Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 152 in total

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  1. Zain RB, Sakamoto F, Shrestha P, Mori M
    Malays J Pathol, 1995 Jun;17(1):23-30.
    PMID: 8907001
    Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a well known marker for cell proliferation. It tends to accumulate in the late G1 and S-phase of the cell cycle. A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against PCNA is now available and it can react with paraffin-embedded specimens. In the present study, PCNA immunohistochemical staining of 36 cases of oral cancer specimens obtained from surgery were investigated. The results showed differing nuclear staining patterns for PCNA in normal, hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelium, early cancer and 3 levels of differentiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. It appears that PCNA can be a useful marker in delineating normal epithelium and hyperplastic epithelium from dysplasia in the oral cavity. The use of PCNA staining may further emphasize the conventional histopathological grading of well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma but is still dependent on basic criteria as observed without immunostaining. PCNA expression for all grades of squamous cell carcinoma are present at the deep, infiltrative margins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/pathology
  2. Lopez JB, Sahabudin RM, Chin LP
    Int. J. Biol. Markers, 2004 Apr-Jun;19(2):164-7.
    PMID: 15255551
    Increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and decreased insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in serum have been proposed as markers of prostate cancer (CaP). The evidence for this, however, is contradictory. We assayed serum for IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with CaP and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in healthy controls (HC). The mean +/- SD concentration of IGF-I in CaP (98.3 +/- 39.3 ng/mL; n = 15) was lower than in BPH (119 +/- 31.1 ng/mL; n=24) and HC (119 +/- 36.1 ng/mL; n=46), but the differences between the three groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean IGFBP-3 concentrations in CaP (2691 +/- 1105 ng/mL; n = 16; p = 0.029) and BPH (2618 +/- 816 ng/mL; n = 26; p = 0.006) patients were significantly lower than that of the HC (3119 +/- 618 ng/mL; n=59), but the difference between the two groups of patients was not significant (p > 0.05). PSA concentrations in CaP (median = 80.8 ng/mL; n = 25) were significantly higher than those in BPH (median = 8.6 ng/mL; n = 39) (p < 0.001). Ninety-six percent of CaP and 72% of BPH patients had PSA concentrations >4.0 ng/mL; the proportions of patients with concentrations exceeding 20 ng/mL were 76% and 10%, respectively. We conclude that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are inferior to PSA for CaP detection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/blood
  3. Isyraqiah F, Kutty MK, Durairajanayagam D, Singh HJ
    Mol Biol Rep, 2019 Dec;46(6):5967-5975.
    PMID: 31444698 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05030-z
    Individuals who are obese are at a greater risk of developing gastric cancer. They are however also hyperleptinaemic. Chronic leptin treatment has been shown to upregulate numerous cancer-causing genes in the stomach of male Sprague-Dawley rats. It is however unclear if leptin enhances the effect of gastric carcinogens in vivo. This study was therefore done to investigate the effect of leptin on gastric carcinogenesis in rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Twenty-four, 6-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into three groups: G1 served as age-matched controls; G2 was treated with MNNG in drinking water ad libitum (200 mg L-1); G3 was given leptin and MNNG. Rats were euthanized after 40 weeks of treatment and their stomachs were removed for histopathology, microarray, and RT-qPCR analysis. Fisher's exact test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyse the data. Fifty percent of the MNNG-treated rats developed gastric hyperplasia (p hyperplasia, dysplasia, hypertrophy, and adenocarcinoma in 75% (6/8) of the rats; with upregulation of microRNAs, olfactory receptors, Hey2 (transcription factor), Tmed2 (vesicular trafficking), and Lcn11 (cell proliferation) genes. It appears that leptin enhances MNNG- induced tumour growth in stomachs of Sprague-Dawley rats and its role in gastric cancer requires further scrutiny.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/pathology
  4. Mohamad Pakarul Razy NH, Wan Abdul Rahman WF, Win TT
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 Jan 25;20(1):277-282.
    PMID: 30678450
    Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor that plays an important role in
    thyroid cancer. VEGF is known to have high affinity to VEGF receptors such as VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR).
    Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid cancer and studies showed the increasing incidence of
    PTC arising in nodular hyperplasia. Targeted therapy on these growth factors and receptors are used in management
    of both differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. This study aims to determine the expression of VEGF
    and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) in thyroid nodular hyperplasia and PTC. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on
    paraffinized archival tissue blocks of 113 nodular hyperplasias and 67 PTC from the thyroidectomy specimens in
    the year of 2003 to 2014. The tissue sections were then stained by immunohistochemistry for VEGF, VEGFR-1 and
    VEGFR-2. The lymph node involvement and extrathyroid extension also were determined. Results: The mean age of
    PTC patients was 44.7±15.8 years and nodular hyperplasia were 42.2±13.6 years. There was a statistical difference
    of VEGFR-1 (p=0.028) and VEGFR-2 (p=0.003) expression between nodular hyperplasia and PTC. However, no
    significant difference of VEGF expression (p=0.576) between both diseases. Co-expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1
    was significant in both nodular hyperplasia (p=0.016) and PTC (p=0.03), meanwhile no relevant relationship for VEGF
    and VEGFR-2 expression (p>0.05). No significant association (p>0.05) between lymph node status and extrathyroid
    extension with age groups, gender, VEGF and VEGFR expression. Conclusions: VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2
    showed overexpression in both nodular hyperplasia and PTC. The expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 are more
    significant in PTC with relevant co-expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1. Therefore, the inhibition of VEGFR offers a
    promising prospect for tumour management in thyroid carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/metabolism*
  5. Jayaram G, Peh KB
    Diagn Cytopathol, 1995 Nov;13(4):295-9.
    PMID: 8599911
    Three patients presenting with parotid, submandibular, and/or lymph node masses were subjected to fine-needle aspiration cytology. Smears showed dissociated and clustered endothelial cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and Warthin Finkeldey giant cells. In two cases a diagnosis of Kimura's disease was suggested from the FNA cytologic smears. In the third case the presence of mononucleate cells with prominent nucleoli led to a suspicion of Hodgkin's disease. Excision biopsy and histopathologic study established a diagnosis of Kimura's disease in all three cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia/pathology*
  6. Tan GH, Shah SA, Ali NM, Goh EH, Singam P, Ho CCK, et al.
    Investig Clin Urol, 2017 05;58(3):186-191.
    PMID: 28480344 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2017.58.3.186
    PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the urethral stricture (US) rate and identify clinical and surgical risk factors associated with US occurrence after transurethral resection of the prostate using the bipolar Gyrus PlasmaKinetic Tissue Management System (PK-TURP).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an age-matched case-control study of US occurrence after PK-TURP. Retrospective data were collected from the hospital records of patients who had a minimum of 36 months of follow-up information. Among the data collected for analysis were prostate-specific antigen level, estimated prostate weight, the amount of prostate resected, operative time, history of urinary tract infection, previous transurethral resection of the prostate, and whether the PK-TURP was combined with other endourological procedures. The resection rate was calculated from the collected data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical and surgical risk factors related to US formation.

    RESULTS: A total of 373 patients underwent PK-TURP between 2003 and 2009. There were 13 cases of US (3.5%), and most of them (10 of 13, 76.9%) presented within 24 months of surgery. Most of the US cases (11 of 13, 84.6%) occurred at the bulbar urethra. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified slow resection rate as the only risk factor significantly associated with US occurrence.

    CONCLUSIONS: The US rate of 3.5% after PK-TURP in this study is comparable to contemporary series. A slow resection rate seems to be related to US occurrence. This should be confirmed by further studies; meanwhile, we must be mindful of this possibility when operating with the PK-TURP system.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery
  7. Singh GD, Ganjoo M, Youssouf MS, Koul A, Sharma R, Singh S, et al.
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2009 Oct;47(10):2661-5.
    PMID: 19654032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.031
    Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae), is a popular herb among the women in Malaysia known locally as "Kacip Fatimah". Recently many nutraceutical products containing the powdered or extracted parts of the plant have become available for women's health care. However no evaluation of the effect of the repeated dosing of any herbal product of this plant had been undertaken prior to a 28-day sub-acute study presented in this report. The results showed that a dose of 50mg/kg of an aqueous extract of L. pumila corresponded to no-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), whereas higher doses were associated with some toxicity concerns.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/chemically induced; Hyperplasia/pathology
  8. Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Sadler R, Flynn K, Raab-Traub N
    N Engl J Med, 1995 Sep 14;333(11):693-8.
    PMID: 7637746 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199509143331103
    BACKGROUND: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is consistently detected in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To determine whether EBV infection is an early, initiating event in the development of this malignant tumor, we screened nasopharyngeal-biopsy samples, most of which were archival, for preinvasive lesions, including dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Preinvasive lesions were found in 11 samples, which were tested for the presence of EBV.
