Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 285 in total

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  1. Fulltext Urine protein excretion among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Hong CY, Chia KS, Ling SL
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Jun;55(2):220-9.
    PMID: 19839150
    Background: Urinary excreton of low molecular weight proteins such as beta2-microglobulin and retinol binding protein (RBP), and enzymes such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), may be useful as indicators of renal tubular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.
    Objective: To describe the profile of urinary protein and enzyme excretion in 240 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore.
    Materials and Methodology: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients presenting for follow-up at a Government primary care clinic. Information was obtained from interview, physical examination and laboratory analysis. Data analysis included descriptive statistics on urinary protein and enzyme excretion, comparison of unadjusted and adjusted means of these among patient subgroups, as well as correlation with control of diabetes and other clinical parameters.
    Results: Albuminuria correlated with urine B2-microglobulin (r=0.34, p<0.01) and RBP (r=0.46,p<0.01). hypertensive patients had significantly higher mean urine albumin (geometric mean 15.13mg/gCr) and B2-microglobulin (363.18ug/gCr) levels compared to patients without hypertension (7.07mg/gCR; 219,20ug/gCr; p<0.05). Patients with complications of diabetes also had higher albumin (15.55 vs 6.20mg/gCr), B2-microglobulin (344.47 vs 288.83ug/gCr) and RBP excretion (152.02 vs 94.54mg/gCr). Two-hour postprandial sugar correlated with B2-microglobulin (r=0.33, p<0.01), RBP (r=0.35, p<0.01) and NAG (r=0.28, p<0.01). Urinary protein excretion did not correlate with HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, age of patient or duration since diagnosis.
    Conclusion: These results among 240 Chinese patients in Singapore were consistent with reports from other study populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acetylglucosaminidase/urine; Enzymes/urine; Proteinuria/urine*
  2. The effect of intravenous infusion of L-arginine, glycine and D-lysine on urinary calcium excretion in the rat
    Singh HJ
    Jpn. J. Physiol., 1995;45(2):327-36.
    PMID: 7563967
    Standard renal clearance techniques were used to compare the effects of intravenous infusions of L-arginine, D-lysine and glycine on urinary calcium excretion in the rat. A significant calciuric response was evident following the infusion of all three amino acids in all the animals. The maximal effect was evident in rats receiving L-arginine. The mechanism for the increased urinary calcium excretion in rats infused with L-arginine and D-lysine appeared more due to a decreased fractional reabsorption of this cation as no significant changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were evident in these two groups. The calciuria in rats receiving glycine appears due to increased filtered load secondary to the increased GFR, suggesting that the mechanism for calciuria evident following protein ingestion or amino acid infusion may vary and may be dependent upon the amino acid ingested or infused.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/urine*; Magnesium/urine; Sodium/urine
  3. Hyperexcretion of homocitrulline in a Malaysian patient with lysinuric protein intolerance
    Habib A, Md Yunus Z, Azize NA, Ch'ng GS, Ong WP, Chen BC, et al.
    Eur J Pediatr, 2013 Sep;172(9):1277-81.
    PMID: 23358709 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-1947-1
    Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI; MIM 222700) is an inherited aminoaciduria with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Biochemically, affected patients present with increased excretion of the cationic amino acids: lysine, arginine, and ornithine. We report the first case of LPI diagnosed in Malaysia presented with excessive excretion of homocitrulline. The patient was a 4-year-old male who presented with delayed milestones, recurrent diarrhea, and severe failure to thrive. He developed hyperammonemic coma following a forced protein-rich diet. Plasma amino acid analysis showed increased glutamine, alanine, and citrulline but decreased lysine, arginine and ornithine. Urine amino acids showed a marked excretion of lysine and ornithine together with a large peak of unknown metabolite which was subsequently identified as homocitrulline by tandem mass spectrometry. Molecular analysis confirmed a previously unreported homozygous mutation at exon 1 (235 G > A, p.Gly79Arg) in the SLC7A7 gene. This report demonstrates a novel mutation in the SLC7A7 gene in this rare inborn error of diamino acid metabolism. It also highlights the importance of early and efficient treatment of infections and dehydration in these patients.

    CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of LPI is usually not suspected by clinical findings alone, and specific laboratory investigations and molecular analysis are important to get a definitive diagnosis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/urine; Citrulline/urine; Biomarkers/urine
  4. A rapid MCM-41 dispersive micro-solid phase extraction coupled with LC/MS/MS for quantification of ketoconazole and voriconazole in biological fluids
    Yahaya N, Sanagi MM, Abd Aziz N, Wan Ibrahim WA, Nur H, Loh SH, et al.
