Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 942 in total

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  1. Fulltext Bacterial contamination of hospital disinfectants
    Keah KC, Jegathesan M, Tan SC, Chan SH, Chee OM, Cheong YM, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Dec;50(4):291-7.
    PMID: 8668045
    A study to determine contamination of diluted disinfectants at different points in preparation and use in 6 Malaysian hospitals was done using the in-use test. A growth of > or = 250 organisms/ml was taken as an indication of contamination. A total of 342 (7.9%) of the 4316 freshly diluted samples collected from disinfectant bottles in the pharmacy were found to be contaminated. The bacterial isolates obtained were Pseudomonas spp. (42.4%), Moraxella spp. (22.0%), Flavobacterium spp. (11.6%) and Enterobacter spp. (4.2%). Three hundred and sixty seven out of 2278 ward stock were contaminated. The isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (48.6%), Moraxella spp. (17.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (8.9%) and Flavobacterium spp. (7.0%). Of the 9265 disinfectants in-use, 1519 (16.4%) were contaminated. Among the organisms isolated were Pseudomonas spp. (44.3%), Bacillus spp. (13.0%), Enterobacter spp. (9.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (7.3%). The results indicated a high level of contamination of diluted disinfectants prepared in the pharmacy, stored and used in the wards. This gave a high index of suspicion that recommendations for cleaning of disinfectant containers before refilling, handling of diluted stock solutions and using of disinfectants were not closely adhered to. Standard disinfection procedures outlined in the disinfection and sterilization policy by the Ministry of Health should therefore be followed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/isolation & purification*
  2. Bacterial pathogens isolated from cockroaches trapped from paediatric wards in peninsular Malaysia
    Oothuman P, Jeffery J, Aziz AH, Abu Bakar E, Jegathesan M
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1989 1 1;83(1):133-5.
    PMID: 2603192
    A survey was conducted in 4 paediatric wards in Malaysia to determine the distribution of various species of cockroaches and to examine their gut contents for bacteria. Cockroaches were trapped from food dispensing areas (kitchens), store rooms, cupboards and open wards. 104 cockroaches were caught, consisting of Periplaneta americana (67.3%), Blattella germanica (26%), P. brunnea (4.8%), and Supella longipalpa (1.9%). Bacteria were isolated from all cockroaches except 3 P. americana. Many bacterial species were identified, including the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic species Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebseilla oxytoca, K. ozaena and Serratia marcescens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/isolation & purification
  3. Fulltext Host, pathogen and environment: a bacterial gbpA gene expression study in response to magnesium environment and presence of prawn carapace and commercial chitin
    Tiruvayipati S, Bhassu S
    Gut Pathog, 2016;8:23.
    PMID: 27231485 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0105-5
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium which is found largely in estuarine and coastal waters. The bacteria has been a main focus in gastro-intestinal infections caused primarily due to the consumption of contaminated seafood. It was shown to survive in magnesium concentrations as high as 300 mM which are toxic to various other micro-organisms. Several genes of V. parahaemolyticus were studied, among which gbpA (N-acetyl glucosamine binding protein) was reported in Vibrio cholerae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacteria
  4. Fulltext Evaluation of two transformation protocols and screening of positive plasmid introduction into Bacillus cereus EB2, a gram-positive bacterium using qualitative analyses
    Sirajuddin SA, Sundram S
    Braz J Microbiol, 2020 Sep;51(3):919-929.
    PMID: 32078730 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00241-0
    Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can take up exogenous DNA when they are in a competent state either naturally or artificially. However, the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall is considered as a possible barrier to DNA uptake. In the present work, two transformation techniques have been evaluated in assessing the protocol's ability to introduce foreign DNA, pBBRGFP-45 plasmid which harbors kanamycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes into a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus EB2. B. cereus EB2 is an endophytic bacterium, isolated from oil palm roots. A Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa EB35 was used as a control sample for both transformation protocols. The cells were made competent using respective chemical treatment to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and kanamycin concentration in the selective medium was also optimized. Preliminary findings using qualitative analysis of colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-GFP indicated that the putative positive transformants for B. cereus EB2 were acquired using the second transformation protocol. The positive transformants were then verified using molecular techniques such as observation of putative colonies on specific media under UV light, plasmid extraction, and validation analyses, followed by fluorescence microscopy. Conversely, both transformation protocols were relatively effective for introduction of plasmid DNA into P. aeruginosa EB35. Therefore, this finding demonstrated the potential of chemically prepared competent cells and the crucial step of heat-shock in foreign DNA transformation process of Gram-positive bacterium namely B. cereus was required for successful transformation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects; Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics; Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects; Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics; Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development
  5. Fulltext Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review
    Chin VK, Yong VC, Chong PP, Amin Nordin S, Basir R, Abdullah M
    Mediators Inflamm, 2020;2020:9560684.
