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  1. Fulltext A case of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for right ventricular failure following pericardiectomy
    Karthigesu A, Hamdan L, Arif M, Haslan G
    Med J Malaysia, 2015 Dec;70(6):369-70.
    PMID: 26988215 MyJurnal
    Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a useful but less commonly used technique in right ventricular failure post cardiac surgery in our region. We report a case of successful use of ECMO for right ventricular failure post cardiac surgery. Our patient is a 27-year-old male presented with constrictive pericarditis post completion of treatment for disseminated Tuberculosis. He underwent pericardiectomy that was complicated with acute right ventricular failure. He was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after few hours post op that lasted for five days. The patient survived to hospital discharge and remained well on follow-up. From our experience, this aggressive management approach is beneficial in right ventricular failure and can be safely utilised in all cardiothoracic centres.
  2. Fulltext N-(Biphenyl-4-carbon-yl)-N'-(4-chloro-phen-yl)thio-urea
    Yamin BM, Arif MA
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2007;64(Pt 1):o104.
    PMID: 21200669 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536807062265
    In the title compound, C(20)H(15)ClN(2)OS, the benzene rings of the biphenyl group are at an angle of 44.23 (12)°. The C(4)N(2)OS central thio-urea fragment makes dihedral angles with the benzene carbonyl and chloro-benzene rings of 55.96 (9) and 64.09 (9)°, respectively. The trans-cis geometry of the thio-urea group is stabilized by the intra-molecular hydrogen bond between the carbonyl O atom and the H atom of the cis-thio-amide. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯S and N-H⋯O inter-molecular hydrogen bonds to form one-dimensional chains along the c axis. C-H⋯π inter-actions also contribute to the stability of the mol-ecule.
  3. Fulltext Early results of Rotating Platform total knee replacement
    Arif M, Makundala V, Choon DSK
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl C:99-103.
    PMID: 16381292 MyJurnal
    We report on our early experiences with the Press Fit Condylar Rotating Platform (PFC-RP) total knee replacement prosthesis at University Malaya Medical Centre. This new prosthesis was introduced to Malaysia in 2001. It combines the rotating platform technology of Low Contact Stress (LCS) and the modularity of Press Fit Condylar (PFC) system. We performed 18 knee replacements using cruciate retaining prosthesis without patellar resurfacing in 10 patients and followed them up over a period of 16-month. A new operative strategy was developed to match the flexion and extension gaps. The pre- and post-operative assessments were made according to the American Knee Society Scores (AKSS). Post-operative pain relief, range of motion, knee score and functional score showed promising early results. The average knee rating improved from 28 to 91 (range 75-94). Average functional assessment improved from 26 to 82 (range 75-90). The radiographic assessments show correction of an average pre-operative varus of 140 to post-operative valgus of 50 (range 4-70). Early infection occurred in two knees. Both responded to aggressive debridement and antibiotics. Stiffness was encountered in one patient. There were no spinouts of the insert. We are satisfied that the implants are performing well at the one-year mark and will continue monitor this cohort.
  4. Revision of total hip arthroplasty using an anterior cortical window, extensive strut allografts, and an impaction graft: follow-up study
    Arif M, Sivananthan S, Choon DS
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2004 Jun;12(1):25-30.
    PMID: 15237118
    To report the outcome of revised total hip arthroplasty procedures involving an anterior cortical window, extensive strut allografts, and an Exeter impaction graft.
  5. Small stem Exeter total hip replacement: clinical and radiological follow-up over a minimum of 2.5 years
    Sivananthan S, Arif M, Choon DS
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2003 Dec;11(2):148-53.
    PMID: 14676339
    To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome in patients undergoing small stem Exeter total hip replacement.
  6. Fulltext Coefficient bounds for some families of starlike and convex functions of reciprocal order
    Arif M, Darus M, Raza M, Khan Q
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:989640.
    PMID: 25506621 DOI: 10.1155/2014/989640
    The aim of the present paper is to investigate coefficient estimates, Fekete-Szegő inequality, and upper bound of third Hankel determinant for some families of starlike and convex functions of reciprocal order.
  7. Measurement of subtle auditory deficit in tinnitus patients with normal audiometric thresholds using evoked otoacoustic emissions and threshold equalizing noise tests
    Ishak WS, Zhao F, Rajenderkumar D, Arif M
    Int Tinnitus J, 2013;18(1):35-44.
    PMID: 24995898 DOI: 10.5935/0946-5448.20130006
    The general consensus on the roles of hearing loss in triggering tinnitus seems not applicable in patients with normal hearing thresholds. The absence of hearing loss on the audiogram in this group of patients poses a serious challenge to the cochlear theories in explaining tinnitus generation in this group of patients.
