Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 368 in total

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  1. Authentication analysis of red fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) oil using FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics
    Rohman A, Man YB, Riyanto S
    Phytochem Anal, 2011 Sep-Oct;22(5):462-7.
    PMID: 22033916 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1304
    Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is endemic plant of Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The price of its oil (red fruit oil, RFO) is 10-15 times higher than that of common vegetable oils; consequently, RFO is subjected to adulteration with lower price oils. Among common vegetable oils, canola oil (CaO) and rice bran oil (RBO) have similar fatty acid profiles to RFO as indicated by the score plot of principal component analysis; therefore, CaO and RBO are potential adulterants in RFO.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  2. Microwave induced pyrolysis of oil palm biomass
    Salema AA, Ani FN
    Bioresour Technol, 2011 Feb;102(3):3388-95.
    PMID: 20970995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.115
    The purpose of this paper was to carry out microwave induced pyrolysis of oil palm biomass (shell and fibers) with the help of char as microwave absorber (MA). Rapid heating and yield of microwave pyrolysis products such as bio-oil, char, and gas was found to depend on the ratio of biomass to microwave absorber. Temperature profiles revealed the heating characteristics of the biomass materials which can rapidly heat-up to high temperature within seconds in presence of MA. Some characterization of pyrolysis products was also presented. The advantage of this technique includes substantial reduction in consumption of energy, time and cost in order to produce bio-oil from biomass materials. Large biomass particle size can be used directly in microwave heating, thus saving grinding as well as moisture removal cost. A synergistic effect was found in using MA with oil palm biomass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  3. Subcritical water liquefaction of oil palm fruit press fiber for the production of bio-oil: effect of catalysts
    Mazaheri H, Lee KT, Bhatia S, Mohamed AR
    Bioresour Technol, 2010 Jan;101(2):745-51.
    PMID: 19740652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.042
    Decomposition of oil palm fruit press fiber (FPF) to various liquid products in subcritical water was investigated using a high-pressure autoclave reactor with and without the presence of catalyst. When the reaction was carried in the absence of catalyst, the conversion of solid to liquid products increased from 54.9% at 483 K to 75.8% at 603 K. Simultaneously, the liquid yield increased from 28.8% to 39.1%. The liquid products were sub-categorized to bio-oil (benzene soluble, diethylether soluble, acetone soluble) and water soluble. When 10% ZnCl(2) was added, the conversion increased slightly but gaseous products increased significantly. However, when 10% Na(2)CO(3) and 10% NaOH were added independently, the solid conversion increased to almost 90%. In the presence of catalyst, the liquid products were mainly bio-oil compounds. Although solid conversion increased at higher reaction temperature, but the liquid yield did not increase at higher temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  4. Enzymatic synthesis of fatty amides from palm olein
    Al-Mulla EA, Yunus WM, Ibrahim NA, Rahman MZ
    J Oleo Sci, 2010;59(2):59-64.
    PMID: 20103977
    Fatty amides have been successfully synthesized from palm olein and urea by a one-step lipase catalyzed reaction. The use of immobilized lipase as the catalyst for the preparation reaction provides an easy isolation of the enzyme from the products and other components in the reaction mixture. The fatty amides were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) technique and elemental analysis. The highest conversion percentage (96%) was obtained when the process was carried out for 36 hours using urea to palm oil ratio of 5.2: 1.0 at 40 degrees C. The method employed offers several advantages such as renewable and abundant of the raw material, simple reaction procedure, environmentally friendly process and high yield of the product.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  5. Fulltext Improved Method for the Qualitative Analyses of Palm Oil Carotenes Using UPLC
    Ng MH, Choo YM
    J Chromatogr Sci, 2016 Apr;54(4):633-8.
    PMID: 26941414 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv241
    Palm oil is the richest source of natural carotenes, comprising 500-700 ppm in crude palm oil (CPO). Its concentration is found to be much higher in oil extracted from palm-pressed fiber, a by-product from the milling of oil palm fruits. There are 11 types of carotenes in palm oil, excluding the cis/trans isomers of some of the carotenes. Qualitative separation of these individual carotenes is particularly useful for the identification and confirmation of different types of oil as the carotenes profile is unique to each type of vegetable oil. Previous studies on HPLC separation of the individual palm carotenes reported a total analyses time of up to 100 min using C30 stationary phase. In this study, the separation was completed in <5 min. The qualitative separation was successfully carried out using a commonly used stationary phase, C18.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  6. Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) at the Oil/Water Interface: A Neutron Reflection Study
    Campana M, Hosking SL, Petkov JT, Tucker IM, Webster JR, Zarbakhsh A, et al.
