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Fulltext Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and exercise on body fat mass and blood lipid profiles among overweight Iranians

Loh, Su Peng, Abas Mohaghehgi, Hanieh Fouladi

Malays J Nutr, 2018;24(2):203-213.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been studied for its fat mass
reduction effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of CLA supplementation
on body fat mass (BFM) and selected blood lipid profiles among overweight Iranian.

Methods: A total of 180 adults with BMI = 26-29 kg/m2 and BFM exceeding 21%
and 28% for men and women, respectively were recruited through voluntary
participation from weight management clinics in Tehran. They were assigned
randomly to three groups as follows: Group (1) (control group) receives weight loss
diet only; Group (2) receives weight loss diet +3 gr/day CLA supplement (mixture
of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) twice a day and Group (3) weight loss diet
+3 gr/day CLA supplement as Group (2) twice a day + regular exercise (walking at
5.5-6 km/h for at least 160 minutes/week). The trial was conducted for 12 weeks.
Anthropometric measurements and blood lipid profiles were determined at weeks 0,
6 and 12.

Results: Both Group 2 and Group 3 showed a significant between-group
difference in reduction of BFM (1.3% and 2.6% respectively) compared to Group 1.
Group 2 supplementation showed increased free fatty acid (FFA) (0.44 mM to 0.55
mM) and decreased HDL-chol (47.5 mg/dL to 42.0 mg/dL) between weeks 0 and
12. These results were not observed for Group 3.

Conclusion: Combination of CLA
supplementation with exercise showed BFM reduction in overweight Iranian adults.
Further research is suggested to verify the findings of this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Comparing the nutritional status of vegetarians and non-vegetarians from a Buddhist Organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Gan, Wan Ying, Boo, Shirley, Seik, Mei Yee, Khoo, Hock Eng

Malays J Nutr, 2018;24(1):89-101.
MyJurnal

Introduction: A vegetarian diet is generally considered as healthy for preventing metabolic-related diseases. There is lack of studies in Malaysia comparing the nutritional status of vegetarians and non-vegetarians. This cross-sectional study aims to compare body weight status, dietary intake and blood pressure level between these two groups. Methods: A total of 131 vegetarians and 135 non-vegetarians were recruited using convenience sampling from a Buddhist organisation in Kuala Lumpur. Body weight, height, waist circumference, percentage of body fat, and blood pressure measurements were taken, while dietary intake was assessed using a 2-day 24-hour dietary recall. Results: More vegetarians were underweight than non-vegetarians (31.3% vs 15.6%), while prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among the non-vegetarians (23.7% vs 9.9%). A higher proportion of nonvegetarians (34.1%) had an unhealthy range of body fat percentage and significantly higher risk of abdominal obesity (24.4%) than the vegetarians (19.1% body fat; 13.7% abdominal obesity). Mean intakes for protein and fat were significantly lower among the vegetarians, while no significant differences were observed in the mean intake for energy and carbohydrate. Vegetarians had significantly higher intakes of vitamins C, D and E, calcium, potassium and folate, while vitamin B12 intake was significantly higher in the non-vegetarians. More non-vegetarians presented with unhealthy blood pressure status. Conclusion: Vegetarians in this study generally showed healthier dietary intake and lower body fatness than the non-vegetarians. Studies are suggested to be undertaken on a bigger sample size of vegetarians to confirm these findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext The physiology of leptin: revisited