  8. Fulltext Emergency lung-sparing surgical repair of a complete transection of the right mainstem bronchus due to blunt chest trauma
    Sachithanandan A, Tan YS, Abdul Muis J, Rapi AR, Mohd Arif MN, Badmanaban B, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Apr;69(2):92-4.
    PMID: 25241820 MyJurnal
    Traumatic chest injury with complete tracheo- bronchial disruption is uncommon and occurs in approximately 1% of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (1,2). Such injuries carry a high mortality and patients rarely survive transfer to hospital. A high index of suspicion facilitates early diagnosis. Early operative intervention is vital for survival. We describe a rare case of traumatic complete disruption of the right mainstem bronchus (RMB) due to blunt chest trauma. The transected airway was reanastomosed emergently avoiding a lung resection.
  9. Fulltext Rare Intracardiac Tumor: Primary Cardiac Lymphoma Presenting as Atypical Angina
    Aimanan K, Kumar KS, Mohd Arif MN, Noor Zuraini M, Ramdzan MJ, Hamdan L
    Case Rep Med, 2016;2016:4125295.
    PMID: 26904128 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4125295
    Primary lymphomas of the heart are extremely rare, accounting for 2% of all primary cardiac tumors. Due to the rare presentation, there is no proper consensus available on treatment strategy. Preoperative confirmation of the pathology is fundamental in guiding an early treatment plan, which allows for improved prognosis. Unfortunately, in most cases, primary cardiac lymphoma is only identified on postoperative histopathological analyses, which affect the treatment plan and outcome. Here, we report a unique case of primary cardiac lymphoma presented with dyspnea and reduced effort tolerance. Young age, rapid onset of symptom, and absence of cardiac risk factors prompted us towards further imaging and emergency resection. The patient received a course of postoperative chemotherapy and was disease-free on six months of follow-up.
  10. Recent trends in advanced oxidation process-based degradation of erythromycin: Pollution status, eco-toxicity and degradation mechanism in aquatic ecosystems
    Ashraf A, Liu G, Yousaf B, Arif M, Ahmed R, Irshad S, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2021 Jun 10;772:145389.
    PMID: 33578171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145389
    Wide spread documentation of antibiotic pollution is becoming a threat to aquatic environment. Erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide belonging antibiotic is at the top of this list with its concentrations ranging between ng/L to a few μg/L in various global waterbodies giving rise to ERY-resistance genes (ERY-RGs) and ERY- resistance bacteria (ERY-RBs) posing serious threat to the aquatic organisms. ERY seems resistant to various conventional water treatments, remained intact and even increased in terms of mass loads after treatment. Enhanced oxidation potential, wide pH range, elevated selectivity, adaptability and greater efficiency makes advance oxidation processes (AOPs) top priority for degrading pollutants with aromatic rings and unsaturated bonds like ERY. In this manuscript, recent developments in AOPs for ERY degradation are reported along with the factors that affect the degradation mechanism. ERY, marked as a risk prioritized macrolide antibiotic by 2015 released European Union watch list, most probably due to its protein inhibition capability considered third most widely used antibiotic. The current review provides a complete ERY overview including the environmental entry sources, concentration in global waters, ERY status in STPs, as well as factors affecting their functionality. Along with that this study presents complete outlook regarding ERY-RGs and provides an in depth detail regarding ERY's potential threats to aquatic biota. This study helps in figuring out the best possible strategy to tackle antibiotic pollution keeping ERY as a model antibiotic because of extreme toxicity records.
  11. Fulltext Entropy and Gaussian Filter-Based Adaptive Active Contour for Segmentation of Skin Lesions
    Mustafa S, Iqbal MW, Rana TA, Jaffar A, Shiraz M, Arif M, et al.
    Comput Intell Neurosci, 2022;2022:4348235.
    PMID: 35909861 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4348235
    Malignant melanoma is considered one of the deadliest skin diseases if ignored without treatment. The mortality rate caused by melanoma is more than two times that of other skin malignancy diseases. These facts encourage computer scientists to find automated methods to discover skin cancers. Nowadays, the analysis of skin images is widely used by assistant physicians to discover the first stage of the disease automatically. One of the challenges the computer science researchers faced when developing such a system is the un-clarity of the existing images, such as noise like shadows, low contrast, hairs, and specular reflections, which complicates detecting the skin lesions in that images. This paper proposes the solution to the problem mentioned earlier using the active contour method. Still, seed selection in the dynamic contour method has the main drawback of where it should start the segmentation process. This paper uses Gaussian filter-based maximum entropy and morphological processing methods to find automatic seed points for active contour. By incorporating this, it can segment the lesion from dermoscopic images automatically. Our proposed methodology tested quantitative and qualitative measures on standard dataset dermis and used to test the proposed method's reliability which shows encouraging results.
