more uncommon in the paediatric age group. We present the case of a child who sustained trauma resulting in closed elbow dislocation with brachial artery injury. Elbow dislocation with brachial artery injury can present with palpable distal pulses and good capillary refill because of rich collaterals at the elbow. But this patient presented with signs of frank ischemia distally, and was managed with ipsilateral reverse cephalic vein graft. He had good volume pulses at one year follow-up. Patients with such presentation should have careful clinical and radiological assessment to exclude complicated elbow dislocation.
The term "cyber threats" refers to the new category of hazards that have emerged with the rapid development and widespread use of computing technologies, as well as our growing reliance on them. This article presents an in-depth study of a variety of security and privacy threats directed at different types of users of social media sites. Furthermore, it focuses on different risks while sharing multimedia content across social networking platforms, and discusses relevant prevention measures and techniques. It also shares methods, tools, and mechanisms for safer usage of online social media platforms, which have been categorized based on their providers including commercial, open source, and academic solutions.
High surface area mesoporous activated carbon-alginate (AC-alginate) beads were successfully synthesized by entrapping activated carbon powder derived from Mangosteen fruit peel into calcium-alginate beads for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution. The structure and surface characteristics of AC-alginate beads were analyzed using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analysis (SBET), while thermal properties were tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of AC-alginate dose, pH of solution, contact time, initial concentration of MB solution and temperature on MB removal was elucidated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 230mg/g was achieved for 100mg/L of MB solution at pH 9.5 and temperature 25°C. Furthermore, the adsorption of MB on AC-alginate beads followed well pseudo-second order equation and equilibrium adsorption data were better fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. The findings reveal the feasibility of AC-alginate beads composite to be used as a potential and low cost adsorbent for removal of cationic dyes.
Congo virus, or Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), is a tick-borne disease caused by a single-stranded RNA virus (genus nairovirus, Bunyaviridae family). It spreads through infected ticks' bites or contact with viremic individuals or livestock. Factors supporting its spread include hot, humid climates, limited pesticide use, poor animal control, inadequate irrigation during monsoons, and vector control deficiencies. Nosocomial transmission in under-resourced hospitals poses a threat to healthcare workers. Decades of CCHF cases persist in Pakistan due to these factors, with six deaths reported by June 2023. To combat the epidemic, Pakistan should raise awareness, improve irrigation, establish surveillance systems, and implement livestock quarantine and vaccination.
Progress in the drug delivery system in the last few decades has led to many advancements for efficient drug delivery. Both micro and nanorobots, are regarded as superior drug delivery systems to deliver drugs efficiently by altering other forms of energy into propulsion and movements. Furthermore, it can be advantageous as it is directed to targeted sites beneath physiological environments and conditions. They have been validated to possess the capability to encapsulate, transport, and supply therapeutic contents directly to the disease sites, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficiency and decreasing systemic side effects of the toxic drugs. This review discusses about the microand nanorobots for the diagnostics and management of diseases, types of micro, and nanorobots, role of robots in drug delivery, and its biomedical applications.
Herein, a novel and environmentally benign solid catalyst was fabricated by grafting WO3 active species onto the ZnCo2O4@CeO2 support for efficient levulinic acid production from corncob waste biomass. The morphological, compositional, and textural properties of the designed catalyst were investigated using different characterization techniques to identify suitable catalyst formulation with enhanced catalytic activity and stability. The results demonstrated that WO3 active species were successfully loaded with uniform distribution onto the support to develop a robust catalyst with both acidic and basic sites. The experimental investigation showed that among the catalysts, WO3(10 wt %)/ZnCo2O4@CeO2 exhibited the best catalytic activity, providing a maximum levulinic acid yield of 78.49% at the optimal conditions of 6 wt % catalyst dosage, reaction temperature of 180 °C, and reaction time of 200 min. The presence of an optimum number of both acid and base active sites on the catalyst surface could lead to the highest catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst. Finally, the reusability investigation indicated that the synthesized catalyst possessed sufficient recyclability of up to four times for the levulinic acid production from the selected biomass with negligible drop in the catalytic activity.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, causing huge economic losses annually worldwide. This disease is endemic in Pakistan where the serotypes of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are A, O and ASIA-1. At present, trivalent FMDV vaccines are being used to prevent FMD but the current production process is laborious and is unable to fulfill the needs of the meat and dairy industries. To meet the vaccine needs of Pakistan, the conventional method of using adherent cell lines to produce the vaccine could be replaced by suspension cell cultures which produce higher yields in less time and less volume. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and optimize some of the factors that affect viable cell density and subsequent virus yield. The relationship between the yield of the 146S fraction and the TCID50 of the virus preparations obtained was also evaluated as a mean to control and check the quality of the vaccine product. The results provided optimized conditions for vaccine production using cell suspensions and showed that there was a linear relationship between TCID50 and 146S fraction yield. Either TCID50 or the 146S fraction yield, or both could be used as parameters for quality monitoring during vaccine production. Using TCID50 reduced the number of steps involved in virus production while measuring 146S fraction yield was useful for quality control. However, more studies are required to evaluate the relative effectiveness of vaccines produced by virus cultures using either TCID50 or 146S fraction as quality monitoring tools.