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Fulltext Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda isolated from Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer

Nadirah, M., Najiah M., Teng, S. Y.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1247-1252.
MyJurnal

This study described the antibiotic and heavy metal resistance pattern of 17 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda obtained from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). E.tarda isolates were resistant to oleandomycin, lincomycin, novobiocin and spiramycin. In contrast, most of the isolates showed high level of susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, florfenicol, chloramplenicol, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, kanamycin, oxolinic acid and flumequine. MAR value was 0.35 which indicated that the cultured Asian seabass have received high exposure to those tested antibiotics. Besides, very high level of heavy metal resistance among these isolates was observed. Genotypic profile of DNA fingerprintings generated by RAPD-PCR using M13 universal primer and M13 wild type phage primer showed high degree of genetic diversity with percentages similarity and genetic distance among the isolates were ranging from 10.5% to 100% and 0 to 0.895, respectively. This result indicates that strains that belong to the same origin were not always closely related genetically.
Fulltext Differential responses of Vibrio sp. to young and mature leaves extracts of Terminalia catappa L

Nadirah, M., Wee, T. L., Najiah, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):961-966.
MyJurnal

Young and mature leaves of Terminalia catappa of alcoholic and aqueous extracts were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Vibrio sp. isolated from aquatic animals. Young leaves of T. catappa showed higher antibacterial activity when compared to mature leaves against Vibrio parahemolyticus, with methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited the largest inhibition zones, 23 and 24 mm, respectively as determined by disc diffusion technique. Ethanolic extract of young leaves showed the lowest MIC and MBC at 3.13 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of young and matures leaves exhibit variations in protein, RNA as well as pyrine and pyrimidines leakage of Vibrio sp. Cell membrane disruption is proposed as the mechanism of action of T. catappa leaves extract against Vibrio sp.
Effect of Water Salinity on the External Morphology of Ovarian Maturation Stages of Orange Mud Crab, Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) in Captivity

Amin-Safwan A, Muhd-Farouk H, Nadirah M, Ikhwanuddin M

Pak J Biol Sci, 2016;19(5):219-226.
PMID: 29023026 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.219.226

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mud crab from the genus Scylla are considered as one of the most demanded seafood items nowadays as their flesh has high quality, tasty and higher growth rate thus support and boosted expansion in aquaculture sector especially in Malaysia. Present study was designed to focus on the effect of water salinity on the ovarian maturation of orange mud crab, Scylla olivacea based on morphological characteristics.

METHODOLOGY: Samples were collected from Setiu wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia from July-September, 2015. Ovarian maturation of S. olivacea was classified into four stages based on previous study which were: Immature (Stage 1), early mature (Stage 2), late mature (Stage 3) and fully mature (Stage 4).

RESULTS: Morphologically as the ovary develop the colouration start to change from translucent or whitish in colour and sometimes creamy to pale yellow, follow by light orange and lastly reddish orange. Stage 1 ovary was translucent and whitish in colour, stage 2 ovary was pale yellow in colour, stage 3 was light orange and stage 4 ovary was reddish orange in colour. Gonad Somatic Index (GSI) of S. olivacea remained low at stage 1 and 2 and began to increase started at stage 3. This present study involved three different salinities treatments, which treatment 1 (10 ppt), treatment 2 (20 ppt) and treatment 3 (30 ppt). Treatment 2 produce the highest number of stage 4 ovarian maturation based on colouration and the highest GSI recorded, follow by treatment 1 and lastly treatment 3.

CONCLUSION: This present study proved that salinity does affected the ovarian maturation of S. olivacea in captivity and provides important information regarding the effect of water salinity on ovarian maturation for further studies on reproductive biology of this species.
Bacteria associated with wild mud crab (Scylla serrata) from Setiu Wetland, Malaysia with emphasis on antibiotic resistances

Najiah M, Nadirah M, Sakri I, Shaharom-Harrison F

Pak J Biol Sci, 2010 Mar 15;13(6):293-7.
PMID: 20506717

A study was carried out to investigate the presence of bacteria flora in wild mud crab (Scylla serrata) from Setiu Wetland as well as their antibiotic resistances. A total of 91 bacterial isolates consisting of 12 bacterial species were successfully isolated from mud crab. Oxolinic acid was found to be effective against all the bacterial isolates whilst the highest percentage of antibiotic resistance was shown by lincomycin (94.5%) followed by ampicillin (90.1%), amoxicillin (86.8%) and oleandomycin (78.0%). The study is very useful to evaluate the safety of mud crab for human consumption based on wild mud crab-associated bacteria as well as their antibiotic resistances.
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Mycobacterium isolates from fighting fish Betta spp. in Malaysia

Najiah M, Lee KL, Noorasikin H, Nadirah M, Lee SW

Res Vet Sci, 2011 Dec;91(3):342-5.
PMID: 20971487 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.010