    METHODS: EBV infection was detected with in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) and by immunohistochemical staining for latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1). The larger samples were also tested for the EBV genome with the use of Southern blotting. The expression of specific EBV RNAs was determined by the amplification of complementary DNA with the polymerase chain reaction.
    RESULTS: Evidence of EBV infection was detected in all 11 tissue samples with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. EBERs were identified in all eight samples tested, and LMP-1 was detected in all six of the tested samples. Six of the seven samples tested for the EBV termini contained clonal EBV DNA: Transcription of the latent EBV gene products, EBV nuclear antigen 1, LMP-1, LMP-2A, and the BamHI-A fragment, was detected in most of the samples. Viral proteins characteristic of lytic lesions were not detected.
    CONCLUSIONS: Preinvasive lesions of the nasopharynx are infected with EBV. The EBV DNA is clonal, indicating that the lesions represent a focal cellular growth that arose from a single EBV-infected cell and that EBV infection is an early, possibly initiating event in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Preinvasive lesions contain EBV RNAs that are characteristic of latent infection but not the viral proteins that are characteristic of lytic infection. The detection of the EBV-transforming gene, LMP-1, in all the neoplastic cells suggests that its expression is essential for preinvasive epithelial proliferations associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/pathology; Hyperplasia/virology
  9. Singam P, Hong GE, Ho C, Hee TG, Jasman H, Inn FX, et al.
    Aging Male, 2015 Jun;18(2):112-7.
    PMID: 25690022 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1011614
    The aim of study was to evaluate the influence of ageing, lifestyle, and co morbid illnesses on treatment outcome of nocturia among men with BPH.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy*
  10. Barakat SM, Siar CH
    J Appl Oral Sci, 2015 Jan-Feb;23(1):79-86.
    PMID: 25760270 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140245
    The identification of stem cells (SC) remains challenging. In the human oral mucosal epithelium, these cells are believed to be in the basal layer (stem cell niche), but their exact location is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the dysplastic oral epithelium for these SC-like proteins in order to assess their diagnostic value as biomarkers complementing the histological grading of dysplasia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia/metabolism
  11. Jayapalan JJ, Ng KL, Razack AH, Hashim OH
    Electrophoresis, 2012 Jul;33(12):1855-62.
    PMID: 22740474 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100608
    Diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is currently much reliant on the invasive and time-consuming transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate gland, particularly in light of the inefficient use of prostate-specific antigen as its biomarker. In the present study, we have profiled the sera of patients with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using the gel- and lectin-based proteomics methods and demonstrated the significant differential expression of apolipoprotein AII, complement C3 beta chain fragment, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 fragment, transthyretin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and high molecular weight kininogen (light chain) between the two groups of patients' samples. Our data are suggestive of the potential use of the serum proteins as complementary biomarkers to effectively discriminate PCa from BPH, although this requires further extensive validation on clinically representative populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Hyperplasia/blood*
  12. Lo MS, Ng ML, Wu LL, Khalid BA
    Malays J Pathol, 1996 Jun;18(1):53-8.
    PMID: 10879225
    An in-house radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of androstenedione levels in serum was established and validated. Levels of androstenedione were measured by RIA using serum samples from various normal population groups and patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Analytical recovery and linearity results were > 95%, while intra- and inter-assay CVs were < 10% and < 22% respectively. The assay sensitivity was 0.5 nmol/l or 25 fmol/tube. In normal population groups, the highest androstenedione levels were found in preterm neonates (1.6-12.4 nmol/l), followed by adult females (1.5-10.2 nmol/l), adult males (1.6-8.0 nmol/l) and term neonates (0.8-8.8 nmol/l), while the lowest values were observed in prepubertal children (0.5-3.4 nmol/l). There were no significant differences in diurnal variation and between follicular and luteal phases. The range of androstenedione levels in untreated or poorly controlled CAH patients (7.6-355.0 nmol/l, median 42.5 nmol/l, n = 20) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the upper normal limit of 3.4 nmol/L for prepubertal children. The normal androstenedione reference ranges for paediatric and adult groups have thus been established.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/blood*
  13. Kong CH, Ibrahim MF, Zainuddin ZM
    Ann Saudi Med, 2009;29(6):429-32.