Singh, Harbindar Jeet

Medical Health Reviews, 2009;2009(1):95-133.
MyJurnal

Leptin, a 167 amino-acid product of the ob or LEP gene, was first reported in 1994 after a 40-year search that began following the emergence of a mutant strain of mice with hyperphagia, early on-set obesity, and delayed sexual maturation. Since then, leptin deficiency has also been reported in the rat, and more recently in humans. It is secreted constitutively primarily by the white adipose tissue, and in smaller quantities by a number of non-adipose tissues. It acts by binding to specific membrane bound leptin receptors, belonging to the class 1 cytokine receptor family, and activating the JAK-STAT system. Leptin regulates appetite and body weight mainly through its actions on the hypothalamus involving the NPYmelanocortin pathway, and, to a lesser extent, through increased energy expenditure by way of sympathoactivation and increased substrate cycling. Its effects on reproduction, puberty in particular, are mediated through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and on the gonads. Leptin also appears to have permissive roles in CNS development during the neonatal period, bone growth and development, and in haemopoietic and immune functions. Although it was its deficiency state that first led to its discovery, it now appears that the clinical significance of leptin lies not only in the consequences of its deficiency but also when it is in excess as occurs in obesity. Emerging evidence is implicating leptin as a link between obesity associated cardiovascular disease risks and infertility. Besides this, leptin is also being implicated as a growth factor in cancer. The story that started with a search for a body weight regulating factor is now unfolding into one that is revealing roles for leptin that stretch beyond the regulation of appetite and body weight.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, White
Fulltext Pathological findings in a mouse model for Coxsackievirus A16 infection

Hooi, Yuan Teng, Ong, Kien Chai, Perera, David, Wong, Kum Thong

Neurology Asia, 2015;20(4):343-347.
MyJurnal

Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is the leading cause of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), which usually
presents as mild and self-limiting symptoms in young children. Rarely, CV-A16 has been reported
to cause severe and fatal neurological complications but little is known about these complications.
In the present study, 1-day and 7-day old mouse models of CV-A16 were developed using a clinical
strain via subcutaneous inoculation. All infected mice exhibited clinical signs of infection, including
reduced mobility, limb weakness and paralysis between 3 to 6 days post-infection. Pathologically,
the main organs involved were the central nervous system (CNS), skeletal muscles and brown fat. In
the CNS, viral antigens as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, were localized mainly to neurons
in the brain stem and spinal cord, suggesting that CV-A16 is neurotropic although inflammation is
very mild. The skeletal muscles showed necrosis and myositis due to viral infection as evidenced by
the dense viral antigens. Focal viral antigens were also detected in the brown fat. These preliminary
pathological findings indicate that our mouse models can be further developed to be useful models
for pathogenesis studies, and vaccine and anti-viral drug evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Brown
Fulltext Suburban breastfed infants in Klang Valley are at higher risk of dioxins toxicity

Mohd Hasni Jaafar

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2015;15(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Dioxins are a most toxic compound ever studied by human until today. Their significant health effects involved all ranges of age, including infants due to exposure to contaminated breast milk. The objective of the study was to appraise the status of dioxin contamination in breast milk among postnatal mothers live in urban and suburban areas in Klang Valley. It was conducted as a cross sectional study involving 101 postnatal mothers who came for their infant second hepatitis B vaccination. The samples were analysed using High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) following the USEPA Method 8290. About 70.3% of the samples were found detected with dioxin congeners. More suburban mothers have positive breast milk dioxins compared to urban mothers, 100.0% and 67.0% respectively. Significant associated factors include high fat daily intake (p=0.013), high milk daily intake (p= 0.044), high meat daily intake (p=0.001), body mass index more than 30 kg/m2 (p=0.005), and body fat % of more than 26% (p=0.046). In conclusion, amount daily intake of fat diet, meat, milk, body mass index and body fat are significant associated factors for the present of dioxins in breast milk among postnatal mothers in Klang Valley. More suburban mothers contain dioxins in their breast milk, which poses higher risk of health problems among their infants. A comprehensive study need to be conducted and regular followup need to be established in monitoring the future severity of maternal breast milk contamination to ensure the health of the next generations.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Anthropometric correlates of motor performance among Malaysian university athletes

Saidon Amri, Aris Fazil Ujang, Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir, Ahmad Naim Ismail