Mycobacteriosis due to mycobacteria is one of the most common bacterial diseases in ornamental fish. We describe here the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Mycobacterium isolates from fighting fish Betta spp. using ATCC Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae as references. A total of four isolates (M1, M2, M3, M4) were obtained from four out of 106 fish samples using selective agar, and identified to Mycobacterium genus using acid-fast staining and 16s rRNA gene-based genus specific polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequencing and NCBI-BLAST analysis further identified isolate M1 as M. marinum and isolates M2, M3, M4 as M. fortuitum. Morphological, physiological and biochemical tests were carried out for phenotypic characterizations. Universal M13 and wild-type phage M13 RAPD dendogram was generated to illustrate the genetic relationship of the isolates and reference strains.
Occurrence of Plesiomonas shigelloides in cultured red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from tropical rivers, east coast Malaysia

Nadirah M, Ruhil HH, Jalal KC, Najiah M

Pak J Biol Sci, 2012 Jun 15;15(12):600-3.
PMID: 24191623

A total of 182 isolates of Plesiomonas shigelloides were identified from 40 healthy red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus cultured at two important rivers in Terengganu, Malaysia namely Como River and Terengganu River from east coast Malaysia. P. shigelloides count in Digestive Tract Content (DTC) and Muscle (MUS) of red hybrid tilapia cultured at Terengganu River was 1000-fold higher than Como River. Antibiotic susceptibility test was also performed on Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates. The incidence of antibiotic resistance was higher in Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from red hybrid tilapia cultured at Terengganu River compared to Como river. Thus, the findings of the study indicate that P. shigelloides from tilapia muscle and an intestine could be an alarming for serious public health risk to consumers.
Fulltext Understanding media literacy in relation to adolescent soft drink consumption behavior

Nur Nadirah MS, Ghazali H, Bakar AZA, Othman M

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(1):381-388.
MyJurnal

This paper examines relationship between media literacy and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables focusing on consumption of soft drink among adolescents in Klang Valley, Malaysia. In addition, this paper also determines soft drink consumption, level of media literacy and the influences of the TPB variables on the intention of soft drink consumption. A cluster sampling method was used in collecting data within the Klang Valley area. The sample consisted of 436 adolescents from secondary school, aged between 13 to 18 years old. Two main scales utilized were Media Literacy (ML) scale and TPB scale. The descriptive, multiple linear regression and Pearson product-moment correlation analyses were carried out to answer the research objectives. Results revealed that 36% of respondents drank a minimum of 1 can, bottle or glass of soft drink for the past seven days and possess good level of media literacy (35%). Meanwhile, 14% of variance in adolescents’ intention of soft drink consumption is explained by TPB variables. Additionally, the total media literacy score towards soft drink advertisement was significantly positively correlated with attitude (r = 0.250, p
Bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters Crassostrea iredalei of Setiu Wetland, East Coast Peninsular Malaysia

Najiah M, Nadirah M, Lee KL, Lee SW, Wendy W, Ruhil HH, et al.

Vet Res Commun, 2008 Jun;32(5):377-81.
PMID: 18369732 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9045-y

Slipper oyster Crassostrea iredalei is a species of good demand for its sweet flavor and white coloured flesh. The filter feeding nature predisposes oysters to accumulation of pathogenic and heavy metals in waters impacted by sewage pollutions and may thus render the oysters unfit for human consumption. A study was undertaken to investigate the presence of bacteria flora and heavy metal concentrations in cultivated oysters Crassostrea iredalei at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, the only source of cultivated oysters in East Coast of Malaysia. A total of 200 slipper oyster samples were analyzed. The bacteria were isolated using non selective agar such as TSA agar and selective agars before they were then identified using conventional methods in combination with BBL Crystal identification kit. Heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that the oysters harbor predominantly Shewanella putrifaciens followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Chromobacterium violaceum. They also contain high concentration of Zn (785.68 +/- 285.88 microg/g) with the lowest heavy metal was Pb (0.17 +/- 0.15 microg/g), whilst the concentrations of other heavy metals were Cu (38.9 +/- 13.2 microg/g) and Cd (1.60 +/- 0.28 microg/g). The study is very useful to evaluate the type of bacteria and heavy metal present in oyster meat for human consumption.
Virulence properties and pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant Vibrio harveyi associated with luminescent vibriosis in Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

Nurhafizah WWI, Lee KL, Laith A AR, Nadirah M, Danish-Daniel M, Zainathan SC, et al.

J Invertebr Pathol, 2021 11;186:107594.
PMID: 33878330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107594

