Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 107 in total

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  1. Fulltext Multiple concurrent primary extramammary Paget's disease
    Leelavathi M, Norazirah MN, Nur Amirah AP
    Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(1):18-21.
    PMID: 28461844
    Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant disorder of the skin, which was described in as early as the nineteenth century. EMPD usually occurs as a single lesion in the apocrine sweat gland-bearing skin with abundant hair follicles. Here, we present an elderly man who suffered from a non-resolving chronic genital pruritus for 8 months. Initially, he was managed for recurrent fungal infection and eczema. Later, a diagnosis of the rare condition multiple primary EMPD was made based on the histopathology findings and appropriate treatment was given.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  2. A needle in a haystack: the new genus Bernadottea (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Winnertziinae) with four new species in the Old World
    Jaschhof M, Jaschhof C
    Zootaxa, 2018 Feb 15;4379(4):529-538.
    PMID: 29689964 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.4.5
    A new genus of Winnertziini (Cecidomyiidae: Winnertziinae) named Bernadottea gen. nov. is introduced to absorb four new species from various different parts of the Old World: B. natalensis sp. nov. from South Africa, B. honshuensis sp. nov. from Japan, and B. pahangensis sp. nov. and B. selangorensis sp. nov. from Malaysia. Bernadottea are distinguished from previously known Winnertziini by the unusually complex genitalia of males, and from most members of this tribe by the absence of the fourth medial vein (M4). Another feature of Bernadottea is their rare occurrence in samples of Winnertziini taken by hand or by traps, a circumstance presumably expressing their scarcity in nature, at least at ground level. The new taxa are described based on the morphology of males, while females and larvae remain unknown.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  3. Fulltext Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on "exploding ants" (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group
    Laciny A, Zettel H, Kopchinskiy A, Pretzer C, Pal A, Salim KA, et al.
    Zookeys, 2018.
    PMID: 29706783 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.751.22661
    A taxonomic description of all castes of Colobopsis explodens Laciny & Zettel, sp. n. from Borneo, Thailand, and Malaysia is provided, which serves as a model species for biological studies on "exploding ants" in Southeast Asia. The new species is a member of the Colobopsis cylindrica (COCY) group and falls into a species complex that has been repeatedly summarized under the name Colobopsis saundersi (Emery, 1889) (formerly Camponotus saundersi). The COCY species group is known under its vernacular name "exploding ants" for a unique behaviour: during territorial combat, workers of some species sacrifice themselves by rupturing their gaster and releasing sticky and irritant contents of their hypertrophied mandibular gland reservoirs to kill or repel rivals. This study includes first illustrations and morphometric characterizations of males of the COCY group: Colobopsis explodens Laciny & Zettel, sp. n. and Colobopsis badia (Smith, 1857). Characters of male genitalia and external morphology are compared with other selected taxa of Camponotini. Preliminary notes on the biology of C. explodens Laciny & Zettel, sp. n. are provided. To fix the species identity of the closely related C. badia, a lectotype from Singapore is designated. The following taxonomic changes within the C. saundersi complex are proposed: Colobopsis solenobia (Menozzi, 1926), syn. n. and Colobopsis trieterica (Menozzi, 1926), syn. n. are synonymized with Colobopsis corallina Roger, 1863, a common endemic species of the Philippines. Colobopsis saginata Stitz, 1925, stat. n., hitherto a subspecies of C. badia, is raised to species level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Male
  4. Fulltext Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)
    Goulding TC, Khalil M, Tan SH, Dayrat B
    Zookeys, 2018.
