Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 33 in total

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  1. Fulltext Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
    Yuan MC, Hasan HA
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2022 Mar;33(1):179-199.
    PMID: 35651642 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11
    Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva-1 day-1 with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva-1 day-1 while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva-1 day-1 (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva-1 day-1 (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.
  2. Isotherm equilibria of Mn²⁺ biosorption in drinking water treatment by locally isolated Bacillus species and sewage activated sludge
    Hasan HA, Abdullah SR, Kofli NT, Kamarudin SK
    J Environ Manage, 2012 Nov 30;111:34-43.
    PMID: 22813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.027
    Manganese (Mn(2+)) is one of the inorganic contaminant that causes problem to water treatment and water distribution due to the accumulation on water piping systems. In this study, Bacillus sp. and sewage activated sludge (SAS) were investigated as biosorbents in laboratory-scale experiments. The study showed that Bacillus sp. was a more effective biosorbent than SAS. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir (Langmuir-1 & Langmuir-2), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) isotherms to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model. Mn(2+) biosorption by Bacillus sp. was found to be significantly better fitted to the Langmuir-1 isotherm than the other isotherms, while the D-R isotherm was the best fit for SAS; i.e., the χ(2) value was smaller than that for the Freundlich, Temkin, and R-P isotherms. According to the evaluation using the Langmuir-1 isotherm, the maximum biosorption capacities of Mn(2+) onto Bacillus sp. and SAS were 43.5 mg Mn(2+)/g biomass and 12.7 mg Mn(2+)/g biomass, respectively. The data fitted using the D-R isotherm showed that the Mn(2+) biosorption processes by both Bacillus sp. and SAS occurred via the chemical ion-exchange mechanism between the functional groups and Mn(2+) ion.
  3. Adaptation mechanisms of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge to outdoor light-limited conditions
    Zhang L, Yang G, Hasan HA, Fan J, Ji B
    Environ Res, 2023 Dec 15;239(Pt 1):117244.
    PMID: 37783330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117244
    Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) has attached attention for sustainable wastewater treatment, but it remains elusive whether it can adapt to outdoor light-limited conditions. This paper investigated the biological adaptation mechanisms of MBGS to outdoor light-limited diel conditions using real municipal wastewater. The results indicated that MBGS still had excellent pollutants removal performance, and that both the extracellular polymeric substances and glycogen content of MBGS increased significantly. The main functional microalgae and bacteria were revealed to be Leptolyngbyaceae and Rhodanobacteria, respectively. Further analyses indicated that the abundance of genes encoding PsbA, PsbD, PsbE, PsbJ, PsbP, Psb27, Psb28-2, PsaC, PsaE, PsaL, PsbX, PetB, PetA, and PetE increased in photosystem. Meanwhile, the abundance of gene encoding Rubisco decreased but the gene abundance regarding to crassulacean acid metabolism cycle increased. These suggested that MBGS could adjust the photosynthetic pathway to ensure the completion of photosynthesis. This study is anticipated to add fundamental insights for the MBGS process operated under outdoor light-limited conditions.
  4. Fulltext Microwave synthesis, crystal structure, antioxidant, and antimicrobial study of new 6-heptyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline compound
    Hasan HA, Abdulmalek E, Rahman MBA, Shaari KB, Yamin BM, Chan KW
    Chem Cent J, 2018 Dec 20;12(1):145.
    PMID: 30570683 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0509-z
    BACKGROUND: Although the development of antibiotic and antioxidant manufacturing, the problem of bacterial resistance and food and/or cosmetics oxidation still needs more efforts to design new derivatives which can help to minimize these troubles. Benzimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines are nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds that possess many pharmaceutical properties such as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, immunoenhancer, and anticancer.

    RESULTS: A comparative study between two methods, (microwave-assisted and conventional heating approaches), was performed to synthesise a new quinazoline derivative from 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole and octanal to produce 6-heptyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline (OCT). The compound was characterised using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, DIMS, as well as X-ray crystallography. The most significant peak in the 13C NMR spectrum is C-7 at 65.5 ppm which confirms the cyclisation process. Crystal structure analysis revealed that the molecule grows in the monoclinic crystal system P21/n space group and stabilised by an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the N1-H1A…N3 atoms. The crystal packing analysis showed that the molecule adopts zig-zag one dimensional chains. Fluorescence study of OCT revealed that it produces blue light when expose to UV-light and its' quantum yield equal to 26%. Antioxidant activity, which included DPPH· and ABTS·+ assays was also performed and statistical analysis was achieved via a paired T-test using Minitab 16 software with P 

  5. Aquaculture industry: Supply and demand, best practices, effluent and its current issues and treatment technology
    Ahmad A, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N'
    J Environ Manage, 2021 Jun 01;287:112271.
