Three compounds were isolated and characterized from the roots of Goniothalamus woodii. Based on their spectroscopic data, the compounds were identified as goniothalamin, 5-acetoxygoniothalamin and goniotriol.
Tiga sebatian telah dipisahkan dan dicamkan daripada akar Goniothalamus woodii. Berdasarkan dari data spektroskopi, sebatian telah dikenalpasti sebagai goniotalamin, 5-asetoksigoniotalamin dan goniotriol.
Disc diffusion (DD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 21 consecutive extracts of different aerial parts of Etlingera brevilabrum against 18 microorganisms that included six Gram-positive [(+)], ten Gram-negative [(-)] bacteria and two fungi. Among the plant parts, the stolon extracts showed numerous activity than the other parts in which they inhibited Gram-positive of Staphylococcus aureus (ethyl acetate extract: diameter of inhibition zone 12.2±0.3 mm, MIC 3.12 mg/mL, MBC 6.25 mg/mL), methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (ethyl acetate extract: 12.1±0.2 mm, 12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL), S. epidermidis (ethanol extract: 11.4±0.5 mm, 3.12 mg/mL, 3.12 mg/mL), Bacillus thuringiensis (acetone extract: 13.3±0.5 mm, 12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL) and one Gram-negative of Vibrio paraehaemolyticus (water extract: 14.3±0.4 mm, 1.56 mg/mL, 6.25 mg/mL). The highest activity in MIC was shown by the methanol-water (1:1) and water extracts on Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila (1.56 mg/mL: leaf water extract) and V. paraehaemolyticus (1.56 mg/mL: methanol-water and water extracts of stolons and leaves and stem water extract).
Minyak pati Goniothalamus ridleyi daripada sampel segar dan kering bahagian kulit batang, kayu, buah, akar dan
daun telah diekstrak menggunakan hidro penyulingan. Minyak pati tersebut telah dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi
gas (KG) kapilari dan kromatografi gas-spektrometer jisim (KG-SJ). Komposisi sebatian kimia dalam minyak pati telah
dikenal pasti secara perbandingan data spektrum jisim sampel dengan spektrum jisim yang ada dalam rujukan Wiley,
perbandingan pengiraan indeks penahanan dengan nilai kepustakaan dan ko-kromatografi bagi sesetengah sebatian
dengan sebatian autentik pada turus kapilari DB-5. Sebanyak 50 sebatian telah dikenal pasti dan mewakili 89.5% minyak
pati kulit batang segar G. ridleyi. Minyak pati daripada kulit batang segar kaya dengan sebatian linalool (15.2%) dan
sitronellal (10.9%). Sejumlah 47 sebatian telah dikenal pasti dan mewakili 90.1% jumlah minyak pati kayu segar yang
menunjukkan kehadiran sebatian utama β-eudesmol (27.1%) dan γ-eudesmol (20.8%). Sementara itu, minyak pati
daripada bahagian buah menunjukkan kehadiran 49 sebatian serta mewakili 89.8% jumlah minyak pati. Sebatian utama
dalam minyak pati buah adalah β-kubebena (20.7%) dan elemol (20.2%). Sebatian utama dalam sampel segar adalah
sama dengan sebatian utama dalam sampel kering, kecuali bahagian sampel kering didapati kaya dengan sebatiansebatian
seperti β-karyofilena, limonena, β-selinena, viridifloral, α-kopaena dan cyperena.
Phytochemical studies were conducted on the stem bark, stem, root and fruit of Goniothalamus ridleyi (Annonaceae)
collected at Post Brooke, Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia. Extraction using organic solvent followed by extensive
purification using standard procedure afforded an epoxystyryllactone, 5-acetoxyisogoniothalamin oxide (1) from the
stem bark and fruit; a styryllactone, 5-acetoxygoniothalamin (2) and a styrylpyrone, dehydrogoniothalamin (3) from
the stem and root; a styryllactone, 5-hydroxygoniothalamin (4) from the root and styrylpyrone as well as goniothalamin
(5) from the fruit. These compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques.
The rhizomes, stems and leaves of Etlingera sayapensis were extracted with ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and methanol to
give 12 extracts. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was measured in this study, together with their antioxidant
activity. Assays used were radical scavenging activity (RSA), β-carotene bleaching (BCB), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) and
ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Among the assays, the leaf methanolic extract showed the highest activity with
35.67 mg GAE/g (mg of gallic acid per gram of extract) for TPC, IC50 of 53.43 µg/mL for RSA, 83.24% for BCB, IC50 of
242.43 µg/mL for FIC (second highest) and 19.53 mg TrE/g (mg of Trolox per gram of extract) for FRAP. The measured
BCB values for the four leaf extracts were higher than those of the positive controls of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
gallic acid (GA) and ascorbic acid (AscA) and slightly lower than that of α-tocopherol (Toc). The antimicrobial activity
of the extracts was also measured using disc-diffusion (DD) and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) assays. Among
the extracts, only ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed specific bacterial inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. Only
stem methanolic extract exhibited specific fungal inhibition against Candida parapsilosis. The highest activity was shown
by this with 9.9 mm and 1.04 mg/mL for DD and MIC assays respectively
A qualitative analysis of the individual compounds in Litsea fulva (locally known as ‘Medang’) essential oils was performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the identification of the resolved peaks. Litsea fulva essential oil was found to contain 98 identifiable peaks with 32 compounds were identified with good matches. These compounds identified included 30 hydrocarbons, 22 alcohols, five acids, 16 ketones, five aldehydes, 12 esters, six ethers and two other compounds. The L. fulva leaf oil contained alcohols and ethers, with 34.09% and 24.38%, respectively. The major components of these oils were cis-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide (9.51%), trans-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide (8.36%), C13H20O2 (7.39%), longipinocarvone (5.68%), τ-Cadinol (4.24%), C15H24O (4.98%) and α-cadinol (3.95%). The study also showed that the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is a better and more powerful separation tool in GC and an identification tool for analyzing complex volatile oils compared with the one-dimensional GC.
Chromatographic purification of chloroform extract of the twigs of Ellipeia cuneifolia has led to the discovery of three compounds comprising of 2´,4´-dihydroxy-4,6´-dimethoxychalcone; tepanone; and O-methylmoschatoline. Structures of the compounds were established by interpreting their spectral data and by comparing them with those of the literature. Two of them showed antibacterial activities.
The lichen collection from Bukit Larut, Taiping, Malaysia in 1999 included Bulbothrix isidiza, Chrysothrix xanthina, Cladonia adspersa, C. verticillata, Coccocarpia palmicola, Heterodermia flabellata, H. japonica, H. obscurata, Hypotrachyna imbricatula, Leptogium azureum, Parmelinella wallichiana, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. clavuliferum, P. reticulatum, Pertusaria sp., Physma byrsaeum, Usnea baileyi and Usnea rubrotincta. Secondary metabolites could not be detected in three lichens, Coccocarpia palmicola, Leptogium azureum and Physma byrsaeum by HPLC and TLC analysis. The other 15 lichen species showed the presence of ten classes of compounds, depsides (10 compounds), depsidones (16), quinones (5), xanthones (2), naphthopyrones (1), pulvinic acid derivatives (1), diphenylethers (1), dibenzofurans (1), aliphatic acids (4) and terpenoids (3).
The phytochemical investigation on the fruit peel of Goniothalamus scortechinii (Selayar Raja Ubat) obtained from Gunung Stong, Kelantan has resulted in the isolation of five compounds namely pinocembrine, altholactone, goniofufurone, goniotriol and goniopypyrone. Their structures were determined by extensive ultra violet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GCMS) analysis.