    PMID: 29896045 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.763.21252
    A new genus of onchidiid slugs, Wallaconchis Goulding & Dayrat, gen. n., is described, including ten species. Five species were previously described but known only from the type material: Wallaconchis ater (Lesson, 1830), W. graniferum (Semper, 1880), W. nangkauriense (Plate, 1893), W. buetschlii (Stantschinsky, 1907), and W. gracile (Stantschinsky, 1907), all of which were originally classified in Onchidium Buchannan, 1800. Many new records are provided for these five species, which greatly expand their known geographic distributions. Five species are new: Wallaconchis achleitneri Goulding, sp. n., W. comendadori Goulding & Dayrat, sp. n., W. melanesiensis Goulding & Dayrat, sp. n., W. sinanui Goulding & Dayrat, sp. n., and W. uncinus Goulding & Dayrat, sp. n. Nine of the ten Wallaconchis species are found in the Coral Triangle (eastern Indonesia and the Philippines). Sympatry is high, with up to six species found on the island of Bohol (Philippines) and eight species overlapping in northern Sulawesi (Indonesia). Wallaconchis is distinguished from other onchidiids by its bright dorsal colors (red, yellow, orange) but those are extremely variable and not useful for specific identification. Internally, the reproductive system can be used to identify all Wallaconchis species. The copulatory organs of Wallaconchis species are especially diverse compared to other onchidiid genera, and the possible role of reproductive incompatibility in species diversification is discussed. All specimens examined were freshly collected for the purpose of a worldwide revision of the Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815. The species are well delineated using DNA sequences and comparative anatomy. Mitochondrial DNA analysis yields thirteen molecular units separated by a large barcode gap, while nuclear DNA yields nine units. By integrating nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA with morphology, ten species are recognized. The natural history of each species (e.g., the microhabitat where they are found) is also documented. Nomenclature is addressed thoroughly (the types of all onchidiid species were examined, lectotypes were designated when needed, nomina dubia are discussed). Morphological characters, transitions to new microhabitats, and diversification processes are discussed in the context of a robust molecular phylogeny.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  5. Fulltext RNA-seq data of the Jatropha curcas L. shoot system
    Govender N, Senan S, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Isa MNM, Yaakob Z, Ratnam W
    Data Brief, 2018 Dec;21:71-74.
    PMID: 30338276 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.081
    Jatropha curcas L. or the physic nut is a monoecious shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The plant is an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production; oil-rich seed (37-42%), has a broad range of growth habitat such as arid, semi-arid and tropical and a relatively feasible process for conversion of crude oil into biodiesel. The major constraint affecting the success of large-scale J. curcas plantation is seed yield inconsistency. Numerous research projects conducted on J. curcas with integrated genetic, genomic and transcriptomic approaches have been applied on the leaf, apical meristem, flower, root and fruit tissues. However, to date, no genomics data of J. curcas shoot system are publicly available, despite its importance in understanding flowering, fruiting and seed set qualities targeted for yield improvement. Here, we present eighteen sets of shoot and inflorescence transcriptomes generated from J. curcas plants with contrasting yields. Raw reads of the RNA-seq data are found in NCBI׳s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database with the accession number SRP090662 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=SRP090662). This transcriptomic data could be integrated with the present genomic resources for in depth understanding of J. curcas reproductive system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  6. Fulltext Bridging exhibitionism and internet pornography: is there a link?
    Lee SC, Sidi H, Zakaria H, Loo JL, Yahaya R
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(3):51-53.
    MyJurnal
    Exhibitionism is a distressing condition which may have a link with the increasing availability and usage of online sexual activities (OSA). We highlight a 42-year-old man who presented with a constant craving for OSA to achieve his sexual satisfaction which included exposing his genitalia to virtual partners, unsuspected strangers, and colleagues in public areas. His sexual behaviours were further reinforced by an online video chatting with genitalia exposure, which ended commonly with an exchange of masturbatory acts. He denied any problem with his erection and able to achieve orgasm via common sexual acts. There was no past psychiatric history nor family history of mental disorder. He volunteered to seek psychiatric help and subsequently given a psycho education on his illness and how to cope with the distress associated with his sexual acts. He was scheduled for an intensive psychotherapy to instil insight and hope to deal with his sexual difficulties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  7. Fulltext Monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress in accessory reproductive organs of male sprague-dawley rats
    Erni Norfardila Abu Hanipah, Nor Janna Yahya, Esther Mathias Ajik, Nur Afizah Yusoff, Izatus Shima Taib
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):67-73.