  12. Fulltext Dickeya ananae sp. nov., pectinolytic bacterium isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus)
    Dobhal S, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Arizala D, Sari GB, Chuang SC, Alvarez AM, et al.
    bioRxiv, 2024 Oct 30.
    PMID: 39554176 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.29.620964
    Recently, species clustering within Dickeya zeae has been identified as complex, encompassing validly published names, including D. oryzae and D. parazeae, with some strains potentially delineating new species. In this study, genomes of strains isolated from a bacterial heart rot outbreak in pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) on Oahu, Hawaii, along with two strains from pineapple in Malaysia, were sequenced. Orthologous average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values among the sequenced genomes ranged from 98.93-99.9% and 91.8-99.9%, respectively, supporting the classification of seven strains within the same species. Comparisons of ANI and dDDH values between these seven strains and type strains of D. zeae, D. parazeae, and D. oryzae ranged from 94.4-95.9% and 57.2-66.5%, respectively. These values fall below the proposed boundaries for new species designation, supporting the delineation of a novel species. Phylogenetic analyses, including 16S rRNA, gapA, multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 10 housekeeping genes, whole-genome, and pangenome analyses, were concordant and revealed a distinct monophyletic clade, separating these strains from other members of the D. zeae complex, with D. oryzae as the closest relative. Notably, a nitrogen fixation gene cluster comprising 28 genes, similar to the Klebsiella spp. nitrogenase gene cluster, was found in the genome of the seven pineapple strains. Based on polyphasic approaches, including ANI, dDDH, biochemical, physiological, and phylogenomic analyses, we propose the reclassification in a new species of the five pineapple strains from Hawaii A5391, A5410T, A5611, A6136, and A6137, together with the two pineapple strains from Malaysia CFBP 1272 and CFBP 1278, previously classified as D. zeae. We propose the name Dickeya ananae sp. nov. for this taxon, represented by the type strain A5410T (= ICMP 25020T = LMG 33197T).
  13. Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Malaysia, 1998-1999
    Sahani M, Parashar UD, Ali R, Das P, Lye MS, Isa MM, et al.
    Int J Epidemiol, 2001 Oct;30(5):1017-20.
    PMID: 11689513
    BACKGROUND: An outbreak of encephalitis primarily affecting pig farmers occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, which infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Because five abattoir workers were also affected, a survey was conducted to assess the risk of Nipah infection among abattoir workers.

    METHODS: Workers from all 143 registered abattoirs in 11 of 13 states in Malaysia were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants were interviewed to ascertain information on illness and activities performed at the abattoir. A serum sample was obtained to test for Nipah virus antibody.

    RESULTS: Seven (1.6 %) of 435 abattoir workers who slaughtered pigs versus zero (0%) of 233 workers who slaughtered ruminants showed antibody to Nipah virus (P = 0.05). All antibody-positive workers were from abattoirs in the three states that reported outbreak cases among pig farmers. Workers in these three states were more likely than those in other states to have Nipah antibody (7/144 [4.86%] versus 0/291 [0%], P < 0.001) and report symptoms suggestive of Nipah disease in pigs admitted to the abattoirs (P = 0.001).

    CONCLUSIONS: Nipah infection was not widespread among abattoir workers in Malaysia and was linked to exposure to pigs. Since it may be difficult to identify Nipah-infected pigs capable of transmitting virus by clinical symptoms, using personal protective equipment, conducting surveillance for Nipah infection on pig farms which supply abattoirs, and avoiding handling and processing of potentially infected pigs are presently the best strategies to prevent transmission of Nipah virus in abattoirs.

  14. Fulltext COVID-CheXNet: hybrid deep learning framework for identifying COVID-19 virus in chest X-rays images
    Al-Waisy AS, Al-Fahdawi S, Mohammed MA, Abdulkareem KH, Mostafa SA, Maashi MS, et al.
    Soft comput, 2023;27(5):2657-2672.