Global high demand for Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei has led to intensified cultivation and a wide range of disease problems, including bacterial diseases due to vibrios. Three presumptive luminescent Vibrio harveyi strains (Vh5, Vh8 and Vh10) were isolated from the hepatopancreas (Vh5) and haemolymph (Vh8 and Vh10) of diseased growout Pacific white shrimp from a farm in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia, using Vibrio harveyi agar (VHA) differential medium. All three strains were identified as V. harveyi by biochemical characteristics. 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses by neighbour-joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods showed all three strains in the V. harveyi cluster. All three strains were β-haemolytic and positive for motility, biofilm formation and extracellular products (caseinase, gelatinase, lipase, DNase, amylase and chitinase). Vh10 was subjected to pathogenicity test in Pacific white shrimp by immersion challenge and determined to have a LC50 of 6.0 × 108 CFU mL-1 after 168 h of exposure. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that all strains were resistant to oxytetracycline (OXT30), oleandomycin (OL15), amoxicillin (AML25), ampicillin (AMP10) and colistin sulphate (CT25) but sensitive to doxycycline (DO30), flumequine (UB30), oxolinic acid (OA2), chloramphenicol (C30), florfenicol (FFC30), nitrofurantoin (F5) and fosfomycin (FOS50). Each strain was also resistant to a slightly different combination of eight other antibiotics, with an overall multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.40, suggesting prior history of heavy exposure to the antibiotics. Vh10 infection resulted in pale or discoloured hepatopancreas, empty guts, reddening, necrosis and luminescence of uropods, as well as melanised lesions in tail muscle. Histopathological examination showed necrosis of intertubular connective tissue and tubule, sloughing of epithelial cells in hepatopancreatic tubule, haemocytic infiltration, massive vacuolation and loss of hepatopancreatic tubule structure.
Fulltext Dataset on reproductive status of ovary mud crab at different salinity levels

Amin-Safwan A, Mardhiyyah MP, Izzah-Syafiah MA, Muhd-Farouk H, Manan H, Mahsol HH, et al.

Data Brief, 2019 Oct;26:104426.
PMID: 31534993 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104426

This article investigated how crabs responded to different culture salinities through ovarian maturation stages using combination of external morphology (ovarian coloration and gonadosomatic index), and histological assessment (oocyte structures and diameter sizes). A total of sixty immature crabs were sampled from coastal water of Setiu Wetlands, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, and were introduced to limb autotomy technique in order to induce molt. Crabs were reared until successfully molted, and leaves prior to hardened shell, before proceed with salinities acclimatization prior to salinity treatments (10, 20 and 30 ppt). Five crabs were randomly selected every 15 days throughout 60-day of culture (Day 15, 30, 45 and 60) for the assessment. The different between each ovarian maturation stages was recorded based on the color appearances, and Kruskal-Wallis analysis were done between gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter sizes with different salinity treatments. Part of the data is associated with the recent articles [1], [2] and provided here as raw data of Supplementary materials.
Fulltext Molecular identification and histopathological study of natural Streptococcus agalactiae infection in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Laith AA, Ambak MA, Hassan M, Sheriff SM, Nadirah M, Draman AS, et al.

Vet World, 2017 Jan;10(1):101-111.
PMID: 28246454 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.101-111

AIM: The main objective of this study was to emphasize on histopathological examinations and molecular identification of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from natural infections in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Temerloh Pahang, Malaysia, as well as to determine the susceptibility of the pathogen strains to various currently available antimicrobial agents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diseased fishes were observed for variable clinical signs including fin hemorrhages, alterations in behavior associated with erratic swimming, exophthalmia, and mortality. Tissue samples from the eyes, brain, kidney, liver, and spleen were taken for bacterial isolation. Identification of S. agalactiae was screened by biochemical methods and confirmed by VITEK 2 and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibiogram profiling of the isolate was tested against 18 standard antibiotics included nitrofurantoin, flumequine, florfenicol, amoxylin, doxycycline, oleandomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, lincomycin, colistin sulfate, oxolinic acid, novobiocin, spiramycin, erythromycin, fosfomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, and polymyxin B. The histopathological analysis of eyes, brain, liver, kidney, and spleen was observed for abnormalities related to S. agalactiae infection.
RESULTS: The suspected colonies of S. agalactiae identified by biochemical methods was observed as Gram-positive chained cocci, β-hemolytic, and non-motile. The isolate was confirmed as S. agalactiae by VITEK 2 (99% similarity), reconfirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (99% similarity) and deposited in GenBank with accession no. KT869025. The isolate was observed to be resistance to neomycin and gentamicin. The most consistent gross findings were marked hemorrhages, erosions of caudal fin, and exophthalmos. Microscopic examination confirmed the presence of marked congestion and infiltration of inflammatory cell in the eye, brain, kidney, liver, and spleen. Eye samples showed damage of the lens capsule, hyperemic and hemorrhagic choroid tissue, and retina hyperplasia accompanied with edema. Brain samples showed perivascular and pericellular edema and hemorrhages of the meninges. Kidney samples showed hemorrhage and thrombosis in the glomeruli and tubules along with atrophy in hematopoietic tissue. Liver samples showed congestion of the sinusoids and blood vessel, thrombosis of portal blood vessel, and vacuolar (fatty) degeneration of hepatocytes. Spleen samples showed large thrombus in the splenic blood vessel, multifocal hemosiderin deposition, congestion of blood vessels, and multifocal infiltration of macrophages.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, it can be concluded that pathological changes in tissues and organs of fish occur proportionally to the pathogen invasion, and because of their high resistance, neomycin and gentamicin utilization in the prophylaxis or treatment of S. agalactiae infection should be avoided.

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