METHODS: This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Only national, or international physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour guidelines were included in the review. Included guidelines targeted children and adolescents aged between 5 and 18 years. A grey literature search was undertaken incorporating electronic databases, custom Google search engines, targeted websites and international expert consultation. Guideline quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II Instrument (AGREE II).
RESULTS: The search resulted in 50 national or international guidelines being identified. Twenty-five countries had a national guideline and there were three international guidelines (European Union, Nordic countries (used by Iceland, Norway and Sweden), World Health Organization (WHO)). Nineteen countries and the European Union adopted the WHO guidelines. Guidelines varied in relation to date of release (2008 to 2019), targeted age group, and guideline wording regarding: type, amount, duration, intensity, frequency and total amount of physical activity. Twenty-two countries included sedentary behaviour within the guidelines and three included sleep. Total scores for all domains of the AGREE II assessment for each guideline indicated considerable variability in guideline quality ranging from 25.8 to 95.3%, with similar variability in the six individual domains. Rigorous guideline development is essential to ensure appropriate guidance for population level initiatives.
CONCLUSIONS: This review revealed considerable variability between national/international physical activity guideline quality, development and recommendations, highlighting the need for rigorous and transparent guideline development methodologies to ensure appropriate guidance for population-based approaches. Where countries do not have the resources to ensure this level of quality, the adoption or adolopment (framework to review and update guidelines) of the WHO guidelines or guidelines of similar quality is recommended.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Review registration: PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017072558.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of CBB on respiratory variables among NS-LBP patients.
STUDY DESIGN: pre- and post-experimental study.
PARTICIPANTS: Forty participants were assigned to an experimental group (EG) [n = 20] and control group (CG) [n = 20] based on the study criteria.
INTERVENTIONS: The EG received CBB together with routine physiotherapy and the CG received routine physiotherapy over a period of 8 weeks. Participants were instructed to carry out the exercises for 3 days per week. The training was evaluated once a week and the exercises progressed based on the level of pain.
OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). The secondary outcomes were measured in the numeric rating scale (NRS), total faulty breathing scale (TFBS), cloth tape measure (CTM) and lumbo-pelvic stability.
RESULTS: The MIP increased significantly among the EG when compared with that in the CG (p > 0.05).The EG showed a significant increase in MVV (p = 0.04) when compared to the CG (p = 0.0001). There was a significant reduction in pain for both groups. The MEP, TFBS, chest expansion and core stability showed no changes in either group.
CONCLUSION: CBB was effective in improving respiratory variables among NS-LBP patients.
HYPOTHESIS: The addition of WR worn on the lower legs during an on-field warm-up would lead to decreases in relatively high-intensity external TL metrics, such as distance covered >6.11 m∙s-1 and acceleration and deceleration >/<3 m∙s-2 and increases in internal TL during the warm-up, yet would have little effect on the subsequent training session when WR was removed.
STUDY DESIGN: Matched-pair randomized design.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.
METHODS: A total of 28 soccer players were allocated to either a WR training (WRT = 14) or unloaded (control [CON] = 14) group. Both groups performed the same warm-up and on-field training for 8 weeks, with the WRT group wearing 200 g to 600 g loads on their lower leg during the warm-up. External TL was measured via global positioning system data and internal TL was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE × time per session).
RESULTS: No statistically significant between-group differences (P ≥ 0.05) were identified for any TL measurement during either warm-ups or training sessions. Lower leg WR resulted in trivial to moderate effects for all external TL metrics (-16.9% to 2.40%; d = -0.61 to 0.14) and sRPE (-0.33%; d = -0.03) during the warm-up and trivial to small effects on all external TL metrics (-8.95% to -0.36%; d = -0.45 to -0.30) and sRPE (3.39%; d = 0.33) during training sessions.
CONCLUSION: Warming up with lower leg WR negatively affects neither the quality and quantity of the warm-up nor the subsequent training session once WR is removed.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using WR on the lower leg during on-field warm-ups may be a means to "microdose" strength training while not unduly increasing TL. However, further research is needed to determine the influence of WR on strength qualities.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study.
METHODS: We used data involving 3- and 4-year-olds from 13 middle- and high-income countries who participated in the SUNRISE study. We used Spearman's rank-order correlation, Bland-Altman plots, and Kappa statistics to validate parent-reported child habitual total physical activity against activPAL™-measured total physical activity over 3 days. Additionally, we used Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve analysis to validate existing step-count thresholds (Gabel, Vale, and De Craemer) using step-counts derived from activPAL™.
RESULTS: Of the 352 pre-schoolers, 49.1 % were girls. There was a very weak but significant positive correlation and slight agreement between parent-reported total physical activity and accelerometer-measured total physical activity (r: 0.140; p = 0.009; Kappa: 0.030). Parents overestimated their child's total physical activity compared to accelerometry (mean bias: 69 min/day; standard deviation: 126; 95 % limits of agreement: -179, 316). Of the three step-count thresholds tested, the De Craemer threshold of 11,500 steps/day provided excellent classification of meeting the total physical activity guideline as measured by accelerometry (area under the ROC curve: 0.945; 95 % confidence interval: 0.928, 0.961; sensitivity: 100.0 %; specificity: 88.9 %).
CONCLUSIONS: Parent reports may have limited validity for assessing pre-schoolers' level of total physical activity. Step-counting is a promising alternative - low-cost global surveillance initiatives could potentially use pedometers for assessing compliance with the physical activity guideline in early childhood.
OBJECTIVE: This case report sought to assess the effects of exergaming training (i.e. Move Boxing, Move Tennis, and Move Gladiator Duel) on aerobic capacity, feasibility, enjoyment and motivation in two individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Two males with SCI at the level of L4 and T10, aged 32 and 39, respectively, underwent home-based exergaming training sessions over a period of 12-18 weeks, conducted within moderate-vigorous intensity training zones for health improvements as recommended by health guidelines. Their peak oxygen consumption (VO2), physical activity levels and perceived enjoyment were evaluated before, during and after the completion of the training.
OUTCOMES: Participant peak VO2 improved (effect size g = 2.7) from their baseline values (Participant A: 16.0 ± 0.7 mL/kg/min to 41.7 ± 8.1 mL/kg/min; Participant B: 13.5 ± 0.8 mL/kg/min to 32.7 ± 5.2 mL/kg/min), with an increase in overall weekly physical activity levels. Both participants maintained a relatively high level of enjoyment scores throughout their training period (mean: 31.9 ± 3.2, p = .56, 95% CI 0.22-1.0).
CONCLUSION: A home-based exergaming training program improved aerobic capacity and level of physical activity, while maintaining adherence to the exercise within a relatively high perception of enjoyment for these two participants. The relatively high enjoyment scores maintained throughout the duration of the exergaming training period suggested its feasibility as a home-based exercise program and perceived as enjoyable by these individuals.
DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving the data of 3234 adults with stroke obtained from the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar, RISKESDAS).
METHODS: Physical activity level in metabolic equivalents-minutes per week were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior recommendations. Depression was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive role of physical activity for depression after adjusting for confounders.
RESULTS: Adults with stroke who met the WHO recommendation of physical activity were independently and significantly associated with lower odds of depression after adjustment for confounders (adjusted OR = 0.757, p = 0.017).
CONCLUSIONS: Performing physical activity according to the WHO recommendation is associated with a lower likelihood of depression among Indonesian adults with stroke.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be informed by the findings of this study and prescribe exercise interventions or plan physical activities to optimize recovery and prevent poststroke depression.