    Biomed Chromatogr, 2017 Feb;31(2).
    PMID: 27474795 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3803
    A rapid dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μ-SPE) combined with LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of ketoconazole and voriconazole in human urine and plasma samples. Synthesized mesoporous silica MCM-41 was used as sorbent in d-μ-SPE of the azole compounds from biological fluids. Important D-μ-SPE parameters, namely type desorption solvent, extraction time, sample pH, salt addition, desorption time, amount of sorbent and sample volume were optimized. Liquid chromatographic separations were carried out on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm), using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.05% formic acid in 5 mm ammonium acetate buffer (70:30, v/v). A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive ionization mode was used for the determination of target analytes. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-10,000 μg/L with satisfactory limit of detection (≤0.06 μg/L) and limit of quantitation (≤0.3 μg/L). The proposed method also showed acceptable intra- and inter-day precisions for ketoconazole and voriconazole from urine and human plasma with RSD ≤16.5% and good relative recoveries in the range 84.3-114.8%. The MCM-41-D-μ-SPE method proved to be rapid and simple and requires a small volume of organic solvent (200 μL); thus it is advantageous for routine drug analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/urine*; Ketoconazole/urine*; Voriconazole/urine*
  5. Serum and urine interleukin-17A levels as biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
    Nordin F, Shaharir SS, Abdul Wahab A, Mustafar R, Abdul Gafor AH, Mohamed Said MS, et al.
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2019 Aug;22(8):1419-1426.
    PMID: 31179646 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.13615
    OBJECTIVES: This study examined the correlations of both serum and urine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was also aimed at determining their sensitivity and specificity as biomarkers of disease activity in SLE.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving SLE patients (n = 120 patients) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Serum and urinary IL-17A levels were determined by immunoassay while disease activity was assessed using Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group's 2004 index (BILAG 2004) scores. The correlations between serum and urinary IL-17A levels with total SLEDAI-2K and BILAG 2004 scores were determined using bivariate correlation analyses. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to determine their sensitivity and specificity as disease activity biomarkers.

    RESULTS: Both serum and urinary IL-17A levels correlated with total scores of BILAG 2004, BILAG renal, BILAG mucocutaneous, and SLEDAI-2K (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/urine*; Biomarkers/urine; Interleukin-17/urine*
  6. Fulltext Development and double cross-validation of new spot urine sodium equation to predict 24-h urine sodium in the Malaysian population
    Othman F, Ambak R, Omar MA, Shahar S, Nor NSM, Ahmad MH, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):10.
    PMID: 34059149 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00232-3
    BACKGROUND: Monitoring sodium intake through 24-h urine collection sample is recommended, but the implementation of this method can be difficult. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an equation using spot urine concentration to predict 24-h sodium excretion in the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: This was a Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) sub-study, which was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. Out of 798 participants in the MyCoSS study who completed 24-h urine collection, 768 of them have collected one-time spot urine the following morning. They were randomly assigned into two groups to form separate spot urine equations. The final spot urine equation was derived from the entire data set after confirming the stability of the equation by double cross-validation in both study groups. Newly derived spot urine equation was developed using the coefficients from the multiple linear regression test. A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the mean bias and limits of agreement between estimated and measured 24-h urine sodium. The estimation of sodium intake using the new equation was compared with other established equations, namely Tanaka and INTERSALT.

    RESULTS: The new equation showed the least mean bias between measured and predicted sodium, - 0.35 (- 72.26, 71.56) mg/day compared to Tanaka, 629.83 (532.19, 727.47) mg/day and INTERSALT, and 360.82 (284.34, 437.29) mg/day. Predicted sodium measured from the new equation showed greater correlation with measured sodium (r = 0.50) compared to Tanaka (r =0.24) and INTERSALT (r = 0.44), P < 0.05.

    CONCLUSION: Our newly developed equation from spot urine can predict least mean bias of sodium intake among the Malaysian population when 24-h urine sodium collection is not feasible.

    Matched MeSH terms: Urine Specimen Collection
  7. Fulltext Comparison of the health implications on the use of As and Cd contaminated water supply between urban and rural communities
    Zailina H, Najibah H, Aiezzati AN, Praveena SM, Patimah I
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:797603.
