Displaying publications 581 - 600 of 1525 in total

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  1. Fulltext BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in Malaysian women with early-onset breast cancer without a family history
    Toh GT, Kang P, Lee SS, Lee DS, Lee SY, Selamat S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2008;3(4):e2024.
    PMID: 18431501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002024
    BACKGROUND: In Asia, breast cancer is characterised by an early age of onset: In Malaysia, approximately 50% of cases occur in women under the age of 50 years. A proportion of these cases may be attributable, at least in part, to genetic components, but to date, the contribution of genetic components to breast cancer in many of Malaysia's ethnic groups has not been well-characterised.
    METHODOLOGY: Given that hereditary breast carcinoma is primarily due to germline mutations in one of two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, we have characterised the spectrum of BRCA mutations in a cohort of 37 individuals with early-onset disease (
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics*; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology*
  2. The Breast Health Global Initiative: clinical practice guidelines for management of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries
    Yip CH, Anderson BO
    Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2007 Aug;7(8):1095-104.
    PMID: 18028018
    Breast cancer is an increasingly urgent problem in low- and mid-level resource countries of the world. Despite knowing the optimal management strategy based on guidelines developed in wealthy countries, clinicians are forced to provide less-than-optimal care to patients when diagnostic and/or treatment resources are lacking. For this reason, it is important to identify which resources commonly applied in resource-abundant countries most effectively fill the healthcare needs in limited-resource regions, where patients commonly present with more advanced disease at diagnosis, and to provide guidance on how new resource allocations should be made in order to maximize improvement in outcome. Established in 2002, the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) created an international health alliance to develop evidence-based guidelines for countries with limited resources (low- and middle-income countries) to improve breast health outcomes. The BHGI serves as a program for international guideline development and as a hub for linkage among clinicians, governmental health agencies and advocacy groups to translate guidelines into policy and practice. The BHGI collaborated with 12 national and international health organizations, cancer societies and nongovernmental organizations to host two BHGI international summits. The evidence-based BHGI Guidelines, developed at the 2002 Global Summit, were published in 2003 as a theoretical treatise on international breast healthcare. These guidelines were then updated and expanded at the 2005 Global Summit into a fully comprehensive and flexible framework to permit incremental improvements in healthcare delivery, based upon outcomes, cost, cost-effectiveness and use of healthcare services.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/economics*; Breast Neoplasms/therapy*
  3. Specimen shrinkage and its influence on margin assessment in breast cancer
    Yeap BH, Muniandy S, Lee SK, Sabaratnam S, Singh M
    Asian J Surg, 2007 Jul;30(3):183-7.
    PMID: 17638637
    The determination of tumour-free margin in breast cancer is crucial in deciding subsequent patient management. To exemplify the phenomenon of margin contraction during specimen preparation for histopathological analysis, we quantified the shrinkage of breast specimens as a result of formalin fixation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*; Breast Neoplasms/surgery
  4. Fulltext Breast cancer in malaysia: are our women getting the right message? 10 year-experience in a single institution in Malaysia
    Taib NA, Yip CH, Ibrahim M, Ng CJ, Farizah H
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2007 Jan-Mar;8(1):141-5.
    PMID: 17477791