    Langmuir, 2015 May 26;31(20):5614-22.
    PMID: 25875917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00646
    The structure of the adsorbed protein layer at the oil/water interface is essential to the understanding of the role of proteins in emulsion stabilization, and it is important to glean the mechanistic events of protein adsorption at such buried interfaces. This article reports on a novel experimental methodology for probing protein adsorption at the buried oil/water interface. Neutron reflectivity was used with a carefully selected set of isotopic contrasts to study the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at the hexadecane/water interface, and the results were compared to those for the air/water interface. The adsorption isotherm was determined at the isoelectric point, and the results showed that a higher degree of adsorption could be achieved at the more hydrophobic interface. The adsorbed BSA molecules formed a monolayer on the aqueous side of the interface. The molecules in this layer were partially denatured by the presence of oil, and once released from the spatial constraint by the globular framework they were free to establish more favorable interactions with the hydrophobic medium. Thus, a loose layer extending toward the oil phase was clearly observed, resulting in an overall broader interface. By analogy to the air/water interface, as the concentration of BSA increased to 1.0 mg mL(-1) a secondary layer extending toward the aqueous phase was observed, possibly resulting from the steric repulsion upon the saturation of the primary monolayer. Results clearly indicate a more compact arrangement of molecules at the oil/water interface: this must be caused by the loss of the globular structure as a consequence of the denaturing action of the hexadecane.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oils/chemistry*
  7. Comparative differential scanning calorimetric analysis of vegetable oils: II. Effects of cooling rate variation
    Che Man YB, Tan CP
    Phytochem Anal, 2002 May-Jun;13(3):142-51.
    PMID: 12099104
    The effects of scanning rates (1, 5, 10 and 20 degrees C/min) on the DSC cooling profiles of 11 vegetable oils have been determined in order to monitor peak transition temperatures, onset temperatures and crystallisation enthalpies. Triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and iodine value analyses were used to complement the DSC data. The melted samples exhibited complicated crystallising exotherms. As the cooling rate increased, the crystallisation temperature decreased and the breadth of the crystallisation exotherm on cooling from the melt increased. In addition, the intensity of the exothermic peak increased somewhat when the cooling rate was increased. At slow cooling rates, TAG had more time to interact. It is conceivable that, at a low cooling rate (1 degree C/min), a prominent exotherm would be observed on crystallisation of vegetable oils and fats. The occurrence of one exotherm upon cooling indicated the co-crystallisation of the TAG upon slow cooling. On the basis of the corollary results obtained, vegetable oils may be differentiated by their onset temperature (Ton) values in the DSC cooling curves. Generally, there was a shift of Ton toward lower values with increasing cooling rates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  8. Fulltext An Experimental Study of Briquetting Process of Torrefied Rubber Seed Kernel and Palm Oil Shell
    Hamid MF, Idroas MY, Ishak MZ, Zainal Alauddin ZA, Miskam MA, Abdullah MK
    Biomed Res Int, 2016;2016:1679734.
    PMID: 27419127 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1679734
    Torrefaction process of biomass material is essential in converting them into biofuel with improved calorific value and physical strength. However, the production of torrefied biomass is loose, powdery, and nonuniform. One method of upgrading this material to improve their handling and combustion properties is by densification into briquettes of higher density than the original bulk density of the material. The effects of critical parameters of briquetting process that includes the type of biomass material used for torrefaction and briquetting, densification temperature, and composition of binder for torrefied biomass are studied and characterized. Starch is used as a binder in the study. The results showed that the briquette of torrefied rubber seed kernel (RSK) is better than torrefied palm oil shell (POS) in both calorific value and compressive strength. The best quality of briquettes is yielded from torrefied RSK at the ambient temperature of briquetting process with the composition of 60% water and 5% binder. The maximum compressive load for the briquettes of torrefied RSK is 141 N and the calorific value is 16 MJ/kg. Based on the economic evaluation analysis, the return of investment (ROI) for the mass production of both RSK and POS briquettes is estimated in 2-year period and the annual profit after payback was approximately 107,428.6 USD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  9. Valorization of Dacryodes rostrata fruit through the characterization of its oil
    Tee LH, Yang B, Tey BT, Chan ES, Azlan A, Ismail A, et al.