    PMID: 19847078 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.57163
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: For treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Plasma Kinetic loop Resection of the Prostate (PKRP) is an alternative to conventional monopolar transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). We compared outcomes with the two treatments in a randomized trial.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a one-year period, we randomly assigned patients with an indication for surgery for BPH and who met inclusion criteria to treatment with either PKRP or TURP. We measured prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound, relief of bladder outlet obstruction, operative time, decline in serum sodium and hemoglobin, weight of resected prostatic chips, duration of catheterization and hospital stay. Patients were evaluated one month after discharge for obstructive symptoms. Complications were also recorded.

    RESULTS: Of 102 patients enrolled, 51 underwent PKRP and 51 underwent TURP. Relief of obstructive symptoms and mean operative time showed no statistically significant difference. The PKRP group had a smaller decline in hemoglobin than the TURP group (0.6 g/dL vs 1.8 g/dL, P=.01), a lower reduction in serum sodium levels (1.03 mmol/L vs 5.01 mmol/L, P=.01), a shorter catheterization time (37.2 hours versus 57.7 hours, P=.03) and a shorter hospital stay (1.5 days versus 2.6 days, P=.02). One patient in the bipolar PKRP group needed recatheterization versus four patients in the TURP group.

    CONCLUSION: PKRP reduces morbidity with an outcome similar to conventional monopolar TURP in the treatment of BPH.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery*
  14. Kamaruzaman NA, Sulaiman SA, Kaur G, Yahaya B
    PMID: 24886260 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-176
    Honey is widely used in folk medicine to treat cough, fever, and inflammation. In this study, the effect of aerosolised honey on airway tissues in a rabbit model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma was investigated. The ability of honey to act either as a rescuing agent in alleviating asthma-related symptoms or as a preventive agent to preclude the occurrence of asthma was also assessed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia
  15. Siar CH, Ng KH, Ngui CH
    Ann Dent, 1992;51(1):27-8.
    PMID: 1632623
    A case of denture hyperplasia of the upper labial sulcus with concomitant oncocytic metaplastic changes is described. The patient concerned is an elderly male wearing an ill-fitting upper full denture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia
  16. Zainuddin AA, Grover SR, Soon CH, Nur Azurah AG, Mahdy ZA, Wu LL, et al.
    Front Pediatr, 2019;7:144.
    PMID: 31058121 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00144
    Background: Girls born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have virilized external genitalia. There is considerable debate regarding both the outcomes of feminizing genitoplasty and timing of the surgery in this population. Objective: To investigate outcomes of females 46,XX individuals with CAH in Malaysia, the surgical outcomes of feminizing genitoplasty (FG) and their attitudes toward surgery. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study involving the two main tertiary centers in Malaysia. All 46,XX patients with CAH and raised female, who had undergone FG were identified and invited to participate. Data on socio-demographic, medical profiles, and attitudes toward surgery were collected. A standardized evaluation of the external genitalia was undertaken including the anatomic and cosmetic evaluation by independent gynecologists. Results: Of 61 individuals identified, 59 participated-consisting of children (n = 12), adolescents (n = 29) and adults (n = 18). All but one had classical CAH (98.3%) and had undergone FG (n = 55, 93.2%) with surgery mostly undertaken by pediatric surgeons trained in DSD work (n = 44, 74.6%). Complications overall were low (20.3%), with repeat surgery rate of 9.1%. External genital examination was performed in 38 participants. Overall 36.8% had absent clitoral glands and 39.5% had a persistent urogenital sinus and in 10.5%, no vaginal orifices were seen. Poor cosmetic outcomes were present in 42.1% with 55.3% recommended for further assessment under general anesthetic. Almost half participants did not venture an opinion on FG, those who did varied from having a positive attitude toward it (18 participants) to 3 opining that it should not be done, or avoided or delayed. From the participants, 35.5% preferred FG to be done early in life compared to 44.0% of the parents. Conclusions: The reoperation rates of the feminizing genitoplasty surgeries were low however due to the anatomic and cosmetic outcomes, reassessment of the external genitalia of these CAH patients may be required once they consider becoming sexually active as they may require further treatment. Many factors such as cultural sensitivities and access to medical treatment and late diagnoses have an impact on attitudes toward FG.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
  17. Tham CL, Yeoh SY, Ong CH, Harith HH, Israf DA
    Mediators Inflamm, 2021;2021:9725903.