    The message that health care providers caring for patients with breast cancer would like to put forth, is that, not only early detection is crucial but early treatment too is important in ensuring survival. This paper examines the pattern of presentation at a single institution over a 10-year period from 1995 to 2005. In Malaysia, education outreach programmes are ongoing, with contributions not only from the public sector, but also private enterprise. Articles on breast cancer in local newspapers and women magazines and television are quite commonplace. However are our women getting the right message? Now is an appropriate time to bring the stakeholders together to formulate a way to reach all women in Malaysia, not excluding the fact that we are from different races, different education levels and backgrounds requiring differing ways of delivering health promotion messages. To answer the question of why women present late, we prospectively studied 25 women who presented with locally advanced disease. A quantitative, quasi-qualitative study was embarked upon, as a prelude to a more detailed study. Reasons for presenting late were recorded. We also looked at the pattern of presentation of breast lumps in women to our breast clinic in UMMC and in the surgical clinic in Hospital Kota Bharu, in the smaller capital of the state of Kelantan, in 2003. There is hope for the future, the government being a socially responsible one is currently making efforts towards mammographic screening in Malaysia. However understanding of the disease, acceptance of medical treatment and providing resources is imperative to ensure that health behaviour exhibited by our women is not self-destructive but self-preserving. Women are an integral part of not only the nation's workforce but the lifeline of the family - hopefully in the next decade we will see great improvement in the survival of Malaysian women with breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology*; Breast Neoplasms/psychology*
  5. Aspiration of breast abscess under ultrasound guidance: outcome obtained and factors affecting success
    Elagili F, Abdullah N, Fong L, Pei T
    Asian J Surg, 2007 Jan;30(1):40-4.
    PMID: 17337370
    To assess ultrasonographically (US) guided needle aspiration of breast abscesses as an alternative to surgical incision and drainage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Diseases/therapy*; Breast Diseases/ultrasonography
  6. Xanthorrhizol exhibits antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells via apoptosis induction
    Cheah YH, Azimahtol HL, Abdullah NR
    Anticancer Res, 2006 Nov-Dec;26(6B):4527-34.
    PMID: 17201174
    Xanthorrhizol is a natural sesquiterpenoid compound isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb (Zingiberaceae). Xanthorrhizol was tested for a variety of important pharmacological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. An antiproliferation assay using the MTT method indicated that xanthorrhizol inhibited the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, with an EC50 value of 1.71 microg/ml. Three parameters including annexin-V binding assay, Hoechst 33258 staining and accumulation of sub-G1 population in DNA histogram confirmed the apoptosis induction in response to xanthorrhizol treatment. Western-blotting revealed down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein expression. However, xanthorrhizol did not affect the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, bax, at a concentration of 1 microg/ml, 2.5 microg/ml and 5 microg/ml. The level of p53 was greatly increased, whilst PARP-1 was cleaved to 85 kDa subunits, following the treatment with xanthorrhizol at a dose-dependent manner. These results, thereby, suggest that xanthorrhizol has antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 cells by inducing apoptosis through the modulation of bcl-2, p53 and PARP-1 protein levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics; Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
  7. Ethnic differences in the time trend of female breast cancer incidence: Singapore, 1968-2002
    Sim X, Ali RA, Wedren S, Goh DL, Tan CS, Reilly M, et al.
    BMC Cancer, 2006;6:261.
    PMID: 17078893
    From 1968 to 2002, Singapore experienced an almost three-fold increase in breast cancer incidence. This increase appeared to be different across the three main ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians. This paper used age-period-cohort (APC) modelling, to determine the effects of age at diagnosis, calendar period, and birth cohort on breast cancer incidence for each ethnic group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/ethnology*; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology*
  8. Cytologic evaluation of prognostic markers in breast carcinoma
    Jayaram G, Elsayed EM
    Acta Cytol., 2005 Nov-Dec;49(6):605-10.
    PMID: 16450899
    To type breast carcinomaon on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) material and correlate the results with histologic typing, to grade breast carcinoma on FNAC material and correlate the findings with Bloom-Richardson histologic grading, and to determine the estrogen receptor (ER) status in cases of breast carcinoma by immunocytochemical (ICC) staining of FNA cytologic material and correlate the findings with ER status, as determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of tissue sections.

    STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-seven cases of breast carcinoma diagnosed on FNAC formed the basis of this study. Typing was done in all cases on the basis of cytologic features and grading in 62. (Fifteen cases were special types of breast carcinoma). In all cases, ER status was determined by immunostaining of cytologic smears. Results of tumor typing, grading and ER status on cytologic material were compared with the results of histologic typing, grading and immunostaining of histologic material obtained from mastectomy or wide excision specimens.

    RESULTS: Tumor typing was accurate in 73 of 77 cases (94.8%). Fifteen of 18 cases that were cytologically grade 3 were confirmed on histology, while 3 proved to be grade 2. Of 40 cytologic grade 2 cases, 26 were confirmed on histology, while 14 cases were grade 3. Three of 4 cytologically grade 1 cases were confirmed on histology while 1 was grade 2. The overall accuracy for cytologic grading was 71% (44 of 62 cases). Thirty-seven of 40 ER-positive cases (92.5%) were labeled ER positive on ICC. One case was ER negative on cytology, while in 2 cases the cellularity of the cytologic smear was insufficient to assess ER expression. Thirty-seven cases were negativefor ER on IHC. Nine of these showed ER positivity on ICC, 26 were negative, and 2 had cellularity that was inadequate for assessment of ER. Sensitivity and specificity rates for ER detection on ICC were 97.4% and 74.3%, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Tumor typing, grading and evaluation of ER status on FNA C material in breast carcinomas are simple, quick and moderately reliable techniques that compare and correlate favorably with histologic typing, grading and ER status on IHC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
  9. Knowledge, perception, practice and barriers of breast cancer health promotion activities among community pharmacists in two Districts of Selangor state, Malaysia
    Beshir SA, Hanipah MA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(9):4427-30.
    PMID: 23167355
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women in Malaysia. Despite the campaigns undertaken to raise the awareness of the public regarding breast cancer, breast cancer screening rates are still low in the country. The community pharmacist, as one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners, could play a role in the provision of breast cancer health promotion services to the community. However, there are no documented data regarding the community pharmacists' involvement in breast cancer related health promotion activities. Hence, this study was conducted to examine self-reported knowledge, practice and perception of community pharmacists on provision of breast cancer health promotion services and to investigate the barriers that limit their involvement. This cross-sectional survey conducted between May to September 2010, included a sample of 35 community pharmacists working in the districts of Hulu Langat and Sepang in state of Selangor. A 22-item validated questionnaire that included both closed and Lickert scale questions was used to interview those pharmacists who gave their informed consent to participate in the study. The data was analysed using SPSS. Only 11.3% of the community pharmacists answered all the questions on the knowledge section correctly. The mean overall knowledge of the community pharmacists on risk factors of breast cancer and screening recommendations is 56%. None of the respondents was currently involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Lack of time (80%), lack of breast cancer educational materials (77.1%) and lack of training (62.9%) were the top three mentioned barriers. Despite these barriers, 94.3% (33) of the community pharmacists agreed that they should be involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Hence, there is need to equip community pharmacists with necessary training and knowledge to enable them to contribute their share towards prevention and screening of breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
  10. Fulltext Quality of Life in CAM and Non-CAM Users among Breast Cancer Patients during Chemotherapy in Malaysia
    Chui PL, Abdullah KL, Wong LP, Taib NA
    PLoS One, 2015;10(10):e0139952.
    PMID: 26451732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139952
    BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has become increasingly popular among patients with cancer. The purposes of this study were to compare the QOL in CAM users and non-CAM users and to determine whether CAM use influences QOL among breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

    METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at two outpatient chemotherapy centers. A total of 546 patients completed the questionnaires on CAM use. QOL was evaluated based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) core quality of life (QLQ-C30) and breast cancer-specific quality of life (QLQ-BR23) questionnaires.

    RESULTS: A total of 70.7% of patients were identified as CAM users. There was no significant difference in global health status scores and in all five subscales of the QLQ C30 functional scales between CAM users and non-CAM users. On the QLQ-C30 symptom scales, CAM users (44.96±3.89) had significantly (p = 0.01) higher mean scores for financial difficulties than non-CAM users (36.29±4.81). On the QLQ-BR23 functional scales, CAM users reported significantly higher mean scores for sexual enjoyment (6.01±12.84 vs. 4.64±12.76, p = 0.04) than non-CAM users. On the QLQ-BR23 symptom scales, CAM users reported higher systemic therapy side effects (41.34±2.01 vs. 37.22±2.48, p = 0.04) and breast symptoms (15.76±2.13 vs. 11.08±2.62, p = 0.02) than non-CAM users. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the use of CAM modality was not significantly associated with higher global health status scores (p = 0.71).