    Food Chem, 2017 Nov 15;235:257-264.
    PMID: 28554634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.021
    Dacryodes rostrata (kembayau) is an important food and oil resource for local communities in Borneo, but it is not commonly known to wider community. The objective of this work is to valorize kembayau fruit by evaluating the characteristics of the oil from the fruit. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and the lipophilic essential nutrient; the fatty acid composition, vitamin E and beta-carotene content of oils obtained from the peel, pulp and seeds of kembayau fruits were studied. The pulp of the kembayau fruit contained highest proportion of oil, followed by peel and seed. Kembayau fruit contained vitamin E and had trace amount of beta-carotene. Besides, kembayau fruit oils were not toxic to BRL3A cells, provided hepatoprotection and reversed lipid peroxidation in paracetamol-induced toxicity. Our results suggest that kembayau can be a potential source for cooking oil as the physicochemical characteristics are comparable with commercial source such as oil palm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  10. Physicochemical characterization of kappa-carrageenan (Euchema cottoni) based films incorporated with various plant oils
    R NFN, Nur Hanani ZA
    Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Feb 10;157:1479-1487.
    PMID: 27987859 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.026
    This study investigated the effects of different types of plant oil (olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil and sunflower oil) on the physical and mechanical properties of kappa-carrageenan films from Euchema cottoni species. The incorporation of plant oils increased the film thickness significantly (P<0.05). However, the moisture content, solubility and tensile strength of films decreased significantly (P<0.05) as plant oils were added. The incorporation of plant oils also contributed to a plasticizing effect, whereby the values for elongation at break increased significantly (P<0.05), from 22.3% to 108.8%. Higher oil content also led to carrageenan films with lower opacity, which contradicted with previous studies. In conclusion, the plant oils used in this research significantly improved film properties, thus demonstrating the potential of these materials to be used as food packaging films and coatings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  11. Recycling of palm oil industrial wastes using vermicomposting technology: its kinetics study and environmental application
    Rupani PF, Embrandiri A, Ibrahim MH, Shahadat M, Hansen SB, Ismail SA, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 May;24(14):12982-12990.
    PMID: 28378309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8938-0
    The present paper reports management of palm oil mill effluent (POME) mixed with palm-pressed fibre (PPF) POME-PPF mixture using eco-friendly, cost-effective vermicomposting technology. Vermicomposting of POME-PPF was performed to examine the optimal POME-PPF ratio with respect to the criteria of earthworm biomass and to evaluate the decomposition of carbon and nitrogen in different percentages of POME-PPF mixtures. Chemical parameters such as TOC, N, P and K contents were determined to achieve optimal decomposition of POME-PPF. On this basis, the obtained data of 50% POME-PPF mixture demonstrated more significant results throughout the experiment after addition of the earthworms. However, 60 and 70% mixtures found significant only in the last stages of the vermicomposting process. The decomposition rate in terms of -ln (CNt/CNo) showed that the 50% mixture has higher decomposition rate as compared to the 60 and 70% (k50% = 0.0498 day(-1)). The vermicomposting extracts (50, 60 and 70%) of POME-PPF mixtures were also tested to examine the growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata). It was found that among different extract dilutions, 50% POME-PPF vermicompost extract provided longer root and shoot length of mung bean. The present study concluded that the 50% mixture of POME-PPF could be chosen as the optimal mixture for vermicomposting in terms of both decomposition rate and fertilizer value of the final compost. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  12. Treatment of diluted palm oil mill effluent (POME) synchronous with electricity production in a persulfate oxidant-promoted photocatalytic fuel cell
    Yap CJ, Lam SM, Sin JC, Zeng H, Li H, Huang L, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Sep;30(42):96272-96289.