    PMID: 33706093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112271
    The aquaculture industry has become increasingly important and is rapidly growing in terms of providing a protein food source for human consumption. With the increase in the global population, demand for aquaculture is high and is estimated to reach 62% of the total global production by 2030. In 2018, it was reported that the demand for aquaculture was 46% of the total production, and with the current positive trends, it may be possible to increase tremendously in the coming years. China is still one of the main players in global aquaculture production. Due to high demand, aquaculture production generates large volumes of effluent, posing a great danger to the environment. Aquaculture effluent comprises solid waste and dissolved constituents, including nutrients and contaminants of emerging concern, thereby bringing detrimental impacts such as eutrophication, chemical toxicity, and food insecurity. Waste can be removed through culture systems, constructed wetlands, biofloc, and other treatment technologies. Some methods have the potential to be applied as zero-waste discharge treatment. Thus, this article analyses the supply and demand for aquaculture products, the best practices adopted in the aquaculture industry, effluent characteristics, current issues, and effluent treatment technology.
  6. Competence of Lepironia articulata in eradicating chemical oxygen demand and ammoniacal nitrogen in coffee processing mill effluent and its potential as green straw
    Said NSM, Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N'
    Sci Total Environ, 2021 Jul 28;799:149315.
    PMID: 34388879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149315
    Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technique in wastewater treatment because of its sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of use of Lepironia articulata, a potential phytoremediation plant that is native to Malaysia, in remediating coffee processing mill effluent (CPME). The aim was to determine effluent concentration or contaminant load that the plant can resist, while simultaneously results in the good removal of pollutants during phytoremediation. Four brushes of L. articulata were planted individually in a pail/reactor (mentioned as reactor afterward) containing 3 kg of sand and exposed to five different concentrations of CPME (0%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were 510, 3100, 4200, 7290, and 8470 mg/L, respectively, and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) concentrations were 26, 128, 225, 376, and 509 mg/L, respectively. The height, appearance, and efficiency in removing COD and AN of each plant was observed throughout the 35-day exposure period. Results showed that plants exposed to 75% CPME demonstrated better growth than those exposed to other concentrations and exhibited the highest COD and AN removal rates (85.0% and 84.0%, respectively), providing evidence that L. articulata can be used as a phytoremediation agent of CPME with an initial COD concentration of 7290 mg/L and AN concentration of 376 mg/L. This study highlights its support to the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations, particularly the reclamation of plant biomass used as a treatment agent and conversion into biodegradable straws. Moreover, this study adds an attractive additional point of transforming waste into resource with the proposed wastewater treatment technology.
  7. Fulltext Role of Salvinia molesta in biodecolorization of methyl orange dye from water
    Al-Baldawi IA, Abdullah SRS, Almansoory AF, Ismail N', Hasan HA, Anuar N
    Sci Rep, 2020 08 19;10(1):13980.
    PMID: 32814793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70740-5
    In the present study, the potential of Salvinia molesta for biodecolorization of methyl orange (MO) dye from water was examined. Six glass vessels were filled with 4 L of water contaminated with MO with three concentrations (5, 15, and 25 mg/L), three with plants and another three without plant as contaminant control. The influence of operational parameters, including initial dye concentration, pH, temperature, and plant growth, on the efficacy of the biodecolorization process by S. molesta was determined. Temperature and pH was in the range of 25-26 °C and 6.3 to 7.3, respectively. Phytotransformation was monitored after 10 days through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a significant variation in the peak positions was demonstrated when compared to the control plant spectrum, indicating the adsorption of MO. The highest biodecolorization was 42% in a 5 mg/L MO dye concentration at pH 7.3 and at 27 °C. According to the FTIR results, a potential method for the biodecolourization of MO dye by S. molesta was proven. Salvinia molesta can be successfully used for upcoming eco-friendly phytoremediation purposes for dye removal.