    CONCLUSION: While the findings indicated that there was no significant difference between users and non-users of CAM in terms of QOL, CAM may be used by health professionals as a surrogate to monitor patients with higher systemic therapy side effects and breast symptoms. Furthermore, given that CAM users reported higher financial burdens (which may have contributed to increased distress), patients should be encouraged to discuss the potential benefits and/or disadvantages of using CAM with their healthcare providers.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology; Breast Neoplasms/therapy*
  11. Roles of Ki67 in Breast Cancer - Important for Management?
    Yip Ch, Bhoo-Pathy N, Daniel J, Foo Y, Mohamed A, Abdullah M, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016;17(3):1077-82.
    PMID: 27039727
    BACKGROUND: The three standard biomarkers used in breast cancer are the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The Ki-67 index, a proliferative marker, has been shown to be associated with a poorer outcome, and despite absence of standardization of pathological assessment, is widely used for therapy decision making. We aim to study the role of the Ki-67 index in a group of Asian women with breast cancer.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 450 women newly diagnosed with Stage 1 to 3 invasive breast cancer in a single centre from July 2013 to Dec 2014 were included in this study. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between Ki-67 (positive defined as 14% and above) and age, ethnicity, grade, mitotic index, ER, PR, HER2, lymph node status and size. All analyses were performed using SPSS Version 22.

    RESULTS: In univariable analysis, Ki -67 index was associated with younger age, higher grade, ER and PR negativity, HER2 positivity, high mitotic index and positive lymph nodes. However on multivariable analysis only tumour size, grade, PR and HER2 remained significant. Out of 102 stage 1 patients who had ER positive/PR positive/HER2 negative tumours and non-grade 3, only 5 (4.9%) had a positive Ki-67 index and may have been offered chemotherapy. However, it is interesting to note that none of these patients received chemotherapy.

    CONCLUSIONS: Information on Ki67 would have potentially changed management in an insignificant proportion of patients with stage 1 breast cancer.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/metabolism*; Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
  12. Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Patients In Malaysia
    Ganesh S, Lye MS, Lau FN
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016;17(4):1677-84.
    PMID: 27221837
    BACKGROUND: Among the factors reported to determine the quality of life of breast cancer patients are socio- demographic background, clinical stage, type of treatment received, and the duration since diagnosis.

    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the quality of life (QOL) scores among breast cancer patients at a Malaysian public hospital.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study of breast cancer patients was conducted between March to June 2013. QOL scores were determined using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and its breast cancer supplementary measure (QLQ-BR23). Both the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 assess items from functional and symptom scales. The QLQ-C30 in addition also measures the Global Health Status (GHS). Systematic random sampling was used to recruit patients.

    RESULTS: 223 breast cancer patients were recruited with a response rate of 92.1%. The mean age of the patients was 52.4 years (95% CI = 51.0, 53.7, SD=10.3). Majority of respondents are Malays (60.5%), followed by Chinese (19.3%), Indians (18.4%), and others (1.8%). More than 50% of respondents are at stage III and stage IV of malignancy. The mean Global Health Status was 65.7 (SD = 21.4). From the QLQ-C30, the mean score in the functioning scale was highest for 'cognitive functioning' (84.1, SD=18.0), while the mean score in the symptom scale was highest for 'financial difficulties' (40.1, SD=31.6). From the QLQ-BR23, the mean score for functioning scale was highest for 'body image' (80.0, SD=24.6) while the mean score in the symptom scale was highest for 'upset by hair loss' (36.2, SD=29.4). Two significant predictors for Global Health Status were age and employment. The predictors explained 10.6% of the variation of global health status (R2=0.106).