    MyJurnal
    Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a food additive but its excessive intake leads to oxidative stress of several organs. However, the oxidative effect of MSG on male accessory reproductive organs remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MSG on the status of oxidative stress and morphological alterations in the male accessory reproductive organs such as epididymis, prostate glands and seminal vesicle of Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rats per group. Control group received distilled water (1 ml/kg) while MSG60 and MSG120 received 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of MSG, respectively. All the substances were administered via force feed oral for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the accessory organs for biochemical analysis and histological observations. The SOD activity in the epididymis showed a significant increase in MSG60 and MSG120 compared to control (p < 0.05). The GSH levels in the epididymis of MSG 120 showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. The levels of MDA and PC in the epididymis and prostate gland of MSG60 and MSG120 showed a significant increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Histological alterations were found in the epididymis and prostate gland of MSG treated rats. In conclusion, MSG at both doses induced oxidative stress in the epididymis and prostate gland of experimental rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  8. Fulltext Hair Thread Tourniquet Syndrome in an Infant: Emergency Exploration Saves Limbs
    Kesu Belani L, Leong JF, Narin Singh PSG, Abdullah S
    Cureus, 2019 Dec 13;11(12):e6377.
    PMID: 31938655 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6377
    Hair thread tourniquet syndrome (HTTS) is a rare condition where fibres constrict around appendages causing ischaemia and necrosis. It is a sporadically reported condition, where almost all reported cases showed involvement of fingers, toes or genitalia. A significant number of the cases are infants aged two weeks to six months where it is attributed to the mother's excessive hair fall due to hormonal changes after delivery. We present a two-month-old infant who was irritable for the past two days with her left ring finger exhibiting an ischaemic constriction with no apparent insulting agent. She successfully treated surgically after we suspected an incomplete removal of hair thread in the emergency department. We would like to highlight the importance of a high index of suspicion in cases as such as early intervention saves the appendage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  9. Fulltext Chronic Inflammatory Diseases at Secondary Sites Ensuing Urogenital or Pulmonary Chlamydia Infections
    Cheok YY, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Looi CY, Wong WF
    Microorganisms, 2020 Jan 17;8(1).
    PMID: 31963395 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010127
    Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae are members of the Chlamydiaceae family of obligate intracellular bacteria. The former causes diseases predominantly at the mucosal epithelial layer of the urogenital or eye, leading to pelvic inflammatory diseases or blindness; while the latter is a major causative agent for pulmonary infection. On top of these well-described diseases at the respective primary infection sites, Chlamydia are notoriously known to migrate and cause pathologies at remote sites of a host. One such example is the sexually acquired reactive arthritis that often occurs at few weeks after genital C. trachomatis infection. C. pneumoniae, on the other hand, has been implicated in an extensive list of chronic inflammatory diseases which include atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, and primary biliary cirrhosis. This review summarizes the Chlamydia infection associated diseases at the secondary sites of infection, and describes the potential mechanisms involved in the disease migration and pathogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  10. Fulltext Social Isolation Modulates CLOCK Protein and Beta-Catenin Expression Pattern in Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone Neurons in Male Rats
    Teo CH, Soga T, Parhar IS
    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2017;8:225.