  8. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and its components among adult Arabs from the United Arab Emirates
    Hasan HA, AbuOdeh RO, Muda WAMBW, Mohamed HJBJ, Samsudin AR
    Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2017 Dec;11 Suppl 2:S531-S537.
    PMID: 28392355 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.047
    AIMS: The aim was to investigate relationships of Vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms to the components of MetS among Arabs adult residing in the United Arab Emirates.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 198 Arabs adult (50 males and 148 females). Serum levels of glucose, vitamin D, HDL-C, and TG, and blood pressure were measured. FokI, BsmI & TaqI genotyping of VDR were investigated using PCR-RFLP technique.

    RESULTS: Age of the participants was 21(9) years with a BMI of 26.8(7.8) kg/m2. About 15% had MetS with serum vitamin D levels of 25.5(18.2) nmol/L. VDR genotyping yielded: FokI: 57.1% FF and 38.9% Ff, BsmI: 29.8% bb and 51.5% Bb, while TaqI showed 39.4% TT and 43.4% Tt. The ff carriers had higher total cholesterol [174(12.4) mg/dl] than FF and Ff genotypes. Bb carriers showed higher BMI and LDL-C than BB and bb genotypes. In females, FokI VDR polymorphism showed significant association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and F allele carriers were at higher risk of developing high SBP [x2=4.4, df1, OR=0.29 (95%CI: 0.087-0.98), p=0.035].

    CONCLUSION: VDR gene polymorphisms were not associated with MetS, yet it may affect the severity of some of components of MetS, namely the association of BsmI with obesity, FokI and BsmI with dyslipidemia and FokI with SBP.

  9. Statistical optimization of the phytoremediation of arsenic by Ludwigia octovalvis- in a pilot reed bed using response surface methodology (RSM) versus an artificial neural network (ANN)
    Titah HS, Halmi MIEB, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Idris M, Anuar N
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2018 Jun 07;20(7):721-729.
    PMID: 29723047 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1413337
    In this study, the removal of arsenic (As) by plant, Ludwigia octovalvis, in a pilot reed bed was optimized. A Box-Behnken design was employed including a comparative analysis of both Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the prediction of maximum arsenic removal. The predicted optimum condition using the desirability function of both models was 39 mg kg-1 for the arsenic concentration in soil, an elapsed time of 42 days (the sampling day) and an aeration rate of 0.22 L/min, with the predicted values of arsenic removal by RSM and ANN being 72.6% and 71.4%, respectively. The validation of the predicted optimum point showed an actual arsenic removal of 70.6%. This was achieved with the deviation between the validation value and the predicted values being within 3.49% (RSM) and 1.87% (ANN). The performance evaluation of the RSM and ANN models showed that ANN performs better than RSM with a higher R2 (0.97) close to 1.0 and very small Average Absolute Deviation (AAD) (0.02) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (0.004) values close to zero. Both models were appropriate for the optimization of arsenic removal with ANN demonstrating significantly higher predictive and fitting ability than RSM.
  10. Fulltext Outdoor Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector with Jet Impingement and Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC)
    Jaaz AH, Hasan HA, Sopian K, Kadhum AAH, Gaaz TS, Al-Amiery AA
    Materials (Basel), 2017 Aug 01;10(8).
    PMID: 28763048 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080888
    This paper discusses the effect of jet impingement of water on a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector and compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) on electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and power production of a PVT system. A prototype of a PVT solar water collector installed with a jet impingement and CPC has been designed, fabricated and experimentally investigated. The efficiency of the system can be improved by using jet impingement of water to decrease the temperature of the solar cells. The electrical efficiency and power output are directly correlated with the mass flow rate. The results show that electrical efficiency was improved by 7% when using CPC and jet impingement cooling in a PVT solar collector at 1:00 p.m. (solar irradiance of 1050 W/m² and an ambient temperature of 33.5 °C). It can also be seen that the power output improved by 36% when using jet impingement cooling with CPC, and 20% without CPC in the photovoltaic (PV) module at 1:30 p.m. The short-circuit current ISC of the PV module experienced an improvement of ~28% when using jet impingement cooling with CPC, and 11.7% without CPC. The output of the PV module was enhanced by 31% when using jet impingement cooling with CPC, and 16% without CPC.
  11. A feasibility study for the treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane-contaminated groundwater using reedbed system and assessment of its natural attenuation
    Rahim F, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Kurniawan SB, Mamat A, Yusof KA, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2022 Mar 25;814:152799.