    CONCLUSIONS: Age and employment were found to be significant predictors for Global Health Status (GHS). The Quality of Life among breast cancer patients reflected by the GHS improves as age and employment increases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology; Breast Neoplasms/psychology*
  13. MicroRNA-based therapy and breast cancer: A comprehensive review of novel therapeutic strategies from diagnosis to treatment
    Kaboli PJ, Rahmat A, Ismail P, Ling KH
    Pharmacol Res, 2015 Jul;97:104-21.
    PMID: 25958353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.04.015
    MicroRNAs (miRNA) are 21-23 nucleotide molecules not translated into proteins that bind and target the 3' untranslated regions of mRNA. These characteristics make them a possible tool for inhibiting protein translation. Different cellular pathways involved in cancer development, such as cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration, are regulated by miRNAs. The objective of this review is to discuss various miRNAs involved in breast cancer in detail as well as different therapeutic strategies from the clinic to industry. A comprehensive discussion is provided on various miRNAs involved in breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis as well as the roles, targets, and related therapeutic strategies of different miRNAs associated with breast cancer. miRNAs known to be clinically useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer are also discussed. Different strategies and challenges, including nucleic acid-based (miRNA mimics, antagomiRs, and miRNA sponges) and drug-based (drug resistance, drugs/miRNA interaction, nanodelivery, and sensing systems) approaches to suppress specific oncogenes and/or activate target tumor suppressors are discussed. In contrast to other articles written on the same topic, this review focuses on the therapeutic and clinical value of miRNAs as well as their corresponding targets in order to explore how these strategies can overcome breast cancer, which is the second most frequent type of cancer worldwide. This review focuses on promising and validated miRNAs involved in breast cancer. In particular, two miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-34, are discussed as the most promising targets for RNA-based therapy in non-invasive and invasive breast cancer, respectively. Finally, relevant and commercialized therapeutic strategies are highlighted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis; Breast Neoplasms/therapy*
  14. Effect of palm oil carotene on breast cancer tumorigenicity in nude mice
    Nesaretnam K, Radhakrishnan A, Selvaduray KR, Reimann K, Pailoor J, Razak G, et al.
    Lipids, 2002 Jun;37(6):557-60.
    PMID: 12120953
    Biological therapies are new additions to breast cancer treatment. Among biological compounds, beta-carotene has been reported to have immune modulatory effects, in particular, enhancement of natural killer cell activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by macrophages. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of palm carotene supplementation on the tumorigenicity of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells injected into athymic nude mice and to explore the mechanism by which palm carotenes suppress tumorigenesis. Forty-eight 4-wk-old mice were injected with 1 x 10(6) MCF-7 cells into their mammary fat pad. The experimental group was supplemented with palm carotene whereas the control group was not. Significant differences were observed in tumor incidence (P< 0.001) and tumor surface area and metastasis to lung (P< 0.005) between the two groups. Natural killer (NK) cells and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of carotene-supplemented mice were significantly increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) compared with controls. These results suggest that palm oil carotene is able to modulate the immune system by increasing peripheral blood NK cells and B-lymphocytes and suppress the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/immunology; Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
  15. Angiosarcoma of the breast complicating pregnancy
    Kaur G
    Malays J Pathol, 1998 Jun;20(1):41-4.
    PMID: 10879263
    A 32-year-old pregnant lady presented with a rapidly enlarging right breast mass. A fine needle aspiration was suggestive of a malignant phylloides tumour. However histopathological examination after mastectomy revealed a moderately differentiated angiosarcoma. The histopathological and cytological features of this rare tumour together with the diagnostic pitfalls are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*; Breast Neoplasms/surgery
  16. A study of mean glandular dose during diagnostic mammography in Malaysia and some of the factors affecting it
    Jamal N, Ng KH, McLean D
    Br J Radiol, 2003 Apr;76(904):238-45.
    PMID: 12711643
    The primary objective of this study was to determine the mean glandular dose (MGD) during diagnostic mammography in Malaysia. The secondary objective was to evaluate some of the factors affecting MGD. A survey of standard MGD was performed, based upon quality control records for the period October 1999 to August 2001. This covered 30 mammography units from 9 manufacturers. MGD was also measured for a series of patients attending mammography examinations at three other mammography units. MGD per film was estimated from recorded radiographic factors, the compressed breast thickness (CBT) and X-ray unit calibration data. MGD per woman was calculated by summing the MGDs for all films, and averaging it over both breasts. 300 women drawn equally from three major ethnic groups, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian, took part in the study. The difference of MGD per woman between ethnic groups was tested for significance using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and median tests. The factors affecting MGD per woman were tested for significance using a multivariate analysis of variance. The MGD for the phantom was 1.23 mGy (range 0.22-2.39 mGy) while the mean patient based MGD per film was 1.54 mGy and 1.82 mGy for the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views, respectively. The mean MGD per woman was 3.37 mGy. It was also found that there is no significant difference in MGD per woman among the ethnic groups (p>0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). However, on the multivariate test two factors, namely half value layer of the X-ray beam and (CBT), had a significant effect on MGD per woman (p<0.05). No significant relationships were seen between MGD per woman with respect to ethnicity, body mass index or age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast/pathology; Breast/radiation effects*