    PMID: 28936198 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00225
    Postweaning social isolation reduces the amplitude of the daily variation of CLOCK protein in the brain and induces lower reproductive activity. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) acts as an inhibitor in the reproductive system and has been linked to stress. Social isolation has been shown to lower neuronal activity of GnIH-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). The exact mechanism by which social isolation may affect GnIH is still unclear. We investigated the impact of social isolation on regulatory cellular mechanisms in GnIH neurons. We examined via immunohistochemistry the expression of CLOCK protein at four different times throughout the day in GnIH cells tagged with enhanced fluorescent green protein (EGFP-GnIH) in 9-week-old adult male rats that have been raised for 6 weeks under postweaning social isolation and compared them with group-raised control rats of the same age. We also studied the expression of β-catenin-which has been shown to be affected by circadian proteins such as Bmal1-in EGFP-GnIH neurons to determine whether it could play a role in linking CLOCK in GnIH neurons. We found that social isolation modifies the pattern of CLOCK expression in GnIH neurons in the DMH. Socially isolated rats displayed greater CLOCK expression in the dark phase, while control rats displayed increased CLOCK expression in the light phase. Furthermore, β-catenin expression pattern in GnIH cells was disrupted by social isolation. This suggests that social isolation triggers changes in CLOCK and GnIH expression, which may be associated with an increase in nuclear β-catenin during the dark phase.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  11. Fulltext Multiple concurrent primary extramammary Paget’s disease
    Leelavathi, M., Norazirah, M.N., Nur Amirah, A.P.
    Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(1):18-21.
    MyJurnal
    Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant disorder of the skin, which was described
    in as early as the nineteenth century. EMPD usually occurs as a single lesion in the apocrine sweat
    gland–bearing skin with abundant hair follicles. Here, we present an elderly man who suffered from
    a non-resolving chronic genital pruritus for 8 months. Initially, he was managed for recurrent fungal
    infection and eczema. Later, a diagnosis of the rare condition multiple primary EMPD was made
    based on the histopathology findings and appropriate treatment was given.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  12. Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model
    Jubaidi FF, Mathialagan RD, Noor MM, Taib IS, Budin SB
    Syst Biol Reprod Med, 2019 Jun;65(3):194-204.
    PMID: 30773941 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1573274
    Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used in food preparation industry and has been consumed regularly. Previous studies had reported on effects of MSG when given at extremely high dosages, the results are not applicable to human equivalent intake. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on sperm quality and changes in reproductive organs of adult male rats when taken at average human daily intake (ADI). Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned into three groups; NC (Normal control), MSG60 and MSG120 where MSG was given orally at 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg to each respective group. All treatments were conducted for 28 consecutive days. MSG at estimated ADI of 120 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant drop in sperm quality (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Male/drug effects*
  13. CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from genital Chlamydia trachomatis-infected patients
    Cheong HC, Lee CYQ, Cheok YY, Shankar EM, Sabet NS, Tan GMY, et al.
    Immunobiology, 2019 01;224(1):34-41.
    PMID: 30477893 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.010
    BACKGROUND: Persistent inflammation caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in the female genital compartment represents one of the major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and infertility in females. Here, we examined the pro-inflammatory cytokine response following stimulation with three different types of C. trachomatis antigens, viz. chlamydial protease-like factor (CPAF), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and major outer membrane protein (MOMP).

    METHODS: A total of 19 patients with genital C. trachomatis infection and 10 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from genital C. trachomatis-infected females were cultured in the presence of CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens, and cytokines were measured by ELISA assay.

    RESULTS: We reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were robustly secreted following antigenic exposure. Notably, CPAP and MOMP were more potent in triggering IL-1β, as compared to HSP60. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were also noted in the samples infected with plasmid-bearing C. trachomatis as compared to those infected with plasmid-free strains.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights distinct ability of chlamydial antigens in triggering pro-inflammatory response in the host immune cells.

    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia/immunology*
  14. Phytoandrogenic properties of Eurycoma longifolia as natural alternative to testosterone replacement therapy
    George A, Henkel R
    Andrologia, 2014 Sep;46(7):708-21.