    PMID: 34982990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152799
    A reedbed system planted with Phragmites australis was implemented to treat chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater in an industrial plant area. Reedbed commissioning was conducted from July 2016 to November 2016 to treat contaminated groundwater via a pump-and-treat mechanism. Combination of horizontal and vertical reedbed systems was applied to treat 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2 DCA) under four parallel installations. The 2-acre horizontal and vertical reedbed systems were designed to treat approximately 305 m3/day of pumped groundwater. Initial concentration of 1,2 DCA was observed at 0.362 mg/L to 4320 mg/L, and the reedbed system successfully reduced the concentration up to 67.9%. The average outlet concentration was measured to be 2.08 mg/L, which was lower than the site-specific target level of 156 mg/L. Natural attenuation analysis was conducted using first-order decay kinetics, showing an average natural attenuation rate of 0.00372/year. Natural attenuation of 1,2 DCA was observed in shallow monitoring wells, which was indicated by the reduction trend of 1,2 DCA concentration, thereby confirming that the reedbed system worked well to remove 1.2 DCA from contaminated groundwater at the shallow profile.
  12. Exploring the extraction methods for plant-based coagulants and their future approaches
    Ahmad A, Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Othman AR, Hasan HA
    Sci Total Environ, 2021 Nov 16.
    PMID: 34793802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151668
    The application of plant-based coagulants in wastewater treatment has increasingly progressed in the coagulation-flocculation process toward green economy and cleaner production. Plant-based coagulants have a potential as essential substitutes for commercially used chemical coagulants because of their natural characteristics and biodegradability. Chemical coagulants leave residues in treated water and generated sludge, which cause harm to human health and the ecosystem. Thus, the exploration of plant-based coagulants in wastewater treatment could reduce and eliminate the potential damage of chemical coagulants and promote the alternative approach for sustainable environment. The general processing steps of the end-to-end plant-based coagulant production, which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary stages, are discussed. However, this review focuses more on the extraction process using different solutions and compares the performance of different coagulants in removal activities after effluent treatment. Discussion on the arising challenges is elaborated, and approaches for plant-based coagulant research in the near future are suggested.
  13. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in aquaculture effluent: Insight into breeding and rearing activities, alarming impacts, regulations, performance of wastewater treatment unit and future approaches
    Ahmad A, Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Othman AR, Hasan HA
    Chemosphere, 2022 Mar;290:133319.
    PMID: 34922971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133319
    The contamination of aquaculture products and effluents by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from the direct chemical use in aquaculture activities or surrounding industries is currently an issue of increasing concern as these CECs exert acute and chronic effects on living organisms. CECs have been detected in aquaculture water, sediment, and culture species, and antibiotics, antifoulants, and disinfectants are the commonly detected groups. Through accumulation, CECs can reside in the tissue of aquaculture products and eventually consumed by humans. Currently, effluents containing CECs are discharged to the surrounding environment while producing sediments that eventually contaminate rivers as receiving bodies. The rearing (grow-out) stages of aquaculture activities are issues regarding CECs-contamination in aquaculture covering water, sediment, and aquaculture products. Proper regulations should be imposed on all aquaculturists to control chemical usage and ensure compliance to guidelines for appropriate effluent treatment. Several techniques for treating aquaculture effluents contaminated by CECs have been explored, including adsorption, wetland construction, photocatalysis, filtration, sludge activation, and sedimentation. The challenges imposed by CECs on aquaculture activities are discussed for the purpose of obtaining insights into current issues and providing future approaches for resolving associated problems. Stakeholders, such as researchers focusing on environment and aquaculture, are expected to benefit from the presented results in this article. In addition, the results may be useful in establishing aquaculture-related CECs regulations, assessing toxicity to living biota, and preventing pollution.
  14. Integrated physical-biological treatment system for batik industry wastewater: A review on process selection
    Daud NM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Ismail N', Dhokhikah Y
    Sci Total Environ, 2022 Jan 07;819:152931.