  17. Giant fibroadenoma of the breast in an Arab population
    Hanna RM, Ashebu SD
    Australas Radiol, 2002 Sep;46(3):252-6.
    PMID: 12196231
    In a retrospective study of giant breast masses over a period of 20 years (1980-2000), we encountered 18 patients with fibroadenomas. Most of them were adolescents and young adults. The bimodal age incidence seen in Caucasians was not observed. The masses ranged from 6 to 15 cm in size and in the youngest patient, they were bilateral. All 18 patients were examined by mammography and 10 of them by ultrasonography (US) as well. The right breast was involved in 12 patients and the left in six. The diagnosis was confirmed pathologically in all patients, by excision biopsy in 17 patients and by fine needle aspiration cytology and excision biopsy in one patient. The radiological findings were the same as those previously described. All patients were treated by simple enuculation. There was only one recurrence over a follow-up period from 2 months to 3 years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology*
  18. Cytological analysis of breast lesions: a review of 780 cases
    Jayaram G, Alhady SF, Yip CH
    Malays J Pathol, 1996 Dec;18(2):81-7.
    PMID: 10879227
    780 breast cytology samples obtained over a one year period at the Breast Clinic of the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur were reviewed. These included 745 fine needle aspirates (FNA's) and 35 nipple smears. The broad categories of cytodiagnoses were as follows: malignant: 95, suspicious or equivocal: 26, benign: 543, no proliferative lesion: 58 and inadequate: 58. The benign and malignant lesions were also subcategorized on cytological basis. The suspicious or equivocal lesions were subjected to biopsy and 17 of these proved to be malignant. 194 cases that were subjected to histological confirmation and 34 cases that were considered to be undisputably malignant (on the basis of clinical features, recurrences, metastases, etc.) were subjected to statistical analysis (total 228 cases). If the cytologically suspicious/equivocal category was considered as "test positive" the sensitivity of cytodiagnosis was 97.4% and the specificity 92%. The high degree of cytodiagnostic sensitivity and specificity make breast cytology a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of breast lesions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*; Breast Neoplasms/surgery
  19. Breastfeeding at 6 weeks and predictive factors
    Chye JK, Zain Z, Lim WL, Lim CT
    J Trop Pediatr, 1997 10;43(5):287-92.
    PMID: 9364127 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/43.5.287
    Despite the numerous changes made in accordance with the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, the low rates of breastfeeding have persisted. This study aims to examine the current trend in infant feeding, and the influences of some perinatal and sociodemographic factors on breastfeeding. Five-hundred mothers with singleton pregnancies and healthy infants were interviewed at 6 weeks post-partum. Only 124 (25 per cent) mothers were practising exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and 132 (26 per cent) mothers were using exclusive infant formula feeding (EIF). On logistic regression analyses, mothers who followed EBF were more likely to have had antenatal plans to breastfeed (Odds ratio 2.44, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.75-3.45), not in paid employment post-natally (OR 1.76, 95 per cent CI 1.31-2.36), of older age group (> 27 years) (OR 1.48, 95 per cent CI 1.13-1.93), had female infants (OR 1.38, 95 per cent CI 1.05-1.80) and of Indian ethnicity (compared to Chinese) (OR 3.87, 95 per cent CI 2.16-6.89). Breastfeeding difficulties were associated with decreased odds of EBF (OR 0.21, 95 per cent CI 0.13-0.34). Parental education, fathers' ages and incomes, primigravida status, Caesarean section, present of episiotomy, late first breastfeed, phototherapy, and length of hospital stay were not significant predictors of failure of EBF. In comparison, predictive factors for increased use of EIF were mothers who have had breastfeeding difficulties, < or = 9 years of schooling, and of Chinese descent. In conclusions, the overall rate of EBF by 6 weeks of age in infants born in this urban hospital had remained poor. The adverse factors for EBF identified in this study warrant further in-depth studies to determine effective ways of improving EBF rates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/ethnology; Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data*
  20. Fulltext A survey of breast feeding practices in infants seen in general practice
    Chia SF
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Jun;47(2):134-8.
    PMID: 1494334
    This is a study of infant feeding practices of 126 mothers. Seventy-seven mothers or 61.1% practised breast feeding. The typical breast feeding mother was more likely to be a Malay, with lower family income and residing in the rural area. The educational status of the mother was not an important factor in influencing her to breast feed. Health education on breast feeding should be intensified in schools to reinforce the implementation of the Malaysian Code of Ethics for Infant Formula Products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/ethnology; Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data*
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