Movement Health & Exercise, 2012;1(1):75-92.
MyJurnal

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and motor performance and to determine the contribution of combined anthropometric dimensions on motor performance. A total of 225 male (n = 138) and female (n = 87) Malaysian university athletes aged
between 18 and 28 years (M = 22.1, SD = 1.8) from 18 different team related sports and individual sports participated in this study. The subjects underwent anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI,% body fat, waist-hip ratio) and motor performance tests (grip strength - GS, back
strength - BS, 7 level sit-up - SU7, 10m sprint - S10, 30m sprint - S30, sit and reach - SR, trunk extension test - TE, SEMO agility test - SEMO, vertical jump - VJ, standing long jump - SLJ, reaction time (audio) - RTa, reaction time (visual) - RTv, bleep test - Bleep, leg strength - LS, stork test– ST, and push-ups - PU). Descriptive analysis showed that anthropometric and performance difference between sports reflected the needs and requirements of the sports. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and multiple regression analysis showed that height, weight, BMI, % body fat, waist-hip ratio contributed positively or negatively on specific components of motor performance. Among male athletes, all anthropometric were found to be a significant contributor to strength, vertical jump, cardiovascular endurance, while among females, only % body fat and WHR contributed significantly to abdominal strength, vertical jump and trunk extension. Findings of the study suggested that anthropometric characteristics that contributed to motor performance should provide a scientific rationale in selecting and training of athletes.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Physical Activity Interactions on Adiposity Parameters in Malaysian Adolescents

Zaharan NL, Muhamad NH, Jalaludin MY, Su TT, Mohamed Z, Mohamed MNA, et al.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018;9:209.
PMID: 29755414 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00209

Background: Several non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) have been shown to be associated with obesity. Little is known about their associations and interactions with physical activity (PA) in relation to adiposity parameters among adolescents in Malaysia.
Methods: We examined whether (a) PA and (b) selected nsSNPs are associated with adiposity parameters and whether PA interacts with these nsSNPs on these outcomes in adolescents from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (n = 1,151). Body mass indices, waist-hip ratio, and percentage body fat (% BF) were obtained. PA was assessed using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Five nsSNPs were included: beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) rs4994, FABP2 rs1799883, GHRL rs696217, MC3R rs3827103, and vitamin D receptor rs2228570, individually and as combined genetic risk score (GRS). Associations and interactions between nsSNPs and PAQ-C scores were examined using generalized linear model.
Results: PAQ-C scores were associated with % BF (β = -0.44 [95% confidence interval -0.72, -0.16], p = 0.002). The CC genotype of ADRB3 rs4994 (β = -0.16 [-0.28, -0.05], corrected p = 0.01) and AA genotype of MC3R rs3827103 (β = -0.06 [-0.12, -0.00], p = 0.02) were significantly associated with % BF compared to TT and GG genotypes, respectively. Significant interactions with PA were found between ADRB3 rs4994 (β = -0.05 [-0.10, -0.01], p = 0.02) and combined GRS (β = -0.03 [-0.04, -0.01], p = 0.01) for % BF.
Conclusion: Higher PA score was associated with reduced % BF in Malaysian adolescents. Of the nsSNPs, ADRB3 rs4994 and MC3R rs3827103 were associated with % BF. Significant interactions with PA were found for ADRB3 rs4994 and combined GRS on % BF but not on measurements of weight or circumferences. Targeting body fat represent prospects for molecular studies and lifestyle intervention in this population.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext The association between the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and anthropometric indices among university’s staff

Hasmiza Halib, Nur Amalina Hamdan, Napisah Hussin, Noramilin Shafie

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17(102):0-0.
MyJurnal

Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is broadly used as an adjunct treatment for patients to treat various kinds of disease, prevent disease and to sustain and enhance quality of life of the users. The study is aimed to investigate the association between CAM uses, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and anthropometric indices among workers or staffs in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Terengganu. A total of 300 subjects participated in this study and completed the malay version of modified HRQol (SF-12) questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements among the subjects were done. Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were used to test the association and the hypotheses. The prevalence of CAM users was 37.3%. The results showed that bodily pain score domain was significantly higher among non-CAM users. Overall, male had higher Mental Health Composite Score (MCS) score than female. Physical Health Composite Score (PCS) was only correlated negatively with BMI among non-CAM users but negative correlated with body fat percentage in both CAM and non-CAM users. As conclusion, HRQoL had significant negative correlation with body fat percentage among CAM users. No association was found between CAM use and HRQoL scores.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Lipoma Arborescens of the knee: a case report of rare entity