    PMID: 25530970 DOI: 10.1155/2014/797603
    A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in blood, urine, and drinking water as well as the health implications on 100 residents in an urban and a rural community. Results showed the blood As, urinary Cd, DNA damage, and water As and Cs were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings showed significant (P < 0.005) correlations between blood As and DNA damage with household income, years of residence, and total glasses of daily water consumption among the rural residents. The urinary NAG concentrations, years of residence, milk powder intake (glass/week), and seafood intake (per week) were significantly correlated (P < 0.005) with urinary Cd concentrations among respondents. In addition, urinary Cd level significantly influenced the urinary NAG concentrations (P < 0.001). The rural respondents experienced significantly higher lymphocyte DNA damage and blood As influenced by their years of residence and water consumption. The Cd in drinking water also resulted in the rural respondents having significantly higher urinary NAG which had a significant relationship with urinary Cd.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arsenic/urine; Cadmium/urine
  8. Molecularly imprinted polymer as sorbent in micro-solid phase extraction of ochratoxin A in coffee, grape juice and urine
    Lee TP, Saad B, Khayoon WS, Salleh B
    Talanta, 2012 Jan 15;88:129-35.
    PMID: 22265478 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.021
    A simple, environmental friendly and selective sample preparation technique employing porous membrane protected micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) loaded with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) is described. After the extraction, the analyte was desorbed using ultrasonication and was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of OTA for coffee, grape juice and urine were 0.06 ng g(-1), 0.02 and 0.02 ng mL(-1), respectively while the quantification limits were 0.19 ng g(-1), 0.06 and 0.08 ng mL(-1), respectively. The recoveries of OTA from coffee spiked at 1, 25 and 50 ng g(-1), grape juice and urine samples at 1, 25 and 50 ng mL(-1) ranged from 90.6 to 101.5%. The proposed method was applied to thirty-eight samples of coffee, grape juice and urine and the presence of OTA was found in eighteen samples. The levels found, however, were all below the legal limits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mycotoxins/urine*; Ochratoxins/urine*
  9. Fulltext Separation of sulfated urinary glycosaminoglycans by high-resolution electrophoresis for isotyping of mucopolysaccharidoses in Malaysia
    Nor A, Zabedah MY, Norsiah MD, Ngu LH, Suhaila AR
    Malays J Pathol, 2010 Jun;32(1):35-42.
    PMID: 20614724
    Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited disorders caused by the deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) degradation. Currently, there are 11 enzyme deficiencies resulting in seven distinct MPS clinical syndromes and their subtypes. Different MPS syndromes cannot be clearly distinguished clinically due to overlapping signs and symptoms. Measurement of GAGs content in urine and separation of GAGs using high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) are very useful initial screening tests for isotyping of MPS before specific enzyme diagnostics. In this study, we measured total urinary GAGs by a method using dimethylmethylene blue (DMB), and followed by isolation and separation of GAGs using high resolution electrophoresis (HRE) technique. Of 760 urine samples analyzed, 40 have abnormal GAGs HRE patterns. Thirty-five of these 40 cases have elevated urinary GAGs levels as well. These abnormal HRE patterns could be classified into 4 patterns: Pattern A (elevated DS and HS; suggestive of MPS I, II or VII; 16 cases), Pattern B (elevated HS and CS; suggestive of MPS III; 17 cases), and Pattern C (elevated KS and CS; suggestive of MPS IV, 5 cases), and Pattern D (elevated DS; suggestive of MPS VI; 2 cases). Based on the GAGs HRE pattern and a few discriminating clinical signs, we performed selective enzymatic investigation in 16 cases. In all except one case with MPS VII, the enzymatic diagnosis correlated well with the provisional MPS type as suggested by the abnormal HRE pattern. Our results showed that GAGs HRE is a useful, inexpensive and practical first-line screening test when MPS is suspected clinically, and it provides an important guide to further enzymatic studies on a selective basis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glycosaminoglycans/urine*; Mucopolysaccharidoses/urine*
  10. Urinary hyaluronidase activity in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis--evidence for invasion?
    Chandramathi S, Suresh KG, Mahmood AA, Kuppusamy UR
    Parasitol Res, 2010 May;106(6):1459-63.