    PMID: 37566326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29165-6
    Attributable to the prosperous production growth of palm oil in Malaysia, the generated palm oil mill effluent (POME) poses a high threat owing to its highly polluted characteristic. Urged by the escalating concern of environmental conservation, POME pollution abatement and potential energy recovery from the effluent are flagged up as a research topic of interest. In this study, a cutting-edge photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system with employment of ZnO/Zn nanorod array (NRA) photoanode, CuO/Cu cathode, and persulfate (PS) oxidant was successfully designed to improve the treatment of POME and simultaneous energy production. The photoelectrodes were fabricated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis (BET). Owing to the properties of strong oxidant of PS, the proposed PFC/PS system has exhibited exceptional performance, attaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 96.2%, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 740.0 mV, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 146.7 μA cm-2, and power density (Pmax) of 35.6 μW cm-2. The pre-eminent PFC/PS system performance was yielded under optimal conditions of 2.5 mM of persulfate oxidant, POME dilution factor of 1:20, and natural solution pH of 8.51. Subsequently, the postulated photoelectrocatalytic POME treatment mechanism was elucidated by the radical scavenging study and Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis. The following recycling test affirmed the stability and durability of the photoanode after four continuous repetition usages while the assessed electrical energy efficiency revealed the economic viability of PFC system serving as a post-treatment for abatement of POME. These findings contributed toward enhancing the sustainability criteria and economic viability of palm oil by adopting sustainable and efficient POME post-treatment technology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
  13. Fulltext Spray Drying for the Encapsulation of Oils-A Review
    Mohammed NK, Tan CP, Manap YA, Muhialdin BJ, Hussin ASM
    Molecules, 2020 Aug 26;25(17).
    PMID: 32858785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173873
    The application of the spray drying technique in the food industry for the production of a broad range of ingredients has become highly desirable compared to other drying techniques. Recently, the spray drying technique has been applied extensively for the production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Encapsulation using spray drying is highly preferred due to economic advantages compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation of oils using the spray drying technique is carried out in order to enhance the handling properties of the products and to improve oxidation stability by protecting the bioactive compounds. Encapsulation of oils involves several parameters-including inlet and outlet temperatures, total solids, and the type of wall materials-that significantly affect the quality of final product. Therefore, this review highlights the application and optimization of the spray drying process for the encapsulation of oils used as food ingredients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  14. Fulltext Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel
    Hazmi B, Beygisangchin M, Rashid U, Mokhtar WNAW, Tsubota T, Alsalme A, et al.
    Molecules, 2022 Oct 21;27(20).
    PMID: 36296735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207142
    The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H, respectively. The synthesised acidic glycerol catalysts were characterised by various analytical techniques such as thermalgravimetric analyser (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, surface properties adsorption-desorption by nitrogen gas, ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), elemental composition analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and surface micrographic morphologies by field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Both glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H samples exhibited mesoporous structures with a low surface area of 8.85 mm2/g and 4.71 mm2/g, respectively, supported by the microscopic image of blockage pores. However, the acidity strength for both catalysts was recorded at 3.43 mmol/g and 3.96 mmol/g, which is sufficient for catalysing PFAD biodiesel at the highest yield. The catalytic esterification was optimised at 96.7% and 98.2% with 3 wt.% of catalyst loading, 18:1 of methanol-PFAD molar ratio, 120 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Catalyst reusability was sustained up to 3 reaction cycles due to catalyst deactivation, and the insight investigation of spent catalysts was also performed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
  15. Fulltext Influence of the Extraction Method on the Quality and Chemical Composition of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Oil
    Elouafy Y, El Yadini A, El Moudden H, Harhar H, Alshahrani MM, Awadh AAA, et al.
    Molecules, 2022 Nov 08;27(22).
