METHODS: The HOC isolated from knee joint cartilage removed during surgery were cultured with SCAE for 7 days. The effect of SCAE on anabolic and catabolic gene expression was verified by real-time PCR. Monolayer chondrocytes were stained with toluidine blue whereas sGAG, NO and PGE2 production in medium were analyzed by ELISA.
RESULTS: The HOC cultured in various SCAE have polygonal morphology maintaining their chondrocytes characteristic. SAE supplementation tested was found to be effective pro-chondrogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents, as evidenced by upregulation of cartilage specific markers collagen type II, aggrecan core protein and sox-9 expression and downregulation of collagen type 1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, COX-2, iNOS and PAR-2 expression. The presence of SCAE in the culture was able to increase sGAG and reduce NO and PGE2 production significantly.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that SCAE demonstrated chondroprotective ability by suppressing catabolic activities, oxidative damage and effectively promoting chondrocytes growth.
OBJECTIVE: From the considerable amount of clinical narrative text, natural language processing (NLP) researchers have developed methods for extracting ADEs and their related attributes. This work presents a systematic review of current methods.
METHODOLOGY: Two biomedical databases have been searched from June 2022 until December 2023 for relevant publications regarding this review, namely the databases PubMed and Medline. Similarly, we searched the multi-disciplinary databases IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and the ACL Anthology. We adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement guidelines and recommendations for reporting systematic reviews in conducting this review. Initially, we obtained 5,537 articles from the search results from the various databases between 2015 and 2023. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for article selection, 100 publications have undergone full-text review, of which we consider 82 for our analysis.
RESULTS: We determined the general pattern for extracting ADEs from clinical notes, with named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE) being the dual tasks considered. Researchers that tackled both NER and RE simultaneously have approached ADE extraction as a "pipeline extraction" problem (n = 22), as a "joint task extraction" problem (n = 7), and as a "multi-task learning" problem (n = 6), while others have tackled only NER (n = 27) or RE (n = 20). We further grouped the reviews based on the approaches for data extraction, namely rule-based (n = 8), machine learning (n = 11), deep learning (n = 32), comparison of two or more approaches (n = 11), hybrid (n = 12) and large language models (n = 8). The most used datasets are MADE 1.0, TAC 2017 and n2c2 2018.
CONCLUSION: Extracting ADEs is crucial, especially for pharmacovigilance studies and patient medications. This survey showcases advances in ADE extraction research, approaches, datasets, and state-of-the-art performance in them. Challenges and future research directions are highlighted. We hope this review will guide researchers in gaining background knowledge and developing more innovative ways to address the challenges.
METHODS: Cross-sectional data of 1484 participants from the first wave of the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR) were analysed. QoL was measured with the Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure 12-item scale (CASP-12). Multivariate analyses were run using the generalised linear interactive model (GLIM) to determine the association between structural social support measures and QoL.
RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 70.1 (SD = 7.4) years. Being married (B = 0.05, 95%CI 0.02, 0.08), larger social networks (B = 0.01, 95%CI 0.01, 0.02) and social participation (B = 0.02, 95%CI 0.02, 0.09) were associated with higher QoL, while living alone (B= -0.04, 95%CI -0.06, -0.02) was associated with lower QoL.
CONCLUSION: Structural social support plays an important role in the QoL of older people in Malaysia.
METHODS AND FINDINGS: This national register study focused on all Finnish residents aged 0 to 17 years from January 2017 to September 2021 (approximately 1 million a year). The outcomes were new monthly diagnoses for psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders in specialist services. These were analyzed by sex, age, home location, and diagnostic groups. The numbers of new diagnoses from March 2020 were compared to predictive models based on previous years. The predicted and observed levels in March to May 2020 showed no significant differences, but the overall difference was 18.5% (95% confidence interval 12.0 to 25.9) higher than predicted in June 2020 to September 2021, with 3,821 more patients diagnosed than anticipated. During this period, the largest increases were among females (33.4%, 23.4 to 45.2), adolescents (34.4%, 25.0 to 45.3), and those living in areas with the highest COVID-19 morbidity (29.9%, 21.2 to 39.8). The largest increases by diagnostic groups were found for eating disorders (27.4%, 8.0 to 55.3), depression and anxiety (21.0%, 12.1 to 51.9), and neurodevelopmental disorders (9.6%, 3.0 to 17.0), but psychotic and bipolar disorders and conduct and oppositional disorders showed no significant differences and self-harm (-28.6, -41.5 to -8.2) and substance use disorders (-15.5, -26.4 to -0.7) decreased in this period. The main limitation is that data from specialist services do not allow to draw conclusions about those not seeking help.
CONCLUSIONS: Following the first pandemic phase, new psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents increased by nearly a fifth in Finnish specialist services. Possible explanations to our findings include changes in help-seeking, referrals and psychiatric problems, and delayed service access.