MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed 122 consecutive patients with spontaneous SAH following intracranial aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal information (including patients' pattern characterisation and their possible risk factor association to pre-operative clinical decision and long-term clinical outcome) was documented and analysed.
RESULTS: The main clinical presentations for spontaneous SAH following ruptured intracranial aneurysm and nonaneurysm were headache (77%) and nausea/vomiting (62.3%). The most common sites for SAH following ruptured intracranial aneurysm rupture were the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (57.5%). Hypertension was the most common cause for SAH at 64.8%. It was found 26.2% (n=32) out of the 122 patients developed CV and DCI. The mean day of vasospasm was 6.0 ± 2.8 (range: 1-14 days) Age, length of stay, nausea/vomiting and visual field defect were significantly associated (p<0.05) with vasospasm. Mortality rate was also higher in the CV group compared to the group without CV in both at discharge and at 6 months; 281 versus 278 per 1000 and 312 vs 300 per 1000, respectively.
CONCLUSION: CV and DCI have a significant incidence among local patients with spontaneous SAH following an intracranial aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal rupture and it is associated with substantial morbidity. Prevention, effective monitoring, and early detection are keys to successful management. Regional investigation using a multicentre cohort to analyse mortality and survival rates may aid in improving national resource management of these patients.
Methodology: Serum samples from six BAVM patients and three control subjects were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) for OPN. A total of 10 BAVM patients and five control subjects were analyzed using Multiplex ELISA for MMPs. A total of 16 BAVM tissue samples and two normal brain tissue samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry.
Result: MMP-2 and -9 were significantly higher in the serum of BAVM patients before and after treatment than in control patients. There were no significant differences of OPN and MMP-9 serum level in BAVM patients before and after treatment. MMP-2 showed a significant elevation after the treatment. Expression of OPN, MMP-2 and -9 proteins were seen in endothelial cells, perivascular cells and brain parenchyma of BAVM tissues.
Conclusion: Findings revealed that the level of MMP-2 and -9 in the serum correlated well with the expression in BAVM tissues in several cases. Knockdown studies will be required to determine the relationships and mechanisms of action of these markers in the near future. In addition, studies will be required to investigate the expression of these markers' potential applications as primary medical therapy targets for BAVM patients.