    PMID: 32322167 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9560684
    Human gut is home to a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining good health for the host. Studies on the interplay between microbiota in the gut and various human diseases remain the key focus among many researchers. Nevertheless, advances in sequencing technologies and computational biology have helped us to identify a diversity of fungal community that reside in the gut known as the mycobiome. Although studies on gut mycobiome are still in its infancy, numerous sources have reported its potential role in host homeostasis and disease development. Nonetheless, the actual mechanism of its involvement remains largely unknown and underexplored. Thus, in this review, we attempt to discuss the recent advances in gut mycobiome research from multiple perspectives. This includes understanding the composition of fungal communities in the gut and the involvement of gut mycobiome in host immunity and gut-brain axis. Further, we also discuss on multibiome interactions in the gut with emphasis on fungi-bacteria interaction and the influence of diet in shaping gut mycobiome composition. This review also highlights the relation between fungal metabolites and gut mycobiota in human homeostasis and the role of gut mycobiome in various human diseases. This multiperspective review on gut mycobiome could perhaps shed new light for future studies in the mycobiome research area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/metabolism
  6. Fulltext Complete Genome Sequence of Leptospira kmetyi LS 001/16, Isolated from a Soil Sample Associated with a Leptospirosis Patient in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Yusof NY, Muhammad Yusoff F, Muhammad Harish S, Ahmad MN, Khalid MF, Mohd Nor F, et al.
    Microbiol Resour Announc, 2019 Jul 11;8(28).
    PMID: 31296668 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00015-19
    The Gram-negative pathogenic spirochetal bacteria Leptospira spp. cause leptospirosis in humans and livestock animals. Leptospira kmetyi strain LS 001/16 was isolated from a soil sample associated with a leptospirosis patient in Kelantan, which is among the states in Malaysia with a high reported number of disease cases. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Leptospira kmetyi strain LS 001/16.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacteria
  7. Fulltext Genomic characterization of bacteria from the ultra-oligotrophic Madison aquifer: insight into the archetypical LuxI/LuxR and identification of novel LuxR solos
    Wengert PC, Wong NH, Barton HA, Gan HM, Hudson AO, Savka MA
    BMC Res Notes, 2021 May 08;14(1):175.
    PMID: 33964980 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05589-6
    OBJECTIVES: To characterize the bacterial community of Wind Cave's Madison aquifer through whole-genome sequencing, and to better understand the bacterial ecology by identifying genes involved in acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) based quorum-sensing (QS) systems.

    RESULTS: Genome-based taxonomic classification revealed the microbial richness present in the pristine Madison aquifer. The strains were found to span eleven genera and fourteen species, of which eight had uncertain taxonomic classifications. The genomes of strains SD129 and SD340 were found to contain the archetypical AHL QS system composed of two genes, luxI and luxR. Surprisingly, the genomes of strains SD115, SD129, SD274 and SD316 were found to contain one to three luxR orphans (solos). Strain SD129, besides possessing an archetypical AHL QS luxI-luxR pair, also contained two luxR solos, while strain SD316 contained three LuxR solos and no luxI-luxR pairs. The ligand-binding domain of two LuxR solos, one each from strains SD129 and SD316, were found to contain novel substitutions not previously reported, thus may represent two LuxR orphans that detection and response to unknown self-produced signal(s), or to signal(s) produced by other organisms.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/genetics; Bacterial Proteins/genetics
  8. Fulltext Elucidation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Iron(III) Reduction for Kaolinite Clay Refinement
    Jing H, Liu Z, Kuan SH, Chieng S, Ho CL
    Molecules, 2021 May 21;26(11).
