Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 291 in total

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  1. Fulltext Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Malaysian neonatal unit
    Lim VKE, Zulkifli HI
    Singapore Med J, 1987 Apr;28(2):176-9.
    PMID: 3629274
    Methicillin resistant Siaphylococcus aureus Is a common isolate from clinical specimens obtained from babies at the special care nursery of the Kuala Lumpur Maternity Hospital. Major Infections due to this organism were, however uncommon and the organism had in the majority of cases been present as a coloniser or as a cause of superficial infection. Netilmicin is a valuable antibiotic in the treatment of the severe infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
  2. Staphylococcal infection in Malaysian hospitals
    Lim VK
    J Hosp Infect, 1988 Feb;11 Suppl A:103-8.
    PMID: 2896692
    Staphylococcal infection is common in Malaysian hospitals. A recent survey of 22 Malaysian hospitals revealed that staphylococci were isolated from almost 40% of positive blood cultures. A more detailed analysis of such cases in our own hospital showed that almost 70% of Staphylococcus aureus and about 16% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were associated with clinically-significant disease. Staphylococcal bacteraemia was seen mainly in neonatal sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and postoperative sepsis. Multiply-resistant S. aureus were encountered in all the hospitals surveyed. Resistance rates to penicillin ranged from 40% to almost 100% while methicillin resistance rates of up to 25% were reported from several hospitals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
  3. Incidence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination on mobile phones of medical students
    Goh ZNL, Chung PY
    J Hosp Infect, 2019 Apr;101(4):482-483.
    PMID: 30711530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.01.022
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification*
  4. Antibacterial activity of selected invertebrate species
    Ali SM, Siddiqui R, Sagathevan KA, Khan NA
    Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2021 Apr;66(2):285-291.
    PMID: 33704690 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00860-6
    The evolution of multiple-drug resistant bacteria is contributing to the global antimicrobial crisis, hence driving us to search for novel antimicrobial(s). Among animals, invertebrates represent up to 80% of all known species suggesting their wide distribution. Despite their ubiquitous and plentiful nature, they have been largely unexplored as potential source of antibacterials. In this study, we selected a broad range of invertebrates from terrestrial and marine environments and tested their lysates for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aereus (MRSA) and neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Cockroaches, centipedes, tarantulas, prawns, lobster, and mud crabs showed antibacterial activity with selected lysates exhibiting more than 90% bactericidal effects. The red-headed centipede's hemolymph showed 90% and 50% bacteriostatic activity against MRSA and E. coli K1, respectively. Tarantula's body extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA and E. coli K1. Gut extracts of tiger prawn exhibited more than 90% bacteriostatic activity against both bacteria. The selected lobster and mud crab extract exhibited up to 90% growth inhibitory activity against MRSA. Overall, these results showed that selected invertebrates are an untapped source of broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and suggest the presence of biologically active molecules.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  5. Platanosides from Platanus × acerifolia: New molecules, SAR, and target validation of a strong lead for drug-resistant bacterial infections and the associated sepsis
    Wu XY, Zhao ZY, Osman EEA, Wang XJ, Choo YM, Benjamin MM, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2024 Feb;143:107103.
    PMID: 38211549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107103
    Three undescribed (1-3) and nine known (4-12) platanosides were isolated and characterized from a bioactive extract of the May leaves of Platanus × acerifolia that initially showed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Targeted compound mining was guided by an LC-MS/MS-based molecular ion networking (MoIN) strategy combined with conventional isolation procedures from a unique geographic location. The novel structures were mainly determined by 2D NMR and computational (NMR/ECD calculations) methods. Compound 1 is a rare acylated kaempferol rhamnoside possessing a truxinate unit. 6 (Z,E-platanoside) and 7 (E,E-platanoside) were confirmed to have remarkable inhibitory effects against both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MIC: ≤ 16 μg/mL) and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (MIC: ≤ 1 μg/mL). These platanosides were subjected to docking analyses against FabI (enoyl-ACP reductase) and PBP1/2 (penicillin binding protein), both of which are pivotal enzymes governing bacterial growth but not found in the human host. The results showed that 6 and 7 displayed superior binding affinities towards FabI and PBP2. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance studies on the interaction of 1/7 and FabI revealed that 7 has a higher affinity (KD = 1.72 μM), which further supports the above in vitro data and is thus expected to be a novel anti-antibacterial drug lead.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  6. Breaking the Barrier: A Study on Multi-drug Resistance in Breast Abscess at an Academic Malaysian Hospital
    Lee CJ, Lai LL, See MH, Velayuthan RD, Doon YK, Lim PE, et al.