    PMID: 33883974 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9725903
    2,6-Bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone (BHMC), a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in cellular models of inflammation and improve the survival of mice from lethal sepsis. We further evaluated the therapeutic effect of BHMC on acute airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), followed by intraperitoneal administration of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg of BHMC. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and lung samples were collected, and the respiratory function was measured. OVA sensitization and challenge increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation. All three doses of BHMC (0.1-10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as compared to OVA-challenged mice. However, serum level of IgE was not affected. All three doses of BHMC (0.1-10 mg/kg) were effective in suppressing the infiltration of inflammatory cells at the peribronchial and perivascular regions, with the greatest effect observed at 1 mg/kg which was comparable to dexamethasone. Goblet cell hyperplasia was inhibited by 1 and 10 mg/kg of BHMC, while the lowest dose (0.1 mg/kg) had no significant inhibitory effect. These findings demonstrate that BHMC, a synthetic nonsteroidal small molecule, ameliorates acute airway inflammation associated with allergic asthma, primarily by suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators and goblet cell hyperplasia to a lesser extent in acute airway inflammation of allergic asthma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia
  18. Iqbal S, Hamid ALA, Purmal K
    Dent Traumatol, 2009 Dec;25(6):626-630.
    PMID: 19843134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2009.00830.x
    This case describes surgical correction of unilateral coronoid hyperplasia in a 13-year-old boy due to trauma. Treatment included coronoidectomy by intraoral approach after the diagnosis was confirmed. Computed tomography scan and occipitomental view radiograph were utilized for investigation. The resected coronoid process was sent for histopathological study. The histopathological examination revealed decalcified sections showing osteochondroid hyperplasia at the expanded end. On clinical and radiographic review at 2 years postoperation, the patient was well, completely symptom free and had improved mouth opening. This case report demonstrates the management of sports injury related unilateral coronoid hyperplasia. Emphasis was also placed on postoperational rehabilitation to prevent any relapse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperplasia
  19. Taib, H., Ali, T.B.T., Kamin, S.
    MyJurnal
    Gingival overgrowth is frequently observed in patients taking certain drugs such as calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants and immunosuppressant. This can have a significant effect on the quality of life as well as increasing the oral bacterial load by generating plaque retention sites. Amlodipine, a third generation calcium channel blockers has been shown to promote gingival overgrowth although in very limited cases reported. The management of gingival overgrowth seems to be directed at controlling gingival inflammation through a good oral hygiene regimen. However in severe cases, surgical excision is the most preferred method of treatment, followed by rigorous oral hygiene procedures. This case report describes the management of gingival overgrowth in a hypertensive patient taking amlodipine. Combination of surgical gingivectomy and CO2 laser treatment was used to remove the gingival overgrowth. CO2 laser surgery produced good hemostasis and less pain during the procedure and post operatively. This case report has also shown that periodontal treatment alone without a change in associated drug can yield satisfactory clinical response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingival Hyperplasia
  20. Thambiah, Subashini Chellapah, Zalinah Ahmad, Zarida Hambali, Malina Osman, Munia Mohd Zain, Fuziah Md Zain, et al.
    MyJurnal
    A clinical descriptive study was done to determine the sociodemographic, laboratory and clinical characteristics of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) referred to Hospital Putrajaya, a tertiary endocrine centre in Malaysia. Electronic laboratory data of 51 CAH patients were obtained. The demographics and clinical details of the study population were acquired from a questionnaire completed by parents of participants. There were 25 males (49%) and 26 females (51%), of which, 58.8% were Malays. Median age of participants was 4 years whilst median age at diagnosis of CAH was two years. Parental consanguinity was documented in three patients (5.9%). Patients originated from Johor (19.6%), Selangor (19.6%), Negeri Sembilan (17.6%) and Kedah (13.7%). Majority of patients were diagnosed after one week of life (80.4%) although more females were diagnosed under the age of one week compared to males (p=0.041). Most females presented with ambiguous genitalia (42.3%) [p=0.001] whereas 72% of males presented with salt wasting (p=0.003). No significant associations between race and all other variables, though interestingly three Malay patients presented with ambiguous genitalia and hypertension. Equal gender distribution noted as expected in an autosomal recessive condition, although not in keeping with other Asian countries. Early diagnosis in females attributed to obvious genital ambiguity at birth. Varied clinical presentation, although in minority, necessitates genetic studies for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Considering that majority of patients presented with salt wasting and the age at diagnosis was delayed, the introduction of a neonatal screening programme is essential in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
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