    PMID: 33250662 DOI: 10.1007/s00500-020-05424-3
    The outbreaks of Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic have increased the pressure on healthcare and medical systems worldwide. The timely diagnosis of infected patients is a critical step to limit the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The chest radiography imaging has shown to be an effective screening technique in diagnosing the COVID-19 epidemic. To reduce the pressure on radiologists and control of the epidemic, fast and accurate a hybrid deep learning framework for diagnosing COVID-19 virus in chest X-ray images is developed and termed as the COVID-CheXNet system. First, the contrast of the X-ray image was enhanced and the noise level was reduced using the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization and Butterworth bandpass filter, respectively. This was followed by fusing the results obtained from two different pre-trained deep learning models based on the incorporation of a ResNet34 and high-resolution network model trained using a large-scale dataset. Herein, the parallel architecture was considered, which provides radiologists with a high degree of confidence to discriminate between the healthy and COVID-19 infected people. The proposed COVID-CheXNet system has managed to correctly and accurately diagnose the COVID-19 patients with a detection accuracy rate of 99.99%, sensitivity of 99.98%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, F1-score of 99.99%, MSE of 0.011%, and RMSE of 0.012% using the weighted sum rule at the score-level. The efficiency and usefulness of the proposed COVID-CheXNet system are established along with the possibility of using it in real clinical centers for fast diagnosis and treatment supplement, with less than 2 s per image to get the prediction result.
  15. Fulltext Nipah virus among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998-1999
    Ali R, Mounts AW, Parashar UD, Sahani M, Lye MS, Isa MM, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):759-61.
    PMID: 11592256
  16. Fulltext The impact of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes
    Mahpara S, Zainab A, Ullah R, Kausar S, Bilal M, Latif MI, et al.
    PLoS One, 2022;17(2):e0262937.
    PMID: 35148345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262937
    Wheat is an important crop, used as staple food in numerous countries around the world. However, wheat productivity is low in the developing world due to several biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly drought stress. Non-availability of drought-tolerant wheat genotypes at different growth stages is the major constraint in improving wheat productivity in the developing world. Therefore, screening/developing drought-tolerant genotypes at different growth stages could improve the productivity of wheat. This study assessed seed germination and seedling growth of eight wheat genotypes under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced stress. Two PEG-induced osmotic potentials (i.e., -0.6 and -1.2 MPa) were included in the study along with control (0 MPa). Wheat genotypes included in the study were 'KLR-16', 'B6', 'J10', '716', 'A12', 'Seher', 'KTDH-16', and 'J4'. Data relating to seed germination percentage, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot, root/shoot length ratio and chlorophyll content were recorded. The studied parameters were significantly altered by individual and interactive effects of genotypes and PEG-induced osmotic potentials. Seed germination and growth parameters were reduced by osmotic potentials; however, huge differences were noted among genotypes. A reduction of 32.83 to 53.50% was recorded in seed germination, 24.611 to 47.75% in root length, 37.83 to 53.72% in shoot length, and 53.35 to 65.16% in root fresh weight. The genotypes, 'J4', 'KLR-16' and 'KTDH-16', particularly 'J4' better tolerated increasing osmotic potentials compared to the rest of the genotypes included in the study. Principal component analysis segregated these genotypes from the rest of the genotypes included in the study indicated that these can be used in the future studies to improve the drought tolerance of wheat crop. The genotype 'J4' can be used as a breeding material to develop drought resistant wheat genotypes.
  17. Fulltext Improvements in the Engineering Properties of Cementitious Composites Using Nano-Sized Cement and Nano-Sized Additives
    Rahman I, Singh P, Dev N, Arif M, Yusufi FNK, Azam A, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2022 Nov 15;15(22).
    PMID: 36431551 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228066
    The findings of an extensive experimental research study on the usage of nano-sized cement powder and other additives combined to form cement-fine-aggregate matrices are discussed in this work. In the laboratory, dry and wet methods were used to create nano-sized cements. The influence of these nano-sized cements, nano-silica fumes, and nano-fly ash in different proportions was studied to the evaluate the engineering properties of the cement-fine-aggregate matrices concerning normal-sized, commercially available cement. The composites produced with modified cement-fine-aggregate matrices were subjected to microscopic-scale analyses using a petrographic microscope, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These studies unravelled the placement and behaviour of additives in controlling the engineering properties of the mix. The test results indicated that nano-cement and nano-sized particles improved the engineering properties of the hardened cement matrix. The wet-ground nano-cement showed the best result, 40 MPa 28th-day compressive strength, without mixing any additive compared with ordinary and dry-ground cements. The mix containing 50:50 normal and wet-ground cement exhibited 37.20 MPa 28th-day compressive strength. All other mixes with nano-sized dry cement, silica fume, and fly ash with different permutations and combinations gave better results than the normal-cement-fine-aggregate mix. The petrographic studies and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analyses further validated the above findings. Statistical analyses and techniques such as correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted to compose a predictive equation to calculate the 28th-day compressive strength. In addition to these methods, a repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also implemented to analyse the statistically significant differences among three differently timed strength readings.
