OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to investigate the prevalence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with/without PCM to be prescribed post infants' vaccination in Malaysia (possible associated factors: age, types and stages of vaccination, concomitant vaccines and drugs, and/vitamins).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011 to 2017. The AEFI was extracted from Quests 2, 3, and 3+ System of National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA). The population of vaccinated infants was obtained from the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia official website. The AEFI data were further categorized into (i) AEFI with possibility for PCM to be prescribed, and (ii) AEFI with no possibility for PCM to be prescribed. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013, Portland, USA simple and multiple logistic regression tests, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme, version 22.0 (IBM), New York, USA.

RESULT: Various AEFI cases (359 infants) were reported. DTaP/Hib/IPV and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) showed higher prevalence of AEFI with/without PCM to be prescribed post infants' vaccination cases per 100,000 population (2.07 and 2.21, respectively) than other types of vaccinations. DTaP/Hib/IPV (2 months) vaccination showed the highest value (3.00) among other age groups. Backward elimination presented DTaP/Hib/IPV (3-4 months) (95%CI; 0.231, 0.899%; P = 0.023) was the possible associated factor. Hepatitis B (1-5 months), DTaP/Hib/IPV (3-4 months), DTaP/Hib/IPV (5-12 months), concomitant vaccines as well as concomitant drugs and/ vitamins were the identified potential cofounders.

Aims: This study aimed to explore the general public's perception toward electronic cigarette use. Public support toward electronic cigarette regulation was also examined.

Settings and Design: This was a Malaysian population-based survey.

Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the National E-Cigarette Survey (NECS) 2016, which used a multistage stratified cluster sampling household survey representing all Malaysian adults aged 18 years old. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 4288 adults.

Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive and logistic regression analysis.

Results: Majority were aged 25-44 years old (44%), completed at least secondary education (69%), of Malay ethnicity (73%), and married (68%). Majority (88.1%) have never used electronic cigarette. A quarter (25.5%) perceived electronic cigarette helps people quit cigarette smoking, whereas 20.3% perceived electronic cigarette helps people to maintain cigarette abstinence. Approximately 85% believed that electronic cigarette use does not help in improving breathing and coughing. Majority (91.8%) disagreed that electronic cigarettes should be allowed in places where tobacco smoking is banned. Thus, 63.4% agreed that electronic cigarette should be banned completely rather than regulated.

METHODS: Thirty-five healthy male adults New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to seven different groups. Four groups were fed 1% cholesterol diet and 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL of BA fruit juice per kg of rabbit daily (atherogenic groups), while the other three groups were fed commercial rabbit pellet and 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mL of juice per kg of rabbit daily (normocholesterolemic groups) for 90 days. The thoracic and abdominal aorta between the heart origin and bifurcation into iliac arteries of all the rabbits were carefully removed and analyzed accordingly.

METHODS: Thirty-six male rabbits of New Zealand strain were randomly assigned to six groups. Rabbits were fed either a standard pellet (group NC) or a high-cholesterol diet (groups HC, PC, WF, SK and PL). Groups WF, SK and PL were also given 1 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF, SK and PL juices, respectively.

METHODS: Thirty-five male rabbits of New Zealand strain were randomly assigned to seven groups. For 12 weeks, group CH was fed 1% cholesterol diet only; group C1 was fed 1% cholesterol diet and 0.50 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF juice; group C2 was fed 1% cholesterol diet and 1.00 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF juice; group C3 was fed 1% cholesterol diet and 1.50 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF juice; group N was fed standard pellet only; group N1 was fed standard pellet and 0.50 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF juice; and group N2 was fed standard pellet and 1.00 ml/kg/day B. angulata WF juice.

RESULTS: The three doses reduced the formation of MDA and enhanced the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. The highest dose used (1.50 ml/kg/day) was, however, seen as the most potent.