    PMID: 36431782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227681
    The present study investigated and compared the quality and chemical composition of Moroccan walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil. This study used three extraction techniques: cold pressing (CP), soxhlet extraction (SE), and ultrasonic extraction (UE). The findings showed that soxhlet extraction gave a significantly higher oil yield compared to the other techniques used in this work (65.10% with p < 0.05), while cold pressing and ultrasonic extraction gave similar yields: 54.51% and 56.66%, respectively (p > 0.05). Chemical composition analysis was carried out by GC−MS and allowed 11 compounds to be identified, of which the major compound was linoleic acid (C18:2), with a similar percentage (between 57.08% and 57.84%) for the three extractions (p > 0.05). Regarding the carotenoid pigment, the extraction technique significantly affected its content (p < 0.05) with values between 10.11 mg/kg and 14.83 mg/kg. The chlorophyll pigment presented a similar content in both oils extracted by SE and UE (p > 0.05), 0.20 mg/kg and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively, while the lowest content was recorded in the cold-pressed oil with 0.13 mg/kg. Moreover, the analysis of phytosterols in walnut oil revealed significantly different contents (p < 0.05) for the three extraction techniques (between 1168.55 mg/kg and 1306.03 mg/kg). In addition, the analyses of tocopherol composition revealed that γ-tocopherol represented the main tocopherol isomer in all studied oils and the CP technique provided the highest content of total tocopherol with 857.65 mg/kg, followed by SE and UE with contents of 454.97 mg/kg and 146.31 mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly different (p < 0.05). This study presents essential information for producers of nutritional oils and, in particular, walnut oil; this information helps to select the appropriate method to produce walnut oil with the targeted quality properties and chemical compositions for the desired purpose. It also helps to form a scientific basis for further research on this plant in order to provide a vision for the possibility of exploiting these oils in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food fields.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
  16. Fulltext Towards an alcohol-free process for the production of palm phytonutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis of crude palm oil using liquid lipases
    Adiiba SH, Chan ES, Lee YY, Amelia, Chang MY, Song CP
    J Sci Food Agric, 2022 Dec;102(15):6921-6929.
    PMID: 35662022 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12053
    BACKGROUND: Crude palm oil (CPO) is rich with phytonutrients such as carotenoids and tocols which possesses many health benefits. The aim of this research was to develop a methanol-free process to produce palm phytonutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, triacylglycerol was hydrolyzed into free fatty acids (FFAs) using three different types of liquid lipases derived from Aspergillus oryzae (ET 2.0), Aspergillus niger (Habio) and Candida antartica (CALB).

    RESULTS: ET 2.0 was found to be the best enzyme for hydrolysis. Under the optimum condition, the FFA content achievable was 790 g kg-1 after 24 h of reaction with 1:1 water-to-oil mass ratio at 50 °C and stirring speed of 9 × g. Furthermore, with the addition of 2 g kg-1 ascorbic acid, it was found that 98% of carotenoids and 96% of tocols could be retained after hydrolysis.

    CONCLUSION: This work shows that enzymatic hydrolysis, which is inherently safer, cleaner and sustainable is feasible to replace the conventional methanolysis for the production of palm phytonutrients. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry
  17. Fulltext One-Step Partially Purified Lipases (ScLipA and ScLipB) from Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 Obtained via Solid State Fermentation and Their Applications
    Kam YC, Woo KK, Ong LGA
    Molecules, 2017 Dec 08;22(12).
    PMID: 29292721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122106
    Lipases with unique characteristics are of value in industrial applications, especially those targeting cost-effectiveness and less downstream processes. The aims of this research were to: (i) optimize the fermentation parameters via solid state fermentation (SSF); and (ii) study the performance in hydrolysis and esterification processes of the one-step partially purified Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 lipases. Lipase was produced by cultivating S. commune UTARA1 on sugarcane bagasse (SB) with used cooking oil (UCO) via SSF and its production was optimized using Design-Expert® 7.0.0. Fractions 30% (ScLipA) and 70% (ScLipB) which contained high lipase activity were obtained by stepwise (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation. Crude fish oil, coconut oil and butter were used to investigate the lipase hydrolysis capabilities by a free glycerol assay. Results showed that ScLipA has affinities for long, medium and short chain triglycerides, as all the oils investigated were degraded, whereas ScLipB has affinities for long chain triglycerides as it only degrades crude fish oil. During esterification, ScLipA was able to synthesize trilaurin and triacetin. Conversely, ScLipB was specific towards the formation of 2-mono-olein and triacetin. From the results obtained, it was determined that ScLipA and ScLipB are sn-2 regioselective lipases. Hence, the one-step partial purification strategy proved to be feasible for partial purification of S. commune UTARA1 lipases that has potential use in industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fish Oils/chemistry; Plant Oils/chemistry
  18. Molecular defense response of oil palm to Ganoderma infection
    Ho CL, Tan YC
    Phytochemistry, 2015 Jun;114:168-77.