    PMID: 34064160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113084
    Recently, microbial-based iron reduction has been considered as a viable alternative to typical chemical-based treatments. The iron reduction is an important process in kaolin refining, where iron-bearing impurities in kaolin clay affects the whiteness, refractory properties, and its commercial value. In recent years, Gram-negative bacteria has been in the center stage of iron reduction research, whereas little is known about the potential use of Gram-positive bacteria to refine kaolin clay. In this study, we investigated the ferric reducing capabilities of five microbes by manipulating the microbial growth conditions. Out of the five, we discovered that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus outperformed the other microbes under nitrogen-rich media. Through the biochemical changes and the microbial behavior, we mapped the hypothetical pathway leading to the iron reduction cellular properties, and found that the iron reduction properties of these Gram-positive bacteria rely heavily on the media composition. The media composition results in increased basification of the media that is a prerequisite for the cellular reduction of ferric ions. Further, these changes impact the formation of biofilm, suggesting that the cellular interaction for the iron(III)oxide reduction is not solely reliant on the formation of biofilms. This article reveals the potential development of Gram-positive microbes in facilitating the microbial-based removal of metal contaminants from clays or ores. Further studies to elucidate the corresponding pathways would be crucial for the further development of the field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/metabolism*
  9. The remarkable three-dimensional network structure of bacterial cellulose for tissue engineering applications
    Halib N, Ahmad I, Grassi M, Grassi G
    Int J Pharm, 2019 Jul 20;566:631-640.
    PMID: 31195074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.017
    Cellulose is a natural homopolymer, composed of β-1,4- anhydro-d-glucopyranose units. Unlike plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC), obtained from species belonging to the genera of Acetobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, and Sarcina through various cultivation methods and techniques, is produced in its pure form. BC is produced in the form of gel-like, never dry sheet with tremendous mechanical properties. Containing up to 99% of water, BC hydrogel is considered biocompatible thus finding robust applications in the health industry. Moreover, BC three-dimensional structure closely resembles the extracellular matrix (ECM) of living tissue. In this review, we focus on the porous BC morphology particularly suited to host oxygen and nutrients thus providing conducive environment for cell growth and proliferation. The remarkable BC porous morphology makes this biological material a promising templet for the generation of 3D tissue culture and possibly for tissue-engineered scaffolds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/metabolism*
  10. Effect of zinc oxide amounts on the properties and antibacterial activities of zeolite/zinc oxide nanocomposite
    Alswat AA, Ahmad MB, Saleh TA, Hussein MZB, Ibrahim NA
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016 Nov 01;68:505-511.
    PMID: 27524047 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.028
    Nanocomposites of zinc oxide loaded on a zeolite (Zeolite/ZnO NCs) were prepared using co-precipitation method. The ratio effect of ZnO wt.% to the Zeolite on the antibacterial activities was investigated. Various techniques were used for the nanocomposite characterization, including UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX, FESEM and TEM. XRD patterns showed that ZnO peak intensity increased while the intensities of Zeolite peaks decreased. TEM images indicated a good distribution of ZnO-NPs onto the Zeolite framework and the cubic structure of the zeolite was maintained. The average particle size of ZnO-nanoparticles loaded on the surface of the Zeolite was in the range of 1-10nm. Moreover, Zeolite/ZnO NCs showed noticeable antibacterial activities against the tested bacteria; Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria, under normal light. The efficiency of the antibacterial increased with increasing the wt.% from 3 to 8 of ZnO NPs, and it reached 87% against Escherichia coli E266.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development*
  11. In-use testing of disinfectants in Malaysian government hospitals
    Khor SY, Jegathesan M
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Sep;32(1):85-9.
    PMID: 609352
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/drug effects*
  12. Fulltext Culture Medium Development for Microbial-Derived Surfactants Production-An Overview
    Nurfarahin AH, Mohamed MS, Phang LY
    Molecules, 2018 May 01;23(5).
    PMID: 29723959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051049
    Surfactants are compounds that can reduce the surface tension between two different phases or the interfacial tension of the liquid between water and oil, possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Biosurfactants have traits that have proven to be advantageous over synthetic surfactants, but these compounds do not compete economically with synthetic surfactants. Different alternatives increase the yield of biosurfactants; development of an economical production process and the usage of cheaper substrates during process have been employed. One of the solutions relies on the suitable formulation of a production medium by including alternative raw materials sourced from agro-wastes, hydrocarbons, or by-products of a process might help in boosting the biosurfactant production. Since the nutritional factors required will be different among microorganisms, the establishment of a suitable formulation for biosurfactant production will be challenging. The present review describes various nutrients and elements considered in the formulation of a production medium with an approach focusing on the macronutrient (carbon, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio), minerals, vitamins, metabolic regulators, and salinity levels which may aid in the study of biosurfactant production in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/growth & development*
  13. Effect of storage conditions on maintaining anammox cell viability during starvation and recovery
    Ganesan S, Vadivelu VM
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Jan;296:122341.