    PMID: 20358228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1825-y
    The fact whether Blastocystis hominis can invade has always been in question. Apart from a few sporadic studies such as that done on gnotobiotic guinea pigs which showed surface invasion and mucosal inflammation of the host's intestine caused by B. hominis infection, no real documentation of invasion has been proven. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase is secreted during the penetration into the host's skin and gut by nematode parasites. Hyaluronidase activity in protozoa namely Entamoeba histolytica has also been described previously. This study attempts to determine hyaluronidase in urine samples of B. hominis-infected rats. The presence of hyaluronidase in urine provides an indirect evidence of invasion by B. hominis into colonic epithelium causing the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins namely hyaluronic acid (HA). HA is depolymerized by hyaluronidase which may be used by organisms to invade one another. In this study, the levels of urinary hyaluronidase of Sprague-Dawley rats infected with B. hominis were monitored for 30 days. Hyaluronidase levels in the infected rats were significantly higher on days 28 and 30 compared to the day before inoculation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). During this stage, parasitic burden in infected stools was also at a high level. Proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the serum of infected rats. The study demonstrates that since no other pathogen was present and that amoeboid forms of the parasites have been shown to exist previously, the elevated levels of hyaluronidase in this preliminary finding suggests that the organism is capable of having invasion or penetration activity in the hosts' intestine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/urine*; Protozoan Proteins/urine*
  11. Elevated levels of urinary hyaluronidase in humans infected with intestinal parasites
    Chandramathi S, Suresh K, Kuppusamy UR
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2010 Jul;104(5):449-52.
    PMID: 20819313 DOI: 10.1179/136485910X12743554760423
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/urine*; Biomarkers/urine
  12. Indoor air pollution evaluation with emphasize on HDI and biological assessment of HDA in the polyurethane factories
    Mirmohammadi M, Hakimi Ibrahim M, Ahmad A, Kadir MO, Mohammadyan M, Mirashrafi SB
    Environ Monit Assess, 2010 Jun;165(1-4):341-7.
    PMID: 19444630 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0950-5
    Today, many raw materials used in factories may have a dangerous effect on the physiological system of workers. One of them which is widely used in the polyurethane factories is diisocyanates. These compounds are widely used in surface coatings, polyurethane foams, adhesives, resins, elastomers, binders, and sealants. Exposure to diisocyanates causes irritation to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory tract. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) is metabolite of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). It is an excretory material by worker's urine who is exposed to HDI. Around 100 air samples were collected from five defined factories by midget impinger which contained dimethyl sulfoxide absorbent as a solvent and tryptamine as reagent. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with EC\UV detector using NIOSH 5522 method of sampling. Also, 50 urine samples collected from workers were also analyzed using William's biological analysis method. The concentration of HDI into all air samples were more than 88 microg/m(3), and they have shown high concentration of pollutant in the workplaces in comparison with NIOSH standard, and all of the workers' urine were contaminated by HDA. The correlation and regression test were used to obtain statistical model for HDI and HDA, which is useful for the prediction of diisocyanates pollution situation in the polyurethane factories.
    Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants, Occupational/urine; Diamines/urine*
  13. Pregnancy outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum and the effect of laboratory clinical indicators of hyperemesis severity
    Tan PC, Jacob R, Quek KF, Omar SZ
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2007 Aug;33(4):457-64.
    PMID: 17688612
    To determine pregnancy outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum and the effect of metabolic, biochemical, hematological and clinical indicators of disease severity on outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperemesis Gravidarum/urine; Ketones/urine
  14. The fetal sex ratio and metabolic, biochemical, haematological and clinical indicators of severity of hyperemesis gravidarum
    Tan PC, Jacob R, Quek KF, Omar SZ
    BJOG, 2006 Jun;113(6):733-7.
    PMID: 16709219
    The association between female fetal sex and hyperemesis gravidarum is well established in European and North American populations. The association between female fetuses and severity of hyperemesis remains uncertain. A retrospective study based on case notes review of 166 Asian women hospitalised for hyperemesis was performed. Female fetuses were significantly associated with hyperemesis in our population (P= 0.004, OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2) as well as associated with severe ketonuria and high urea. When both severe ketonuria and high urea were present at initial hospital admission for hyperemesis, 83% (95% CI 66-93) of the fetuses were female.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperemesis Gravidarum/urine; Ketone Bodies/urine
  15. Concentrations and profiles of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs) in several Asian countries
    Guo Y, Senthilkumar K, Alomirah H, Moon HB, Minh TB, Mohd MA, et al.
    Environ Sci Technol, 2013 Mar 19;47(6):2932-8.