    PMID: 24386995 DOI: 10.1111/and.12214
    The testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is characterised by numerous symptoms, including low libido, increased fat mass, fatigue, erectile dysfunction or osteoporosis, and up to 80% of men will experience some kind of ageing males' symptoms. This is caused by the age-depending decline in serum testosterone levels with concentrations being about 40-50% lower in men older than 60 years compared with young men. This significant decline in testosterone levels is further closely linked with medical conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes or hypertension. The conventional way of treating TDS is the testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), for which preparations are on the market. Apart from the beneficial effects of TRT, significant adverse side effects have been described, and prostate cancer (PCa) as absolute contraindication is debated. Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali; TA) is natural alternative to TRT and has been shown to restore serum testosterone levels, thus significantly improving sexual health. This includes significant positive effects on bone health and physical condition of patients. In addition, a significant antihyperglycaemic effect and cytotoxicity against PCas cells has been shown. Thus far, at therapeutic concentrations, no significant side effects of the treatment were obvious. Therefore, TA might be a safe alternative to TRT.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Male/drug effects
  15. Revision of the frog fly genus Caiusa Surcouf, 1920 (Diptera, Calliphoridae), with a note on the identity of Plinthomyia emimelania Rondani, 1875
    Rognes K
    Zootaxa, 2015;3952(1):1-80.
    PMID: 25947832 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3952.1.1
    The Oriental, Australasian and Oceanian genus Caiusa Surcouf, 1920 is revised, species concepts being based on male and female genitalia. A key to males for all known species, and a key to females for all except one are given. All relevant types still in existence have been studied, complete synonymies given and the geographical distribution reconsidered. The eight species included in the genus are: Caiusa borneoensis sp. nov. (Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam); Caiusa coomani Séguy, 1948 (China, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam); Caiusa indica Surcouf, 1920 (Australia, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam); Caiusa karrakerae sp. nov. (Malaysia, Thailand); Caiusa kurahashii sp. nov. (Indonesia, Japan, Philippines); Caiusa pooae sp. nov. (Thailand); Caiusa testacea Senior-White, 1923 (India, Nepal, Sri Lanka) and Caiusa violacea Séguy, 1925, stat. rev. (Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam). A lectotype is designated for Caiusa indica to fix the interpretation of the name. Caiusa nigronitens Senior-White, 1923, syn. nov. and Caiusa surcoufi Bezzi, 1927, syn. nov. are established as junior synonyms of Caiusa indica. Caiusa violacea is correctly diagnosed and errors in the original description of the female holotype are pointed out. Caiusa dubiosa Villeneuve, 1927 is established as a junior synonym of C. violacea, syn. nov. Seven Caiusa species have been reared from the egg mass of various species of frogs. The reproductive mode of the eighth species, i.e., C. indica, is unknown. Five species, i.e., C. borneoensis, C. coomani, C. karrakerae, C. kurahashii and C. violacea have been reared from one or more of the foam nesting frog species Chiromantis nongkhorensis (Cochran, 1927), Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1927), Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861, Rhacophorus annamensis Smith, 1924, Rhacophorus dulitensis Boulenger, 1892, Rhacophorus kio Ohler & Delorme, 2005 and Rhacophorus owstoni (Stejneger, 1907) all belonging in the family Rhacophoridae in Anura. These five Caiusa species all have a specialised ovipositor tip, with small spine-like setae on the ST8 and the hypoproct, probably enabling the flies to oviposit on a foam nest with a hardened outer surface. They form a monophyletic group on account of these features of the ovipositor, unique in the Oestroidea. The sixth species, C. testacea, has been reared from a frog egg mass, the frog species being unknown. Its ovipositor structure is also unknown. The seventh species, C. pooae, has been reared once from the jelly-like egg mass of Feihyla hansenae (Cochran, 1927), also in Rhacophoridae. Caiusa pooae females do not have spine-like setae on the ovipositor, a fact correlated with the soft outer surface of the jelly-like egg mass on which a C. pooae female had oviposited. The extreme rarity of C. pooae oviposition on Feihyla hansenae egg masses may indicate that this fly perhaps has another, unknown, regular oviposition substrate. Caiusa pooae and C. indica make up a second monophyletic group within Caiusa. Caiusa indica, the most common and most widespread species of the genus, has an ovipositor structure similar to C. pooae. Its breeding substrate is unknown and it occurs both within and outside the distributional area of Rhacophoridae. Possibly both C. indica and C. pooae share a regular oviposition substrate that has still to be discovered. The holotype female of Plinthomyia emimelania Rondani, 1875 from Sarawak is established as a member of the genus Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, thus Plinthomyia Rondani, 1875 becomes a junior synonym of Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, syn. nov. It is removed from the synonymy of Phumosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Female
  16. Gender beyond male and female: Occurrence of a gynandromorph in the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex sitiens (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Low VL, Wong ML, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Jeyaprakasam NK, Vythilingam I
    Acta Trop, 2020 Jan;201:105207.