Ikmal Hisyam Bakrin, Hasni Mahayidin, Khairul Shakir Ab Rahman, Wan Irnawati Wan Ab Rahman, Sazali Satari, Asrul Fahmi Azizan

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(3):60-63.
MyJurnal

Lipoma arborescens is a non-neoplastic, reactive condition due to chronic synovial inflammation and irritation, characterized by frond-like or villous proliferation of mature adipose tissue covered by hyperplastic synovium. The knee is the most commonly affected site particularly the suprapatellar pouch. We report a case of lipoma arborescens affecting the right knee of an elderly Chinese gentleman associated with bilateral knee and hand osteoarthritis. He presented with progressive worsening of right knee swelling and pain. Partial synovectomy of the right knee was performed and no lesion recurrence was noted at one year post-operation. The clinical and imaging findings, pathological features, together with differential diagnoses were discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext The association between the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and anthropometric indices among university’s staff

Halib H, Hamdan NA, Hussin N, Shafie N

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17 Special(2):74-81.

Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is broadly used as an adjunct treatment for patients to treat various kinds of disease, prevent disease and to sustain and enhance quality of life of the users. The study is aimed to investigate the association between CAM uses, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and anthropometric indices among workers or staffs in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Terengganu. A total of 300 subjects participated in this study and completed the malay version of modified HRQol (SF-12) questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements among the subjects were done. Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were used to test the association and the hypotheses. The prevalence of CAM users was 37.3%. The results showed that bodily pain score domain was significantly higher among non-CAM users. Overall, male had higher Mental Health Composite Score (MCS) score than female. Physical Health Composite Score (PCS) was only correlated negatively with BMI among non-CAM users but negative correlated with body fat percentage in both CAM and non-CAM users. As conclusion, HRQoL had significant negative correlation with body fat percentage among CAM users. No association was found between CAM use and HRQoL scores.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext High Fat Diet Attenuates the Anticontractile Activity of Aortic PVAT via a Mechanism Involving AMPK and Reduced Adiponectin Secretion

Almabrouk TAM, White AD, Ugusman AB, Skiba DS, Katwan OJ, Alganga H, et al.

Front Physiol, 2018;9:51.
PMID: 29479319 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00051

Background and aim:
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) positively regulates vascular function through production of factors such as adiponectin but this effect is attenuated in obesity. The enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is present in PVAT and is implicated in mediating the vascular effects of adiponectin. In this study, we investigated the effect of an obesogenic high fat diet (HFD) on aortic PVAT and whether any changes involved AMPK.Methods:Wild type Sv129 (WT) and AMPKα1 knockout (KO) mice aged 8 weeks were fed normal diet (ND) or HFD (42% kcal fat) for 12 weeks. Adiponectin production by PVAT was assessed by ELISA and AMPK expression studied using immunoblotting. Macrophages in PVAT were identified using immunohistochemistry and markers of M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes evaluated using real time-qPCR. Vascular responses were measured in endothelium-denuded aortic rings with or without attached PVAT. Carotid wire injury was performed and PVAT inflammation studied 7 days later.Key results:Aortic PVAT from KO and WT mice was morphologically indistinct but KO PVAT had more infiltrating macrophages. HFD caused an increased infiltration of macrophages in WT mice with increased expression of the M1 macrophage markersNos2andIl1band the M2 markerChil3. In WT mice, HFD reduced the anticontractile effect of PVAT as well as reducing adiponectin secretion and AMPK phosphorylation. PVAT from KO mice on ND had significantly reduced adiponectin secretion and no anticontractile effect and feeding HFD did not alter this. Wire injury induced macrophage infiltration of PVAT but did not cause further infiltration in KO mice.Conclusions:High-fat diet causes an inflammatory infiltrate, reduced AMPK phosphorylation and attenuates the anticontractile effect of murine aortic PVAT. Mice lacking AMPKα1 phenocopy many of the changes in wild-type aortic PVAT after HFD, suggesting that AMPK may protect the vessel against deleterious changes in response to HFD.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Structural difference of palm based Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerol (MLCT) further reduces body fat accumulation in DIO C57BL/6J mice when consumed in low fat diet for a mid-term period

Lee YY, Tang TK, Phuah ET, Karim NAA, Alitheen NBM, Tan CP, et al.