  18. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia
    Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, Mounts AW, Arif MT, Ksiazek TG, et al.
    J Infect Dis, 2000 May;181(5):1755-9.
    PMID: 10823779
    An outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Most patients were pig farmers. Clinically undetected Nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). Case patients (persons with Nipah infection) were more likely than community-farm controls to report increased numbers of sick/dying pigs on the farm (59% vs. 24%, P=.001) and were more likely than case-farm controls to perform activities requiring direct contact with pigs (86% vs. 50%, P=.005). Only 8% of case patients reported no contact with pigs. The outbreak stopped after pigs in the affected areas were slaughtered and buried. Direct, close contact with pigs was the primary source of human Nipah infection, but other sources, such as infected dogs and cats, cannot be excluded.
  19. Fulltext The influence of vermicomposting on photosynthetic activity and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) crop under semi-arid climate
    Younas M, Zou H, Laraib T, Abbas W, Akhtar MW, Aslam MN, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(8):e0256450.
    PMID: 34432836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256450
    Food production and waste recycling are the two major issues faced globally with rapidly increasing population. Recycling organic wastes to crop amendments could be a possible solution to these issues. Earthworms transfer organic waste to compost, which is used to grow crops and increase crop productivity. This study assessed the impact of vermicompost produced from the residues of six desert plant species, i.e., (Ziziphus mauritiana, Aerva javanica, Calligonum comosum, Sacchrum benghalens, Calligonum polygonoides and Prosopis cineraria) combined with farmyard manure (5 t ha-1) on growth, yield and photosynthetic activity of maize crop. Earthworm species Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) was used to prepare vermicomposting of all tested plant species. The desert species were collected from natural habitats, chopped, dried, mixed with FYM and then earthworms were released to prepare the vermicompost. The earthworms were excluded twenty days after release and resultant was considered as compost and used in the experiment. Results revealed that application of P. cineraria vermicompost resulted in the highest plant height (75.33 cm), stem diameter (22.66 mm), cob length (17.66 cm), number of grains/cob (374.67), 1000-grain weight (260.41 g) and grains yield (3.20 t/ha). Application of P. cineraria vermicompost resulted in the highest uptake of macronutrients, i.e., N (91.01%), P (22.07%), K (80.41%), micronutrients, i.e., Fe (19.07 ppm), Zn (40.05 ppm), and phenolic contents (150). Application of P. cineraria vermicompost also resulted in the highest quantum photosynthetic yield (0.42 mole C/mole of photon), chlorophyll florescence (355.18 moles of photon m-2s-1) and electron transport rate (310.18 micro mole m-2s-1). It is concluded that vermicomposting has the potential to improve growth and yield of maize crop. Particularly, application of vermicompost obtained from P. cineraria can be used to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Nonetheless, field trials are necessary for a wide scale recommendation.
  20. Fulltext The impact of insecticides and plant extracts on the suppression of insect vector (Bemisia tabaci) of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)
    Younas M, Zou H, Laraib T, Rajpoot NA, Khan NA, Zaidi AA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(9):e0256449.
    PMID: 34529693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256449
    Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is an important constraint in successful production of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in many countries, including Pakistan. The MYMV spreads by insect vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective management tactics for MYMV. Twenty mungbean varieties/lines were screened against insect vector of MYMV under field condition in the current study. Resistance levels for varieties/lines were assessed through visual scoring of typical disease symptoms. Furthermore, the impacts of two insecticides 'Imidacloprid' and 'Thiamethoxam' and two plant extracts, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) were tested on the suppression of whitefly. Field screening indicated that none of the tested varieties/lines proved immune/highly resistant, while significant variations were recorded among varieties/lines for resistance level. All varieties/lines were systemically infected with MYMV. The varieties 'AARI-2006' and 'Mung-14043' were considered as resistant to MYMV based on visual symptoms and the lowest vector population. These varieties were followed by 'NM-2006' and 'NL-31', which proved as moderately resistant to MYMV. All remaining varieties/lines were grouped as moderately to highly susceptible to MYMV based on visual symptoms' scoring. These results revealed that existing mungbean germplasm do not possess high resistance level MYMV. However, the lines showing higher resistance in the current study must be exploited in breeding programs for the development of resistant mungbean varieties/lines against MYMV. Imidacloprid proved as the most effective insecticide at all concentrations to manage whitefly population. Therefore, use of the varieties with higher resistance level and spraying Imidacloprid could lower the incidence of MYMV.
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