    PMID: 31586449 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105207
    A gynandromorph of Culex sitiens Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) was attracted to a human during a mosquito surveillance programme conducted in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia on July 20, 2019. Gynandromorphism was observed in antennae, maxillary palps, legs and wings of the specimen, with distinct male characters on the left and female characters on the right, though the left maxillary palp is slightly shorter than the proboscis of a typical male. The abdomen, however, displays well-developed male genitalia. This study represents the first report of oblique gynandromorphism in Cx. sitiens, one of the vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Male
  17. Fulltext Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review
    Ismail NH, Ibrahim SF, Jaffar FHF, Mokhtar MH, Chin KY, Osman K
    Molecules, 2021 Jan 27;26(3).
    PMID: 33513715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030649
    Phytochemical contents of honey are presumed to be beneficial to the female reproductive system (FRS). However, the biological effects of honey supplementation (HS) in vivo on the FRS remain unclear. This review aims to investigate the current literature on the effects of HS on the FRS, particularly on the sex hormone profile and reproductive organs (uterus and vagina). A systematic literature search using Scopus, MEDLINE via Ovid and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Records were screened and identified for preclinical and clinical studies addressing the effects of HS on the FRS. Data on populations, interventions, outcomes and methodological quality were extracted. Studies were synthesised using tables and written summaries. Of the 198 identified records, six fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All six records were used for data extraction: two experimental studies using rats as the model organism and four human clinical studies of honey on female reproductive health. HS elevated the progesterone levels, restrained body weight increase, prevented uterine and vaginal atrophies in ovariectomised rats, attenuated symptoms of candidiasis and improved oxidative status in patients. Current evidence shows that short-term HS following surgical or physiological menopause exerts an oestrogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the FRS. However, insufficient long-term studies preclude any definitive conclusions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Female
  18. Fulltext Malaysian Females With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Surgical Outcomes and Attitudes
    Zainuddin AA, Grover SR, Soon CH, Nur Azurah AG, Mahdy ZA, Wu LL, et al.
    Front Pediatr, 2019;7:144.
    PMID: 31058121 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00144
    Background: Girls born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have virilized external genitalia. There is considerable debate regarding both the outcomes of feminizing genitoplasty and timing of the surgery in this population. Objective: To investigate outcomes of females 46,XX individuals with CAH in Malaysia, the surgical outcomes of feminizing genitoplasty (FG) and their attitudes toward surgery. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study involving the two main tertiary centers in Malaysia. All 46,XX patients with CAH and raised female, who had undergone FG were identified and invited to participate. Data on socio-demographic, medical profiles, and attitudes toward surgery were collected. A standardized evaluation of the external genitalia was undertaken including the anatomic and cosmetic evaluation by independent gynecologists. Results: Of 61 individuals identified, 59 participated-consisting of children (n = 12), adolescents (n = 29) and adults (n = 18). All but one had classical CAH (98.3%) and had undergone FG (n = 55, 93.2%) with surgery mostly undertaken by pediatric surgeons trained in DSD work (n = 44, 74.6%). Complications overall were low (20.3%), with repeat surgery rate of 9.1%. External genital examination was performed in 38 participants. Overall 36.8% had absent clitoral glands and 39.5% had a persistent urogenital sinus and in 10.5%, no vaginal orifices were seen. Poor cosmetic outcomes were present in 42.1% with 55.3% recommended for further assessment under general anesthetic. Almost half participants did not venture an opinion on FG, those who did varied from having a positive attitude toward it (18 participants) to 3 opining that it should not be done, or avoided or delayed. From the participants, 35.5% preferred FG to be done early in life compared to 44.0% of the parents. Conclusions: The reoperation rates of the feminizing genitoplasty surgeries were low however due to the anatomic and cosmetic outcomes, reassessment of the external genitalia of these CAH patients may be required once they consider becoming sexually active as they may require further treatment. Many factors such as cultural sensitivities and access to medical treatment and late diagnoses have an impact on attitudes toward FG.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
  19. Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and practice of female genital mutilations among males and females attending Out Patients and MCH Clinic of Elder District Rural Hospital Galgadud Region Somalia
    Shamsul, A.S., Abdi Nur, S.A., Halim, I., Rahmah, M.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2008;14(1):45-51.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Somalia is a country that still practices Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Female genital mutilation (FGM) constitutes all procedures, which involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons.