    PMID: 23409981 DOI: 10.1021/es3052262
    Concentrations of 12 hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were determined in 306 urine samples collected from seven Asian countries (China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam) by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The total concentrations of OH-PAHs found in the seven Asian countries were in the following increasing order: Malaysia (median: 2260 pg/mL) < Japan (4030 pg/mL) < China (5770 pg/mL) < India (6750 pg/mL) < Vietnam (8560 pg/mL) < Korea (9340 pg/mL) < Kuwait (10170 pg/mL). The measured urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) in samples from Malaysia, Korea, and Japan (∼ 100 pg/mL) were similar to those reported for North America and Western Europe. The concentrations of 1-PYR in urine samples from China, India, and Vietnam were 4-10 times higher than those reported for other countries, thus far. Among the 12 OH-PAH compounds analyzed, hydroxynaphthalene (NAP: sum of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene) was the dominant compound (accounting for 60-90% of total OH-PAHs), followed by hydroxyphenanthrene (PHEN: sum of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-16%]), 2-hydroxyfluorene (3-20%), and 1-PYR (2-8%). The total daily intakes (DIs) of PAHs were estimated based on the urinary concentrations of their metabolites. The DIs of naphthalene were found to be higher for populations in Korea, Kuwait, and Vietnam (> 10 μg/day) than those of the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day). The DIs of phenanthrene and pyrene (> 10 μg/day) in the populations of China, India, and Vietnam were higher than those estimated for the populations in the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day).
    Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/urine*; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/urine*
  16. Fulltext A Point-of-Care Immunosensor for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Clinical Urine Samples Using a Cuneated Polysilicon Nanogap Lab-on-Chip
    Balakrishnan SR, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Poopalan P, Ramayya HR, Iqbal Omar M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(9):e0137891.
    PMID: 26368287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137891
    Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone secreted from the placenta, is a key molecule that indicates pregnancy. Here, we have designed a cost-effective, label-free, in situ point-of-care (POC) immunosensor to estimate hCG using a cuneated 25 nm polysilicon nanogap electrode. A tiny chip with the dimensions of 20.5 × 12.5 mm was fabricated using conventional lithography and size expansion techniques. Furthermore, the sensing surface was functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and quantitatively measured the variations in hCG levels from clinically obtained human urine samples. The dielectric properties of the present sensor are shown with a capacitance above 40 nF for samples from pregnant women; it was lower with samples from non-pregnant women. Furthermore, it has been proven that our sensor has a wide linear range of detection, as a sensitivity of 835.88 μA mIU(-1) ml(-2) cm(-2) was attained, and the detection limit was 0.28 mIU/ml (27.78 pg/ml). The dissociation constant Kd of the specific antigen binding to the anti-hCG was calculated as 2.23 ± 0.66 mIU, and the maximum number of binding sites per antigen was Bmax = 22.54 ± 1.46 mIU. The sensing system shown here, with a narrow nanogap, is suitable for high-throughput POC diagnosis, and a single injection can obtain triplicate data or parallel analyses of different targets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chorionic Gonadotropin/urine*; Pregnancy/urine*
  17. Socioeconomic correlates of iodine status among school children in Sarawak, Malaysia
    Wah-Yun Low, Siti Norazah Zulkifli, Rajeswari Karuppiah
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2002;14(2):110-7.
    PMID: 12862416 DOI: 10.1177/101053950201400210
    Iodine deficiency is recognized as a public health problem. This paper assesses iodine status by socioeconomic factors in school children in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Kuching, Bau and Simunjan districts were chosen based on advice from the Sarawak's Medical and Health Authority. 803 school children, aged eight years, were selected from 19 schools via proportionate systematic sampling. About half the proportion of the school children were from Kuching, 24% from Simunjan and 22% from Bau. Almost all were equally distributed by sex. By mother's race, almost half were Malays, followed by Bidayuh, Iban, Chinese and other races. Mean urinary iodine concentration was 3.36 microg/ 100ml, mean creatinine level was 111.10 mg/100ml and mean creatinine/iodine ratio was 39.45 microg/ gram. Four female children (0.5%) were found to have enlarged thyroid. Urinary iodine levels were significantly different by district, mother's race and household income. It was highest in Kuching, among children with Malay mothers, and with household incomes more than RM500 per month. Conversely, it was lowest in Bau, among children of Iban/Dayak and Chinese mothers, and incomes of RM500 or less per month. Based on the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the Sarawak school children in the present study fall into the moderate IDD category. The low prevalence of goitre is a positive finding indicating that iodine deficiency is corrected over time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Creatinine/urine; Iodine/urine
  18. Clean-up, detection and determination of salbutamol in human urine and serum
    Saleh MI, Koh YM, Tan SC, Aishah AL
    Analyst, 2000 Sep;125(9):1569-72.