    PMID: 34999070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152931
    Batik is well known as one of the unique identifiers of the Southeast Asian region. Several countries that still preserve the batik heritage are Malaysia, Indonesia, China and India. The Batik industry holds a significant place in Malaysia's craft-based industry. In Malaysia, batik motifs and patterns are mostly hand-drawn and painted directly on fabric, therefore, each one is unique. The players in the Batik industry are mostly small businesses and cottage industries, particularly in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Sabah and Sarawak. However, their market growth and contribution are not synchronized with the treatment system. The wastewater generated by this industry rarely meets standard effluent requirements and regulations, thus worrying the authorities. Batik wastewater is categorized as one of the highly polluted wastewaters. The toxicity of pollutants from batik may reduce environmental quality and pose a risk to human health. Batik wastewater needs extensive treatment, since no complete and appropriate treatment has been applied for so many years in specific batik industries. This paper reviews the batik industry in Malaysia, its wastewater generation and the available current treatment practices. It discusses integrated treatments of coagulation-flocculation and phytoremediation technology as a batik wastewater treatment process with potential utility in the batik industry. This review may become part of the guidance for the entire batik industry, especially in Malaysia.
  15. Advances in Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction with Water: A Review
    Nahar S, Zain MFM, Kadhum AAH, Hasan HA, Hasan MR
    Materials (Basel), 2017 Jun 08;10(6).
    PMID: 28772988 DOI: 10.3390/ma10060629
    In recent years, the increasing level of CO₂ in the atmosphere has not only contributed to global warming but has also triggered considerable interest in photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. The reduction of CO₂ with H₂O using sunlight is an innovative way to solve the current growing environmental challenges. This paper reviews the basic principles of photocatalysis and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, discusses the measures of the photocatalytic efficiency and summarizes current advances in the exploration of this technology using different types of semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO₂ and modified TiO₂, layered-perovskite Ag/ALa₄Ti₄O15 (A = Ca, Ba, Sr), ferroelectric LiNbO₃, and plasmonic photocatalysts. Visible light harvesting, novel plasmonic photocatalysts offer potential solutions for some of the main drawbacks in this reduction process. Effective plasmonic photocatalysts that have shown reduction activities towards CO₂ with H₂O are highlighted here. Although this technology is still at an embryonic stage, further studies with standard theoretical and comprehensive format are suggested to develop photocatalysts with high production rates and selectivity. Based on the collected results, the immense prospects and opportunities that exist in this technique are also reviewed here.
  16. Metabolic pathway of Cr(VI) reduction by bacteria: A review
    Ramli NN, Othman AR, Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA
    Microbiol Res, 2023 Mar;268:127288.
    PMID: 36571921 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127288
    Heavy metal wastes, particularly hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], are generated from anthropogenic activities, and their increasing abundance has been a research concern due to their toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Exposure to these dangerous pollutants could lead to chronic infections and even mortality in humans and animals. Bioremediation using microorganisms, particularly bacteria, has gained considerable interest because it can remove contaminants naturally and is safe to the surrounding environment. Bacteria, such as Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis, can reduce the toxic Cr(VI) to the less toxic trivalent chromium Cr(III) through mechanisms including biotransformation, biosorption and bioaccumulation. These mechanisms are mostly linked to chromium reductase and nitroreductase enzymes, which are involved in the Cr(VI) reduction pathway. However, relevant data on the nitroreductase route remain insufficient. Thus, this work proposes an alternative metabolic pathway of nitroreductase, wherein nitrate activates the reaction and indirectly reduces toxic chromium. This nitroreductase pathway occurs concurrently with the chromium reduction pathway.
  17. Potential of local plant leaves as natural coagulant for turbidity removal
    Ahmad A, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N'
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jan;29(2):2579-2587.
    PMID: 34374006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15541-7
    The performance of local plants was tested using synthetic turbid water resembling real wastewater by measuring their ability to remove turbidity. The selected plants were A. indica, S. palustris, D. linearis, S. polyanthum, M. esculenta, P. sarmentosum, and M. malabathricum which can easily be found locally. The experiment was run based on coagulant dosages varied from 0 to 10 g/L for each plant with a rapid mixing speed at 180 rpm for 3 min, slow mixing speed at 10 rpm for 20 min, and settling time for 30 min. The results demonstrated that each plant has been capable of reducing turbidity by different amounts, with an increase in the coagulant dosage. The optimum coagulant dosages achieved for A. indica, S. palustris, S. polyanthum, and D. linearis were 10 g/L with turbidity removal at 26.9%, 24.9%, 24.9%, and 17.5%, respectively. P. sarmentosum and M. esculenta attained optimum coagulant dosages at 5 g/L with turbidity removal at 24.2% and 22.2%, and lastly M. malabathricum at 0.1 g/L (12.2%). P. sarmentosum was suggested to the best natural coagulant which achieved the highest removal of turbidity with a low dosage used.