    PMID: 31711905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122341
    Anammox bacteria can easily undergo starvation due to fluctuations in feed flowrate and concentration in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, we analyzed the effects of different types of storage conditions (presence of ammonium (Ra), nitrite (Rn), hydrazine (Rh), and no substrate (Rc)) in aiding the viability of anammox bacteria during starvation and recovery. After starvation, the bacteria were subjected to a 15-week recovery period. Anammox bacteria showed better results during starvation and recovery in Rh as compared to other conditions. Decay rate values obtained after starvation in Ra, Rn, Rh, and Rc were 0.032/day, 0.042/day, 0.019/day, and 0.037/day, respectively. Meanwhile, µmax values obtained in Rh, Ra, Rn, and Rc on the 15th week of recovery were 0.092, 0.075, 0.011, and 0.067 d-1, respectively. This indicated that the availability of hydrazine helps to reduce the mortality rate of anammox bacteria during starvation and enhances the recovery of anammox process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria, Anaerobic*
  14. Impacts of morphological-controlled ZnO nanoarchitectures on aerobic microbial communities during real wastewater treatment in an aerobic-photocatalytic system
    Chang JS, Chong MN, Poh PE, Ocon JD, Md Zoqratt MZH, Lee SM
    Environ Pollut, 2020 Apr;259:113867.
    PMID: 31896479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113867
    This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of morphological-controlled ZnO nanoarchitectures on aerobic microbial communities during real wastewater treatment in an aerobic-photocatalytic system. Results showed that the antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoarchitectures were significantly more overwhelming than their photocatalytic properties. The inhibition of microbial activities in activated sludge by ZnO nanoarchitectures entailed an adverse effect on wastewater treatment efficiency. Subsequently, the 16S sequencing analysis were conducted to examine the impacts of ZnO nanoarchitectures on aerobic microbial communities, and found the significantly lower microbial diversity and species richness in activated sludge treated with 1D-ZnO nanorods as compared to other ZnO nanoarchitectures. Additionally, 1D-ZnO nanorods reduced the highest proportion of Proteobacteria phylum in activated sludge due to its higher proportion of active polar surfaces that facilitates Zn2+ ions dissolution. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the experimental data obtained from COD removal efficiency and bacterial log reduction were statistically significant (p-value 
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/drug effects
  15. Removal efficiency of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using a natural coagulant during coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes
    Sha'arani S, Azizan SNF, Md Akhir FN, Muhammad Yuzir MA, Othman N, Zakaria Z, et al.
    Water Sci Technol, 2019 Nov;80(9):1787-1795.
    PMID: 32039910 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.433
    Staphylococcus sp. as Gram-positive and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative are bacterial pathogens and can cause primary bloodstream infections and food poisoning. Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes could be a reliable treatment for bacterial removal because suspended, colloidal, and soluble particles can be removed. Chemical coagulants, such as alum, are commonly used. However, these chemical coagulants are not environmentally friendly. This present study evaluated the effectiveness of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes for removing Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli using diatomite with standard jar test equipment at different pH values. Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated 85.61% and 77.23% significant removal in diatomite and alum, respectively, at pH 5. At pH 7, the removal efficiency decreased to 79.41% and 64.13% for Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli, respectively. At pH 9, there was a decrease in Staphylococcus sp. after adding diatomite or alum compared with that of E. coli. The different removal efficiencies of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria could be owing to the membrane composition and different structures in the bacteria. This study indicates that diatomite has higher efficiency in removing bacteria at pH 5 and can be considered as a potential coagulant to replace alum for removing bacteria by the coagulation process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria
  16. Characterization of pyrene and chrysene degradation by halophilic Hortaea sp. B15
    Al Farraj DA, Hadibarata T, Yuniarto A, Syafiuddin A, Surtikanti HK, Elshikh MS, et al.
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2019 Jun;42(6):963-969.