    PMID: 11064937
    Salbutamol ¿2-(tert-butylamino)-1-[4-hydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)phenyl]ethanol¿, also known as albuterol, is clinically the most widely used beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist in the treatment of bronchial asthma. During this study, we evaluated liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) in order to develop a reliable extraction method followed by analysis using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. An assay is described which involves SPE as the clean-up method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine salbutamol levels in human serum after oral administration. The SPE method requires the use of a hyper-cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene bonded phase (ENV+) without involving any sample pre-treatment to obtain 60-65% recoveries for salbutamol and terbutaline as the internal standard. Distilled water and 1% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol were found to be the most suitable washing solvent and eluting solvent, respectively. A detection limit of 2 ng mL-1 was achieved by derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide to form trimethylsilyl (TMS)-salbutamol (m/z 369) and TMS-terbutaline (m/z 356). The relationship between the ratio of the peak area of salbutamol to that of the internal standard and concentration was linear for the range tested (2-200 ng mL-1) and the correlation of coefficient was 0.9999 with a y-intercept not significantly different from zero. The inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) was < 10% for all three concentrations. The intra-day RSD was 14% for 2 ng mL-1. This assay was then successfully applied to human serum samples obtained from clinical trials after oral administration of salbutamol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Albuterol/urine; Bronchodilator Agents/urine
  19. Profile of solvent abusers (glue sniffers) in East Malaysia
    Zabedah MY, Razak M, Zakiah I, Zuraidah AB
    Malays J Pathol, 2001 Dec;23(2):105-9.
    PMID: 12166590
    Solvent abuse is deliberate sniffing of an organic solvent for the intention of altering the physiological state of the individual. It is also commonly known as glue sniffing because glue is the most commonly abused substance. This form of substance abuse is widespread throughout the world and usually popular among secondary school children and young adults because of its easy availability and it is cheaper compared with most drugs of abuse. In Malaysia this problem has been recognized especially among the children in East Malaysia. In this study, 37 children and young adults from or around Kota Kinabalu, Sabah were referred to Bukit Padang Psychiatric Hospital by the Anti-drug Task force for suspected solvent abuse. These children were interviewed using questionaire and examined physically. Blood and urine were analysed for toluene and hippuric acid. 27 of the children, age ranging between 8 and 20 years, willingly admitted to sniffing glue for a period between a few months to 2 years. Most of them were children of Fillipino illegal immigrants in Kota Kinabalu. Biochemical parameters were found to be normal. Two of them were pale with low hemoglobin and 7 had eosinophilia. Haematuria and proteinuria were found in 21 children (78%). 16 blood samples with toluene levels ranging from 0.3 to 41 microg/ml and 10 urine samples have elevated urinary hippuric acid levels ranging from 1.2 to 7.4 mg/ml. Strong positive correlation was noted between mean blood toluene levels and duration of abuse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hippurates/urine; Toluene/urine
  20. Fulltext Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary deoxypyridinoline in postmenopausal osteoporosis
    Nawawi HM, Yazid TN, Ismail NM, Mohamad AR, Nirwana SI, Khalid BA
    Malays J Pathol, 2001 Dec;23(2):79-88.
    PMID: 12166596
    The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the biochemical bone markers: serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSALP) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr) in postmenopausal osteoporosis, (ii) compare the bone turnover of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients without and with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) against controls and (iii) identify the correlation between these bone markers and bone mineral density (BMD). We examined 42 postmenopausal women with BMD proven osteoporosis and 35 control subjects. Serum TALP, BSALP and urinary Dpyr were measured. All three biochemical bone markers showed comparable moderate diagnostic sensitivity but Dpyr had the highest diagnostic specificity. There were significantly higher serum TALP, BSALP and urinary Dpyr levels in non-HRT treated patients compared to controls (p<0.005, <0.0001 and <0.005 respectively). There were no significant differences in the levels of all three bone markers between HRT treated patients and control subjects. There was no significant correlation between TALP, BSALP or Dpyr and BMD in both controls and patients. In conclusion, the biochemical bone markers are not useful in diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis but may have a role in monitoring progress and response to treatment. HRT treatment reduces bone turnover of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Amino Acids/urine*; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/urine*
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