    World J Surg, 2023 Nov;47(11):2743-2752.
    PMID: 37491402 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-023-07108-z
    BACKGROUND: In recent years, the increase in antibiotics usage locally has led to a worrying emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO), with the Malaysian prevalence rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ranging from 17.2 to 28.1% between 1999 and 2017. A study has shown that 7% of all non-lactational breast abscesses are caused by MRSA. Although aspiration offers less morbidities compared to surgical drainage, about 20% of women infected by MRSA who initially underwent aspiration subsequently require surgical drainage. This study is conducted to determine the link between aetiology, antimicrobial resistance pattern and treatment modalities of breast abscesses.

    METHODS: Retrospective study of reviewing microbiology specimens of breast abscess patients treated at Universiti Malaya Medical Centre from 2015 to 2020. Data collected from microbiology database and electronic medical records were analysed using SPSS V21.

    RESULT: A total of 210 specimens from 153 patients were analysed. One-fifth (19.5%) of the specimens isolated were MDRO. Lactational associated infections had the largest proportion of MDR in comparison to non-lactational and secondary infections (38.5%, 21.7%, 25.7%, respectively; p = 0.23). Staphylococcus epidermidis recorded the highest number of MDR (n = 12) followed by S. aureus (n = 8). Adjusted by aetiological groups, the presence of MDRO is linked to failure of single aspirations (p = 0.554) and significantly doubled the risk of undergoing surgical drainage for resolution (p = 0.041).

    CONCLUSION: MDR in breast abscess should be recognised as an increasing healthcare burden due to a paradigm shift of MDRO and a rise of resistance cases among lactational associated infection that were vulnerable to undergo surgical incision and drainage for resolution.

    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  7. Knema retusa is antibacterial and antibiofilm against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. haemolyticus isolated in bovine mastitis
    Chuprom J, Kidsin K, Sangkanu S, Nissapatorn V, Wiart C, de Lourdes Pereira M, et al.
    Vet Res Commun, 2023 Jun;47(2):523-538.
    PMID: 36260188 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09999-0
    This study aimed to assess antibacterial activity of Knema retusa wood extract (KRe) against antibiotic resistant staphylococci which are causative agents of bovine mastitis. From 75 cases of intramammary infections in dairy cows, 66 staphylococcal isolates were collected, including 11 Staphylococcus aureus isolates (17%) and 55 coagulase-negative staphylococci (83%). Sixty isolates (91%) formed strong biofilms. KRe had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) against the isolates ranging 32-256 ug/mL and 64-512 ug/mL, respectively. Two-hour KRe exposures at 4×MIC, viabilities of S. aureus and S. haemolyticus decreased by 3 log10 compared to the control. Scanning EM (SEM) showed that KRe disrupted the bacterial cells of both species. KRe at 1/16×MIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  8. Synthesis and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibitory activity of indolenine-substituted pyrazole and pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole derivatives
    Yap CH, Ramle AQ, Lim SK, Rames A, Tay ST, Chin SP, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2023 Nov 15;95:117485.
    PMID: 37812886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117485
    Staphylococcus aureus is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms and generate persister cells, leading to life-threatening infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics alone. Therefore, there is a need for an effective S. aureus biofilm inhibitor to combat this public health threat. In this study, a small library of indolenine-substituted pyrazoles and pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole derivatives were synthesised, of which the hit compound exhibited promising antibiofilm activities against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA ATCC 29213) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA ATCC 33591) at concentrations significantly lower than the planktonic growth inhibition. The hit compound could prevent biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms of MSSA and MRSA, with a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) value as low as 1.56 µg/mL and a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) value as low as 6.25 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the hit compound against MSSA and MRSA were 50 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL, respectively, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against MSSA and MRSA were > 100 µg/mL. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis reveals that the fused benzene ring and COOH group of the hit compound are crucial for the antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the compound was not cytotoxic to human alveolar A549 cells, thus highlighting its potential as a suitable candidate for further development as a S. aureus biofilm inhibitor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  9. Fulltext Critical Evaluation of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles-Kaempferol for Antibacterial Activity Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    Hairil Anuar AH, Abd Ghafar SA, Hanafiah RM, Lim V, Mohd Pazli NFA
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2024;19:1339-1350.