    Methodology: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted among males and females above 18 years of age attending the Out Patient Clinic and Mother & Child Clinic of Elder District, Rural Hospital Galgadud Region, Somalia in June 2006 using a structured questionnaire to access the respondents’ knowledge, attitude and practice.
    Results: Four hundred respondents were interviewed and male respondents were noted to be more knowledgeable than their female counterparts (p 0.004) and so does respondents with formal education (p <0.001) and had occupation (p <0.001). Majority of the female respondents (97.1%) favors the practices of FGM and reasons such as to protect virginity (p <0.001), increase marital opportunity (p <0.001) and religious recommendations (p <0.001) were noted to be the important
    factors in the continuation of FGM. All of the female respondents have had some form of FGM, giving the prevalence rate of 100% with 64.1% underwent the procedure at between the age of 5-10 years old and the commonest form of FGM were infibulations. Mother (69.4%) was the important decision maker for these women.
    Conclusion: Aggressive education programme should be introduced targeting the women in this community. They should be well informed on the complication of FGM and its health effects. Providing clinics will help to alleviate some of the complications related to FGM. Law on protecting women from these practices should be introduced and enforced.
    Key Words: female genital mutilation, knowledge, attitude, practice
    Study site: Clinic of Elder District, Rural Hospital Galgadud Region, Somalia
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Female
  20. Fulltext Staged resection in the management of HIV-related anogenital giant condyloma acuminatum. A case report
    Loo GH, Lim LY, Zainuddin ZM, Fam XI
    Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2019 Dec;48:73-76.
    PMID: 31737262 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.10.024
    Introduction: Giant condyloma acuminata (GCA), also known as Bushke-Lowenstein tumour, is a rare disease which affects 0.1% of the population. Although histopathologically benign, it tends to be locally destructive. The common sites of involvement include the penis and the anorectum. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is a lack of controlled studies on the optimal management of this entity. Thus, we report a case of anogenital GCA in a 40-year-old HIV-positive man.

    Case presentation: A 40-year-old man presented with progressive anogenital warts associated with foul-smelling discharge and fever. He has been diagnosed with HIV and was on HAART on presentation. A warty excrescence had infiltrated the entire external genitalia, gluteals and sacral region. Serial excision was performed along with a defunctioning colostomy. The patient recovered well, and the final histopathological showed features of GCA.

    Discussion: With HIV, the HPV infection goes unchecked may develop into GCA. Malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma may occur in more than half of the cases. A complex interaction between HIV and HPV may lead to a higher risk of recurrence even after resection. The diagnosis is usually clinical. Imaging modalities may be used in identifying the extent and depth of invasion.

    Conclusion: The optimal management of anogenital giant condyloma acuminata remains to be determined. Staged surgical excision should be conducted to achieve an optimum outcome. Radical reconstructive surgery should be reserved for patients with recurrence, malignant transformation or sphincter involvement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia
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