Food Res Int, 2018 01;103:200-207.
PMID: 29389606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.022

Medium-and-Long Chain Triacylglycerol (MLCT) is a type of structured lipid that is made up of medium chain, MCFA (C8-C12) and long chain, LCFA (C16-C22) fatty acid. Studies claimed that consumption of MLCT has the potential in reducing visceral fat accumulation as compared to long chain triacylglycerol, LCT. This is mainly attributed to the rapid metabolism of MCFA as compared to LCFA. Our study was designed to compare the anti-obesity effects of a enzymatically interesterified MLCT (E-MLCT) with physical blend of palm kernel and palm oil (B-PKOPO) having similar fatty acid composition and a commercial MLCT (C-MLCT) made of rapeseed/soybean oil on Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) C57BL/6J mice for a period of four months in low fat, LF (7%) and high fat, HF (30%) diet. The main aim was to determine if the anti-obesity effect of MLCT was contributed solely by its triacylglycerol structure alone or its fatty acid composition or both. Out of the three types of MLCT, mice fed with Low Fat, LF (7%) E-MLCT had significantly (P<0.05) lower body weight gain (by ~30%), body fat accumulation (by ~37%) and hormone leptin level as compared to both the LF B-PKOPO and LF C-MLCT. Histological examination further revealed that dietary intake of E-MLCT inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation. Besides, analysis of serum profile also demonstrated that consumption of E-MLCT was better in regulating blood glucose compared to B-PKOPO and C-MLCT. Nevertheless, both B-PKO-PO and E-MLCT which contained higher level of myristic acid was found to be hypercholesterolemic compared to C-MLCT. In summary, our finding showed that triacylglycerol structure, fatty acid composition and fat dosage play a pivotal role in regulating visceral fat accumulation. Consumption of E-MLCT in low fat diet led to a significantly lesser body fat accumulation. It was postulated that the MLM/MLL/LMM/MML/LLM types of triacylglycerol and C8-C12 medium chain fatty acids were the main factors that contributed to the visceral fat suppressing effect of MLCT. Despite being able to reduce body fat, the so called healthful functional oil E-MLCT when taken in high amount do resulted in fat accumulation. In summary, E-MLCT when taken in moderation can be used to manage obesity issue. However, consumption of E-MLCT may lead to higher total cholesterol and LDL level.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Strobilanthes crispus Extract Reduces Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Obese Mice Fed High Fat and Low Fat Diets

Zawawi N, Ismail M

Malays J Med Sci, 2018 Nov;25(6):46-58.
PMID: 30914878 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.5

Background: Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) leaves were traditionally consumed for its body weight lowering effect. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of S. crispus leaves extract (SCE).
Methods: Mice (n = 48) were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 25 weeks to induce obesity, after which half were maintained on HFD and half switched to low-fat diet (LFD)while they were given normal water (H2O) or 0.1% (w/v) SCE in water at week 0-4 which was increased to 1% (w/v) at week 5-9. Effects of treatment with SCE were compared between HFDH2O, HFDSCE, LFDH2O and LFDSCE groups. Respiratory exchange ratios (RER) were measured at weeks 0, 5 and 10. Food, water intake and body weight were measured weekly. Plasma lipid profile and organ weights were determined at week 10.
Results: SCE had significantly reduced RER at week 9 (P = 0.011). Food intake, body weight, and abdominal adipose tissue weight were not altered by SCE at weeks 5 and 10. However, significant increase in plasma and liver cholesterol (P < 0.050) was observed.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SCE induced lipolysis and body fat oxidation and increased energy expenditure. Further studies in other animal models should be done to confirm the consistency of these results.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Nutrition and ecosystems in Sarawak: The role of the areca nut