    PMID: 38348172 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S431499
    INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to characterize silver nanoparticles-kaempferol (AgNP-K) and its antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Green synthesis method was used to synthesize AgNP-K under the influence of temperature and different ratios of silver nitrate (AgNO3 and kaempferol).

    METHODS: AgNP-K 1:1 was synthesized with 1 mM kaempferol, whereas AgNP-K 1:2 with 2 mM kaempferol. The characterization of AgNP-K 1:1 and AgNP-K 1:2 was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Zetasizer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of five samples (AgNP-K 1:1, AgNP-K 1:2, commercial AgNPs, kaempferol, and vancomycin) at different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) against MRSA were determined via disc diffusion assay (DDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay, and time-kill assay.

    RESULTS: The presence of a dark brown colour in the solution indicated the formation of AgNP-K. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of the synthesized AgNP-K exhibited a broad peak at 447 nm. TEM, Zetasizer, and SEM-EDX results showed that the morphology and size of AgNP-K were nearly spherical in shape with 16.963 ± 6.0465 nm in size. XRD analysis confirmed that AgNP-K had a crystalline phase structure, while FTIR showed the absence of (-OH) group, indicating that kaempferol was successfully incorporated with silver. In DDA analysis, AgNP-K showed the largest inhibition zone (16.67 ± 1.19 mm) against MRSA as compared to kaempferol and commercial AgNPs. The MIC and MBC values for AgNP-K against MRSA were 1.25 and 2.50 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill assay results showed that AgNP-K displayed bacteriostatic activity against MRSA. AgNP-K exhibited better antibacterial activity against MRSA when compared to commercial AgNPs or kaempferol alone.

    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  10. Fulltext Whole genome sequencing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Terengganu, Malaysia, indicates the predominance of the EMRSA-15 (ST22-SCCmec IV) clone
    Che Hamzah AM, Chew CH, Al-Trad EI, Puah SM, Chua KH, A Rahman NI, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2024 Feb 12;14(1):3485.
    PMID: 38347106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54182-x
    Despite the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a priority nosocomial pathogen, the genome sequences of Malaysian MRSA isolates are currently limited to a small pool of samples. Here, we present the genome sequence analyses of 88 clinical MRSA isolates obtained from the main tertiary hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia in 2016-2020, to obtain in-depth insights into their characteristics. The EMRSA-15 (ST22-SCCmec IV) clone of the clonal complex 22 (CC22) lineage was predominant with a total of 61 (69.3%) isolates. Earlier reports from other Malaysian hospitals indicated the predominance of the ST239 clone, but only two (2.3%) isolates were identified in this study. Two Indian-origin clones, the Bengal Bay clone ST772-SCCmec V (n = 2) and ST672 (n = 10) were also detected, with most of the ST672 isolates obtained in 2020 (n = 7). Two new STs were found, with one isolate each, and were designated ST7879 and ST7883. From the core genome phylogenetic tree, the HSNZ MRSA isolates could be grouped into seven clades. Antimicrobial phenotype-genotype concordance was high (> 95%), indicating the accuracy of WGS in predicting most resistances. Majority of the MRSA isolates were found to harbor more than 10 virulence genes, demonstrating their pathogenic nature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  11. Fulltext Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Nonpolar Extracts of Allium stipitatum Regel. against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
    Karunanidhi A, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Hamat RA, Pichika MR, Lung LTT, Mohd Fauzi F, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2018;2018:9845075.
    PMID: 30105271 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9845075
    The present study assessed the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of hexane (ASHE) and dichloromethane (ASDE) extracts of Allium stipitatum (Persian shallot) against planktonic cells and biofilm structures of clinically significant antibiotic resistant pathogens, with a special emphasis on methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and emerging pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antibacterial activities were determined through disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill kinetics, and electron microscopy. Antibiofilm activity was assessed by XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction assay and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The zone of inhibition ranged from 13 to 33 mm, while the MICs and MBCs ranged from 16 to 1024 μg mL-1. Both ASHE and ASDE completely eradicated overnight cultures of the test microorganisms, including antibiotic resistant strains. Time-kill studies showed that the extracts were strongly bactericidal against planktonic cultures of S. aureus, MRSA, Acinetobacter baumannii, and S. maltophilia as early as 4 hours postinoculation (hpi). ASHE and ASDE were shown to inhibit preformed biofilms of the four biofilm phenotypes tested. Our results demonstrate the potential therapeutic application of ASHE and ASDE to inhibit the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative biofilms of clinical significance and warrant further investigation of the potential of A. stipitatum bulbs against biofilm-related drug resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects*
  12. Synthesis and characterization of marine seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata) mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles for antibacterial, antibiofilm and antioxidant properties
    Narayanan M, Srinivasan S, Gnanasekaran C, Ramachandran G, Chelliah CK, Rajivgandhi G, et al.