  18. Fulltext Osteoblastic Cell Responses of Copper Nanoparticle Coatings on Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy Using Electrophoretic Deposition Method
    Hameed HA, Hasan HA, Luddin N, Husein A, Ariffin A, Alam MK
    Biomed Res Int, 2022;2022:3675703.
    PMID: 35496039 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3675703
    AIM: To investigate and compare the cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, cell attachment, and morphology of human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB) cells of coated samples (titanium nanocopper (Ti Cu), titanium nanohydroxyapatite (Ti HA) and titanium nanocopper ion doped hydroxyapatite (Ti Cu/HA) and uncoated samples (Ti) in order to assess the suitability of these surface modifications on Ti-6Al-7Nb for dental implant application.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxicity was studied by examining the hFOB cell response by MTT assessment. The cell morphology was evaluated by inverted microscopy and observed under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).

    RESULTS: MTT assay results displayed that the Cu content on the surface of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys did not produce any cytotoxic effect on cell viability. The cell viability rate in all samples ranges from 97% to 126%, indicating that hFOB cells grew at a high proliferation rate. However, no significant differences in cell viability were observed between Ti and Ti Cu and between Ti HA and Ti Cu/HA groups. Microscopic examination demonstrated no difference in the cell morphology of hFOB among all samples. In addition, SEM observation indicated favorable adhesion and spreading of the cells on the coated and uncoated samples.

    CONCLUSIONS: The surface modification of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy with Cu, HA, and Cu/HA exhibits good cell biocompatibility, and the Cu has no influence on the cell proliferation and differentiation of hFOB.

  19. Fulltext Coagulation-flocculation treatment for batik effluent as a baseline study for the upcoming application of green coagulants/flocculants towards sustainable batik industry
    Daud NM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N'
    Heliyon, 2023 Jun;9(6):e17284.
    PMID: 37389087 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17284
    The batik industry has been one of the main family businesses in most of the east-coast region of the Malaysian peninsula for many years. However, appropriate water treatment is still a major challenge for this industry. Stringent laws introduced by the Malaysian authorities and the intention to protect the environment are factors that drive researchers to search for suitable, appropriate, affordable and efficient treatment of batik wastewater. Treatment research on batik wastewater is still lacking and coagulation-flocculation treatment using alum was introduced and chosen as a stepping stone toward the selection of green coagulants. This study aimed to determine the best conditions for alum flocculation-coagulation using a standard jar test method. Four main factors were investigated: alum dosage (0.1-3.5 g/L), pH (4-11), settling time (0.5-24 h) and rapid mixing rate (100-300 rpm). Results obtained were further analysed statistically using SPSS software prior to determining the significant effect of variable changes. From this study, the best conditions for batik wastewater treatment using the flocculation-coagulation process were found to be at alum dosage of 1.5 g/L, pH 8, 4 h settling time and a rapid mixing rate of 100 rpm. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, colour and total suspended solids (TSS) were removed by 70.7, 92.2, 88.4 and 100%, respectively, under these conditions. This study showed that batik wastewater can be treated by the coagulation-flocculation process using chemical means of alum. This indicates the need for forthcoming developments in natural-based-coagulant-flocculants toward the sustainability of the batik industry.
  20. Integrating phytoremediation and mycoremediation with biosurfactant-producing fungi for hydrocarbon removal and the potential production of secondary resources
    Ahmad J, Marsidi N, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N', et al.
    Chemosphere, 2024 Feb;349:140881.
    PMID: 38048826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140881
    Treatment of petroleum-contaminated soil to a less toxic medium via physical and chemical treatment is too costly and requires posttreatment. This review focuses on the employment of phytoremediation and mycoremediation technologies in cleaning hydrocarbon-contaminated soil which is currently rare. It is considered environmentally beneficial and possibly cost-effective as it implements the synergistic interaction between plants and biosurfactant producing mycorrhiza to degrade hydrocarbon contaminants. This review also covers possible sources of hydrocarbon pollution in water and soil, toxicity effects, and current technologies for hydrocarbon removal and degradation. In addition to these problems, this review also discusses the challenges and opportunities of transforming the resultant treated sludge and treating plants into potential by-products for a higher quality of life for future generations.
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