Strickland SS, Duffield AE

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1998 Dec;7(3/4):300-6.
PMID: 24393688

The effects of population pressure on agricultural sustainability in the delicate tropical and subtropical ecosystems have often been thought to explain high prevalence rates of malnutrition in rural South-East Asia. However, recent studies in rural Sarawak suggest that processes of modernisation have resulted in increased variations in energy nutritional status in adults. A contributory factor may be consumption of the areca nut (Malay pinang, of the palm Areca catechu). This is thought to influence energy balance through effects on appetite and resting metabolic rate. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) data for 325 Iban men and 438 non-pregnant Iban women, measured in 1990 and again in 1996, have been analysed in relation to areca use, smoking behaviour, socio-economic status, and reported morbidity. Body composition derived from skinfold thickness measurements for 313 men and 382 women was also analysed. The results suggest that use of areca nut is associated with significantly lower age-related increments in BMI and percentage body fat in women after allowing for age, smoking, reported morbidity, and confounding socio-economic factors. Therefore, the impact of recent economic and social development seen in rising prevalences of 'over-nutrition' may be modulated by use of the areca nut.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
The supplementation of levothyroxine among indigenous people in endemic goitre areas: The impact of therapy

Zaleha MI, Osman A, Iskandar ZA, Sazali S, Ali MM, Roslan I, et al.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1998 Jun;7(2):138-50.
PMID: 24393641

In order to study the effect of levothyroxine in the treatment of endemic goitre, a longitudinal study was conducted among the Aborigines in Lanai Post and Sinderut Post, situated in an iodine-deficient area located in the district of Kuala Lipis, Pahang. All subjects in the treatment group (Lanai Post) were given 100 µg of levothyroxine per day and were followed for 1 1/2 years. A total of 311 subjects were examined at baseline, 323 on the first, 256 on the second, 239 on the third and 184 on the fourth visit following levothyroxine supplementation. Goitre prevalence, thyroid hormones, thyroid volume, nutritional status, urinary iodine levels, arterial blood pressure and mental performance were determined. Following the intervention, goitre prevalence was significantly reduced in the treatment group (baseline 42.8% vs final visit 13.0%, p<0.0001); however, no significant difference was noted in the control group. Total T4 levels were increased in the treatment group (p<0.0001), while a significant reduction was noted in the control group (p<0.0001). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels increased significantly in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. As for the thyroid volume, both groups showed a significant increment following the intervention (p<0.0001). With respect to the nutritional status, the treatment group showed a significant increase in body weight following the intervention (p<0.05). In addition, the mid-arm circumference and body mass index also increased after 1 year of intervention. However, the control group showed a reduction in the waist-hip ratio (p<0.0001). Although there was no statistical difference in the waist-hip ratio in the treatment group, there has been a significant reduction observed after 1 year of intervention. At 1 year, a reduction in skinfold thickness was noted in the treatment group while only the triceps and subscapular were increased in the control group. The body fat was decreased in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention (p<0.0001). No particular trend was noted in the urinary iodine excretion in the treatment group, but surprisingly, the levels were increased in the control group (p<0.0001). A significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was observed in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention, but the controls showed a reduction in the systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). Both groups showed a remarkable increase in mental performance, with a more pronounced effect in the treatment group (p<0.05). The correction of iodine deficiency by levothyroxine supplementation has a short-term beneficial effect in reducing the prevalence of goitre and improving the mental ability among the Aborigines in endemic areas; however, proper monitoring and close supervision are needed to maintain compliance.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue
Fulltext Vernonia amygdalina simultaneously suppresses gluconeogenesis and potentiates glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Atangwho IJ, Yin KB, Umar MI, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014;14:426.
PMID: 25358757 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-426

This study evaluated the impact of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) on the transcription of key enzymes involved in cellular modulation of glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in a bid to understand the possible anti-diabetic mechanism of VA.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/metabolism
Fulltext Comparative analysis of cardiovascular development related genes in stem cells isolated from deciduous pulp and adipose tissue