    Microb Pathog, 2024 Apr;189:106595.
    PMID: 38387848 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106595
    Cymodocea serrulata mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectra demonstrated the crystalline structure of TiO2 NPs and the presence of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract. Further SEM revealed that TiO2 NPs has uniform structure and spherical in shape with their size ranged from 58 to 117 nm. Antibacterial activity of TiO2 NPs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), provided the zone of inhibition of 33.9 ± 1.7 and 36.3 ± 1.9 mm, respectively at 100 μg/mL concentration. MIC of TiO2 NPs against MRSA and V. cholerae showed 84% and 87% inhibition at 180 μg/mL and 160 μg/mL respectively. Subsequently, the sub-MIC of V. cholerae demonstrated minimal or no impact on bacterial growth at concentration of 42.5 μg/mL concentration. In addition, TiO2 NPs exhibited their ability to inhibit the biofilm forming V. cholerae which caused distinct morphological and intercellular damages analysed using CLSM and TEM. The antioxidant properties of TiO2 NPs were demonstrated through TAA and DPPH assays and exposed its scavenging activity with IC50 value of 36.42 and 68.85 μg/mL which denotes its valuable antioxidant properties with potential health benefits. Importantly, the brine shrimp based lethality experiment yielded a low cytotoxic effect with 13% mortality at 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, the multifaceted attributes of C. serrulata mediated TiO2 NPs encompassed the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-biofilm inhibition effects with low cytotoxicity in nature were highlighted in this study and proved the bioderived TiO2 NPs could be used as a promising agent for biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  13. Fulltext Allium stipitatum Extract Exhibits In Vivo Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Accelerates Burn Wound Healing in a Full-Thickness Murine Burn Model
    Karunanidhi A, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Jeevajothi Nathan J, Abba Y, van Belkum A, Neela V
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017;2017:1914732.
    PMID: 28321262 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1914732
    The in vivo antibacterial and burn wound healing potency of Persian shallot bulbs (Allium stipitatum) were explored in a mice burn model infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Hexane (ASHE) and dichloromethane (ASDE) extracts were tested. Female BALB/c mice were inflicted with third-degree thermal injury followed by infection with MRSA. ASHE and ASDE formulated with simple ointment base (SOB) at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 5% (w/w) were topically applied to burn wounds twice a day for 20 days. Silver sulfadiazine (1%) served as drug positive control. Microbiological analysis was carried out on 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postwounding (dpw) and histopathological analysis at the end of the experiment (20 dpw). Both ointments demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with complete elimination of MRSA at 48-72 h after infection. The rate of wound contraction was higher (95-100%) in mice groups treated with ASHE and ASDE ointments after 15 dpw. Histological analysis revealed significant increase (p < 0.05) in epithelialization and collagenation in treated groups. The ASHE and ASDE were found to be relatively noncytotoxic and safe to Vero cell line (383.4 μg mL(-1); 390.6 μg mL(-1)), suggesting the extracts as safe topical antibacterial as well as promising alternatives in managing thermal injuries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  14. Survey of Staphylococcus isolates among hospital personnel, environment and their antibiogram with special emphasis on methicillin resistance
    Shobha KL, Rao PS, Thomas J
    Indian J Med Microbiol, 2005 Jul;23(3):186-8.
