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  1. Strober B, Leman J, Mockenhaupt M, Nakano de Melo J, Nassar A, Prajapati VH, et al.
    Dermatol Ther (Heidelb), 2022 Feb;12(2):381-393.
    PMID: 34904208 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00661-2
    INTRODUCTION: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, potentially life-threatening, neutrophilic, autoinflammatory skin disease characterised by recurrent flares of generalised sterile pustules and associated systemic features. Inconsistent diagnostic criteria and a lack of approved therapies pose serious challenges to GPP management. Our objectives were to discuss the challenges encountered in the care of patients with GPP and identify healthcare provider (HCP) educational needs and clinical practice gaps in GPP management.

    METHODS: On 24 July 2020, 13 dermatologists from 10 countries (Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the UK and the USA) attended a workshop to share experiences in managing patients with GPP. Educational needs and clinical practice gaps grouped according to healthcare system level were discussed and ranked using interactive polling.

    RESULTS: Lack of experience of GPP among HCPs was identified as an important individual HCP-level clinical practice gap. Limited understanding of the presentation and pathogenesis of GPP among non-specialists means misdiagnosis is common, delaying referral and treatment. In countries where patients may present to general practitioners or emergency department HCPs, GPP is often mistaken for an infection. Among dermatologists who can accurately diagnose GPP, limited knowledge of treatments may necessitate referral to a colleague with more experience in GPP. At the organisational level, important needs identified were educating emergency department HCPs to recognise GPP as an autoinflammatory disease and improving communication, cooperation and definitions of roles within multidisciplinary teams supporting patients with GPP. At the regulatory level, robust clinical trial data, clear and consistent treatment guidelines and approved therapies were identified as high priorities.

    CONCLUSIONS: The educational imperative most consistently identified across the participating countries is for HCPs to understand that GPP can be life-threatening if appropriate treatment initiation is delayed, and to recognise when to refer patients to a colleague with more experience of GPP management.

  2. Mahil SK, Twelves S, Farkas K, Setta-Kaffetzi N, Burden AD, Gach JE, et al.
    J Invest Dermatol, 2016 11;136(11):2251-2259.
    PMID: 27388993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.618
    Prominent skin involvement is a defining characteristic of autoinflammatory disorders caused by abnormal IL-1 signaling. However, the pathways and cell types that drive cutaneous autoinflammatory features remain poorly understood. We sought to address this issue by investigating the pathogenesis of pustular psoriasis, a model of autoinflammatory disorders with predominant cutaneous manifestations. We specifically characterized the impact of mutations affecting AP1S3, a disease gene previously identified by our group and validated here in a newly ascertained patient resource. We first showed that AP1S3 expression is distinctively elevated in keratinocytes. Because AP1S3 encodes a protein implicated in autophagosome formation, we next investigated the effects of gene silencing on this pathway. We found that AP1S3 knockout disrupts keratinocyte autophagy, causing abnormal accumulation of p62, an adaptor protein mediating NF-κB activation. We showed that as a consequence, AP1S3-deficient cells up-regulate IL-1 signaling and overexpress IL-36α, a cytokine that is emerging as an important mediator of skin inflammation. These abnormal immune profiles were recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and verified in patient keratinocytes, where they were reversed by IL-36 blockade. These findings show that keratinocytes play a key role in skin autoinflammation and identify autophagy modulation of IL-36 signaling as a therapeutic target.
  3. Vergnano M, Mockenhaupt M, Benzian-Olsson N, Paulmann M, Grys K, Mahil SK, et al.
    Am J Hum Genet, 2020 09 03;107(3):539-543.
    PMID: 32758448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.020
    The identification of disease alleles underlying human autoinflammatory diseases can provide important insights into the mechanisms that maintain neutrophil homeostasis. Here, we focused our attention on generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a potentially life-threatening disorder presenting with cutaneous and systemic neutrophilia. Following the whole-exome sequencing of 19 unrelated affected individuals, we identified a subject harboring a homozygous splice-site mutation (c.2031-2A>C) in MPO. This encodes myeloperoxidase, an essential component of neutrophil azurophil granules. MPO screening in conditions phenotypically related to GPP uncovered further disease alleles in one subject with acral pustular psoriasis (c.2031-2A>C;c.2031-2A>C) and in two individuals with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (c.1705C>T;c.2031-2A>C and c.1552_1565del;c.1552_1565del). A subsequent analysis of UK Biobank data demonstrated that the c.2031-2A>C and c.1705C>T (p.Arg569Trp) disease alleles were also associated with increased neutrophil abundance in the general population (p = 5.1 × 10-6 and p = 3.6 × 10-5, respectively). The same applied to three further deleterious variants that had been genotyped in the cohort, with two alleles (c.995C>T [p.Ala332Val] and c.752T>C [p.Met251Thr]) yielding p values < 10-10. Finally, treatment of healthy neutrophils with an MPO inhibitor (4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide) increased cell viability and delayed apoptosis, highlighting a mechanism whereby MPO mutations affect granulocyte numbers. These findings identify MPO as a genetic determinant of pustular skin disease and neutrophil abundance. Given the recent interest in the development of MPO antagonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease, our results also suggest that the pro-inflammatory effects of these agents should be closely monitored.
  4. Hussain S, Berki DM, Choon SE, Burden AD, Allen MH, Arostegui JI, et al.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2015 Apr;135(4):1067-1070.e9.
    PMID: 25458002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.09.043
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