Loo ZX, Kunasekaran W, Govindasamy V, Musa S, Abu Kasim NH

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:186508.
PMID: 25548778 DOI: 10.1155/2014/186508

Human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and adipose stem cells (ASC) were suggested as alternative cell choice for cardiac regeneration. However, the true functionability of these cells toward cardiac regeneration is yet to be discovered. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the innate biological properties of these cell sources toward cardiac regeneration. Both cells exhibited indistinguishable MSCs characteristics. Human stem cell transcription factor arrays were used to screen expression levels in SHED and ASC. Upregulated expression of transcription factor (TF) genes was detected in both sources. An almost equal percentage of >2-fold changes were observed. These TF genes fall under several cardiovascular categories with higher expressions which were observed in growth and development of blood vessel, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis categories. Further induction into cardiomyocyte revealed ASC to express more significantly cardiomyocyte specific markers compared to SHED during the differentiation course evidenced by morphology and gene expression profile. Despite this, spontaneous cellular beating was not detected in both cell lines. Taken together, our data suggest that despite being defined as MSCs, both ASC and SHED behave differently when they were cultured in a same cardiomyocytes culture condition. Hence, vigorous characterization is needed before introducing any cell for treating targeted diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/cytology*
Fulltext Effects of red pitaya juice supplementation on cardiovascular and hepatic changes in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats

Ramli NS, Brown L, Ismail P, Rahmat A

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014;14:189.
PMID: 24919841 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-189

The fruit of Hylocereus polyrhizus, also known as red pitaya, and buah naga in Malay, is one of the tropical fruits of the cactus family, Cactaceae. Red pitaya has been shown to protect aorta from oxidative damage and improve lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats probably due to phytochemicals content including phenolics and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in cardiac stiffness, hepatic and renal function in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced obese rats following supplementation of red pitaya juice.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/metabolism
Fulltext Cartilage regeneration by chondrogenic induced adult stem cells in osteoarthritic sheep model

Ude CC, Sulaiman SB, Min-Hwei N, Hui-Cheng C, Ahmad J, Yahaya NM, et al.

PLoS One, 2014;9(6):e98770.
PMID: 24911365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098770

In this study, Adipose stem cells (ADSC) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSC), multipotent adult cells with the potentials for cartilage regenerations were induced to chondrogenic lineage and used for cartilage regenerations in surgically induced osteoarthritis in sheep model.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/cytology
Purification of human adipose-derived stem cells from fat tissues using PLGA/silk screen hybrid membranes

Chen DC, Chen LY, Ling QD, Wu MH, Wang CT, Suresh Kumar S, et al.

Biomaterials, 2014 May;35(14):4278-87.
PMID: 24565521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.004

The purification of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) from human adipose tissue cells (stromal vascular fraction) was investigated using membrane filtration through poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid)/silk screen hybrid membranes. Membrane filtration methods are attractive in regenerative medicine because they reduce the time required to purify hADSCs (i.e., less than 30 min) compared with conventional culture methods, which require 5-12 days. hADSCs expressing the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD44, CD73, and CD90 were concentrated in the permeation solution from the hybrid membranes. Expression of the surface markers CD44, CD73, and CD99 on the cells in the permeation solution from the hybrid membranes, which were obtained using 18 mL of feed solution containing 50 × 10⁴ cells, was statistically significantly higher than that of the primary adipose tissue cells, indicating that the hADSCs can be purified in the permeation solution by the membrane filtration method. Cells expressing the stem cell-associated marker CD34 could be successfully isolated in the permeation solution, whereas CD34⁺ cells could not be purified by the conventional culture method. The hADSCs in the permeation solution demonstrated a superior capacity for osteogenic differentiation based on their alkali phosphatase activity, their osterix gene expression, and the results of mineralization analysis by Alizarin Red S and von Kossa staining compared with the cells from the suspension of human adipose tissue. These results suggest that the hADSCs capable of osteogenic differentiation preferentially permeate through the hybrid membranes.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/cytology*

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