    PMID: 16100427
    The objective of this study was to find the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. carriage among hospital personnel and hospital environment and their antibiogram with special emphasis on methicillin resistance. A total of 205 samples from hospital personnel and environment were collected from casualty, oncology and multidisciplinary cardiac unit ward of Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal. Samples were collected using sterile cotton wool swabs and inoculated into brain heart infusion broth. Subcultures were done onto blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Isolates were identified by standard methods up to species level. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to standardized disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer method. Each of the isolates was screened for methicillin resistance using oxacillin disc on Mueller Hinton agar plate followed by MIC for methicillin and cefoxitin susceptibility test by disc diffusion method. Sixty five out of 205 strains (31.7%) were Staphylococcus spp. and all of them were coagulase negative. Most of the strains belonged to S.epidermidis 49.23% (32/65) followed by S. saprophyticus 26.15% (17/65). Maximum isolates of S.epidermidis were from anterior nares 28.12% (9/32 strains of S.epidermidis). Highest number of methicillin resistant coagulase negative strains (3/9, 33.33%) were isolated from stethoscope of multidisciplinary cardiac unit ward followed by carriers in the anterior nares (2/9, 22.22%). Methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci are prevalent in anterior nares of hospital personnel and in the hospital environment thereby providing a definite source for hospital acquired infection. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and amikacin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin Resistance*
  15. Prevalence, Microbial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated With Healthcare Associated Infections Among End Stage Renal Disease Patients on Renal Replacement Therapy
    Abbasi SH, Aftab RA, Mei Lai PS, Lim SK, Nur Zainol Abidin R
    J Pharm Pract, 2023 Oct;36(5):1142-1155.
    PMID: 35466786 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221094269
    End stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, microbial etiology, and risk factors associated with HCAIs among ESRD patients on RRT. A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted from June to December 2019. ESRD patients with minimum of 6 months on RRT were included, while pregnant patients and patients <18 years were excluded. To reduce the risk of selection bias, all patients were randomly selected using a simple random sampling technique. The prevalence showing the proportion of patients that acquired HCAI since the initiation of dialysis until 2019 was calculated using the European patients' academy (EUPATI) formula. Risk factors were assessed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. The prevalence of HCAI among ESRD patients was 174/400 (43.5%). Catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was the most common infection [64(36.8%)], followed by peritonitis [45(25.8%)] and pneumonia [37(21.2%)]. Out of 382 total pathogens identified, 204 (53.4%) were Gram positive and 162 (42.4%) were Gram negative. Both methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) showed statistically significant associations (p<0.05) with CRBSI. Use of multiple accesses, increased blood sugar levels, low serum sodium levels and higher CRP concentration increased the occurrence of HCAIs. The burden of HCAIs among the patients undergoing RRT is high. Preventive strategies and optimum empirical therapy of antibiotics should be used to reduce the risk of these infections among ESRD patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*
  16. Pyomyositis revisited
    Kong NC, Asmah J, Lim VK, Ong PH, Adam PA
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1996 Jul;25(4):609-11.
    PMID: 8893941
    Pyomyositis, purportedly a common tropical infection affecting mainly healthy adults and children, appears to be most uncommon in this region. We report a case of pyomyositis caused by a Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a previously healthy army officer. This case serves to illustrate the difficulty in recognising this disease entity, which is why many cases may have been missed. With the increasing incidence of MRSA nosocomial infections, the emergence of MRSA in a hitherto community-acquired infection poses a major concern especially since intravenous drug abuse and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are on the rise in our country. We hope to inculcate greater awareness of this infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin Resistance*
  17. Methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high-level antiseptic and low-level mupirocin resistance in Malaysia
    Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, van Belkum A, Hamat RA, van Wamel W, Neela V
    Microb Drug Resist, 2014 Oct;20(5):472-7.
    PMID: 24841796 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0222
    The prevalence and spread of mupirocin and antiseptic resistance among colonizing and infectious Staphylococcus aureus were determined. S. aureus isolated from anterior nares and infection sites of patients hospitalized in the largest tertiary care referral hospital in Malaysia was investigated for mupirocin and antiseptic susceptibility testing, and for PCR detection of mupA, qacA/B, and smr genes. Twelve isolates showed resistance to mupirocin by disk diffusion, of which 10 (3.8%) harbored the mupA gene. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 64 to 768 μg/ml for mupA positive and below 46 μg/ml for negative isolates. The mupA was more common among ST239 isolates (70%). The qacA/B was carried in 67 out of 95 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (70.5%) and 3 out of 164 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (1.8%), while smr was carried in 6 out of 95 MRSA (6.3%) strains. MICs ranged from 3.9 to 15.6 μg/ml for benzethonium chloride (BTC) and benzalkonium chloride (BKC), and from 10.3 to 20.7 μg/ml for chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG). Isolates with qacA/B and smr or qacA/B alone showed higher MIC (20.7 μg/ml for CHG and 15.6 μg/ml for BTC and BKC) than the isolates that lacked antiseptic resistance genes (10.3 μg/ml for CHG and 3.9 μg/ml for BTC and BKC). In 16 cases, ST239 was isolated from the infection site and the nares simultaneously, and shared identical resistance patterns (qacAB or qacAB+smr), suggesting possible endogenous infection. Spread of low-level mupirocin resistance expressing ST239 MRSA and high-level resistance expressing emerging ST1, co-existing with antiseptic-resistant genes showing elevated MICs, should be monitored for effective infection control.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects*; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics*; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
  18. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel at a veterinary hospital in Malaysia
    Aklilu E, Zunita Z, Hassan L, Cheng CH
    Vet Microbiol, 2013 Jun 28;164(3-4):352-8.