    PMID: 25457484 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.016
    Basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palm roots is due to the invasion of fungal mycelia of Ganoderma species which spreads to the bole of the stem. In addition to root contact, BSR can also spread by airborne basidiospores. These fungi are able to break down cell wall components including lignin. BSR not only decreases oil yield, it also causes the stands to collapse thus causing severe economic loss to the oil palm industry. The transmission and mode of action of Ganoderma, its interactions with oil palm as a hemibiotroph, and the molecular defence responses of oil palm to the infection of Ganoderma boninense in BSR are reviewed, based on the transcript profiles of infected oil palms. The knowledge gaps that need to be filled in oil palm-Ganoderma molecular interactions i.e. the associations of hypersensitive reaction (HR)-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) kinetics to the susceptibility of oil palm to Ganoderma spp., the interactions of phytohormones (salicylate, jasmonate and ethylene) at early and late stages of BSR, and cell wall strengthening through increased production of guaiacyl (G)-type lignin, are also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  19. Fulltext Optimization of natural lipstick formulation based on pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil using D-optimal mixture experimental design
    Kamairudin N, Gani SS, Masoumi HR, Hashim P
    Molecules, 2014;19(10):16672-83.
    PMID: 25325152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016672
    The D-optimal mixture experimental design was employed to optimize the melting point of natural lipstick based on pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) seed oil. The influence of the main lipstick components-pitaya seed oil (10%-25% w/w), virgin coconut oil (25%-45% w/w), beeswax (5%-25% w/w), candelilla wax (1%-5% w/w) and carnauba wax (1%-5% w/w)-were investigated with respect to the melting point properties of the lipstick formulation. The D-optimal mixture experimental design was applied to optimize the properties of lipstick by focusing on the melting point with respect to the above influencing components. The D-optimal mixture design analysis showed that the variation in the response (melting point) could be depicted as a quadratic function of the main components of the lipstick. The best combination of each significant factor determined by the D-optimal mixture design was established to be pitaya seed oil (25% w/w), virgin coconut oil (37% w/w), beeswax (17% w/w), candelilla wax (2% w/w) and carnauba wax (2% w/w). With respect to these factors, the 46.0 °C melting point property was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical prediction of 46.5 °C. Carnauba wax is the most influential factor on this response (melting point) with its function being with respect to heat endurance. The quadratic polynomial model sufficiently fit the experimental data.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
  20. Fulltext A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of a virgin coconut oil emulsion and commercial food supplement emulsions
    Khor YP, Koh SP, Long K, Long S, Ahmad SZ, Tan CP
    Molecules, 2014 Jul 01;19(7):9187-202.
    PMID: 24988188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079187
    Food manufacturers are interested in developing emulsion-based products into nutritional foods by using beneficial oils, such as fish oil and virgin coconut oil (VCO). In this study, the physicochemical properties of a VCO oil-in-water emulsion was investigated and compared to other commercial oil-in-water emulsion products (C1, C2, C3, and C4). C3 exhibited the smallest droplet size of 3.25 µm. The pH for the emulsion samples ranged from 2.52 to 4.38 and thus were categorised as acidic. In a texture analysis, C2 was described as the most firm, very adhesive and cohesive, as well as having high compressibility properties. From a rheological viewpoint, all the emulsion samples exhibited non-Newtonian behaviour, which manifested as a shear-thinning property. The G'G'' crossover illustrated by the VCO emulsion in the amplitude sweep graph but not the other commercial samples illustrated that the VCO emulsion had a better mouthfeel. In this context, the VCO emulsion yielded the highest zeta potential (64.86 mV), which was attributed to its strong repulsive forces, leading to a good dispersion system. C2 comprised the highest percentage of fat among all emulsion samples, followed by the VCO emulsion, with 18.44% and 6.59%, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Oils/chemistry*
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