    PMID: 30888502 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02096-8
    Polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and toxic pollutants that are dangerous to humans and living organism in aquatic environment. Normally, PAHs has lower molecular weight such as phenanthrene and naphthalene that are easy and efficient to degrade, but high-molecular-weight PAHs such as chrysene and pyrene are difficult to be biodegraded by common microorganism. This study investigated the isolation and characterization of a potential halophilic bacterium capable of utilizing two high-molecular-weight PAHs. At the end of the experiment (25-30 days of incubation), bacterial counts have reached a maximum level (over 40 × 1016 CFU/mL). The highest biodegradation rate of 77% of chrysene in 20 days and 92% of pyrene in 25 days was obtained at pH 7, temperature 25 °C, agitation of 150 rpm and Tween 80 surfactant showing to be the most impressive parameters for HMWPAHs biodegradation in this research. The metabolism of initial compounds revealed that Hortaea sp. B15 utilized pyrene to form phthalic acid while chrysene was metabolized to form 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. The result showed that Hortaea sp. B15 can be promoted for the study of in situ biodegradation of high molecular weight PAH.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/growth & development*
  17. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of mono-, di- and tri-tosylate of glycerol
    Yusrabbil Amiyati Yusof, Azhar Ariffin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:621-625.
    Glycerol is a valuable co-product from oleochemical industry such as from fatty acid and biodiesel production. By having three hydroxyl groups in its molecule, glycerol can undergo chemical modifications that lead to many possible applications. This paper reports the tosylation process of glycerol with para-toluenesulfonyl chloride (p-TsCl). Reaction of glycerol with p-TsCl in the presence of a base produced mono-, di- and tri-tosylate of glycerol even though the reaction was carried out at the mole ratio of 1.2:1.0 of glycerol to p-TsCl. The compounds were successfully isolated and characterized. Mono-, di- and tri-tosylate of glycerol exhibited inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative bacteria).
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria
  18. An improved direct metamobilome approach increases the detection of larger-sized circular elements across kingdoms
    Alanin KWS, Jørgensen TS, Browne PD, Petersen B, Riber L, Kot W, et al.
    Plasmid, 2021 05;115:102576.
    PMID: 33872684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102576
    Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are instrumental in natural prokaryotic genome editing, permitting genome plasticity and allowing microbes to accumulate genetic diversity. MGEs serve as a vast communal gene pool and include DNA elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages (phages) among others. These mobile DNA elements represent a human health risk as they can introduce new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or virulence, to a bacterial strain. Sequencing libraries targeting environmental circular MGEs, referred to as metamobilomes, may broaden our current understanding of the mechanisms behind the mobility, prevalence and content of these elements. However, metamobilomics is affected by a severe bias towards small circular elements, introduced by multiple displacement amplification (MDA). MDA is typically used to overcome limiting DNA quantities after the removal of non-circular DNA during library preparations. By examining the relationship between sequencing coverage and the size of circular MGEs in paired metamobilome datasets with and without MDA, we show that larger circular elements are lost when using MDA. This study is the first to systematically demonstrate that MDA is detrimental to detecting larger-sized plasmids if small plasmids are present. It is also the first to show that MDA can be omitted when using enzyme-based DNA fragmentation and PCR in library preparation kits such as Nextera XT® from Illumina.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/genetics
  19. Fulltext Microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: a retrospective study of 194 cases
    Raja NS
    J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2007 Feb;40(1):39-44.
    PMID: 17332905
    Diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with chronic complications. Foot infections are a major complication of diabetes and eventually lead to development of gangrene and lower extremity amputation. The microbiological characteristics of diabetic foot infections have not been extensively studied in Malaysia. This study investigated the microbiology of diabetic foot infections and their resistance to antibiotics in patients with diabetic foot infections treated at University of Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects; Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification*; Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification*
  20. A mini-review on innovative strategies for simultaneous microbial bioremediation of toxic heavy metals and dyes from wastewater
    Haripriyan U, Arun J, Gopinath KP, Mythili R, Kim W, Govarthanan M
    Arch Microbiol, 2022 Dec 15;205(1):29.
    PMID: 36522563 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03367-x
    Bioremediation of heavy metals and dyes is one of the emerging techniques globally as it is evident from the numerous publications made by various research groups. Biofilm-assisted bioremediation is one of the trending approaches as it facilitates negatively charged extracellular polymeric substances which makes the bacteria resistant to the toxic chemicals. Genetic engineering of microbes will make them unique in the bioremediation process. This mini-review concentrates on source and toxic effects of heavy metals and dyes on aqueous and living beings. Further, the genetic improvement strategies for effective bioremediation are described. However, the gap between practicability and real-time applicability needs to test with real-time wastewater in the industrial scale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacteria/genetics
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