    PMID: 23523336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.030
    In this study, we report the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel in Malaysia. Nasal and oral swabs were collected from 103 veterinary medicine students and 28 personnel from a veterinary hospital. Antibiotic sensitivity test (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and PCR amplifications of nucA and mecA gene were performed. Molecular characterization of the isolates was conducted using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results from MLST show the presence of the pandemic and widespread MRSA clones, ST5 and ST59. Spa gene typing revealed spa type t267 which has a wide geographical distribution. A new spa type, t5697 was found in this study. Fingerprint analysis by using PFGE show heterogeneity of the isolates. These findings affirm the importance of MRSA in veterinary settings and underscore the need for further extensive research to devise contextual control and prevention strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/physiology*
  19. Fulltext Changing antibiotic resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from HIV patients (2012-2017) in Southern India
    Chinnambedu RS, Marimuthu RR, Sunil SS, Amrose P, Ramachandran V, Pachamuthu B
    J Infect Public Health, 2020 Jan;13(1):75-79.
    PMID: 31402312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.015
    PURPOSE: Emergence of multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in HIV patients limit the treatment options and challenge the clinical management of infections. The periodic monitoring of S. aureus infections and its drug resistance profile in HIV patients are of paramount importance in clinical management.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 7204 clinical specimens from HIV patients from 2012 to 2017 were processed for the isolation of S. aureus strains using conventional culture techniques and cultures were identified using standard biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus strains was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.

    RESULTS: A total of 380 (5.3%) S. aureus strains were isolated from HIV patients in the study period. High percentage of S. aureus strains were isolates from urine (69.5%) specimen and 58.4% of S. aureus infections were noted among hospitalized patients. Antibiotic susceptibility profile reveals S. aureus was highly resistant to penicillin (95.2%) followed by cephalexin (84.6%). Methicillin resistance was highly observed in the year 2017 (86%) and the rate of MRSA steadily increasing from 51.8% in 2012 to 86% in 2017. Significant increase of S. aureus infections (35%; p<0.001) and MRSA (76%; p=0.0007) were observed in the year 2016.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the increasing trends of S. aureus infections and MRSA among HIV patients from Southern India. Multidrug-resistance profile of S. aureus could complicate the selection of proper antibiotic regimens and time cure of HIV patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
  20. Antimicrobial resistance profiling and molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a Malaysian teaching hospital
    Noordin A, Sapri HF, Mohamad Sani NA, Leong SK, Tan XE, Tan TL, et al.
    J Med Microbiol, 2016 Dec;65(12):1476-1481.
    PMID: 27902380 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000387
    The annual prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Malaysia has been estimated to be 30 % to 40 % of all S. aureus infections. Nevertheless, data on the antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Malaysian MRSAs remain few. In 2009, we collected 318 MRSA strains from various wards of our teaching hospital located in Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia, and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing on these strains. The strains were then molecularly characterized via staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec and virulence gene (cna, sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, eta, etb, Panton-Valentine leukocidin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1) typing; a subset of 49 strains isolated from the intensive care unit was also typed using PFGE. Most strains were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (92.5 %), erythromycin (93.4 %) and gentamicin (86.8 %). The majority (72.0 %) of strains were found to harbour SCCmec type III-SCCmercury with the presence of ccrC, and carried the sea+cna gene combination (49.3 %), with cna as the most prevalent virulence gene (94.0 %) detected. We identified four PFGE clusters, with pulsotype C (n=19) as the dominant example in the intensive care unit, where this pulsotype was found to be associated with carriage of SCCmec type III and the sea gene (P=0.05 and P=0.02, respectively). In summary, the dominant MRSA circulating in our hospital in 2009 was a clone that was ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and gentamicin resistant, carried SCCmec type III-SCCmercury with ccrC and also harboured the sea+cna virulence genes. This clone also appears to be the dominant MRSA circulating in major hospitals in Kuala Lumpur.
    Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects*; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics*; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
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