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Fulltext 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-ium 4-nitro-benzene-sulfonate monohydrate

Hemamalini M, Razak IA, Fun HK

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):o2655.

PMID: 22065809 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811036774

In the 4-nitro-benzene sulfonate anion of the title compound, C(2)H(4)N(3) (+)·C(6)H(4)NO(5)S(-)·H(2)O, the nitro group is slightly twisted from the plane of the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 2.8 (3)°]. In the crystal, the three components are linked via N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane. A short inter-molecular O⋯N contact of 2.872 (3) Å is also observed between the nitro and sulfonate groups.

Fulltext 2-Amino-6-methyl-pyridinium 2-carb-oxy-benzoate

Hemamalini M, Razak IA, Fun HK

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):o2402.

PMID: 22058994 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811033174

In the title mol-ecular salt, C(6)H(9)N(2) (+)·C(8)H(5)O(4) (-), an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs within the anion, thereby generating an S(7) ring, which may correlate with the fact that both the carb-oxy-lic acid and carboxyl-ate groups are almost coplanar with their attached rings [dihedral angles = 2.9 (3) and 5.2 (3)°, respectively]. In the crystal, each cation is linked to its adjacent anion by two N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds; the dihedral angle between the pyridine and benzene rings is 2.22 (10)°. The ion pairs are linked by further N-H⋯O inter-actions.

Fluorosis prevalence among schoolchildren in a fluoridated community in Malaysia

Tan BS, Razak IA, Foo LC

Community Dent Health, 2005 Mar;22(1):35-9.

PMID: 15819114

This study aims to assess the magnitude of the problem of fluorosis among 10-11 year old schoolchildren in a fluoridated area in Malaysia.

Epidemiology of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of 12-13-year-old Malaysian schoolchildren

Esa R, Razak IA, Allister JH

Community Dent Health, 2001 Mar;18(1):31-6.

PMID: 11421403

Data on malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in Malaysia are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a sample of 12-13-year-old schoolchildren using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), and to assess the relationship between malocclusion and socio-demographic variables, perceptions of need for orthodontic treatment, aesthetic perception and social functioning.

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Razak IA, Raj SS, Fun HK, Tong YX, Lu ZL, Kang BS

Acta Crystallogr C, 2000 Mar;56 (Pt 3):291-2.

PMID: 10777923

Investigation of delay in utilization of government dental services in Malaysia

Jaafar N, Jalalluddin RL, Razak IA, Esa R

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1992 Jun;20(3):144-7.

PMID: 1623706

Although delays in seeking dental care among patients are frequently observed in daily practice, this problem has never been investigated in other utilization studies. This study attempts to establish the magnitude and severity of the problem of delay in a delivery system where cost is not a major barrier to utilization. 555 users of Government dental services were interviewed. Only 37% of them came promptly within 6 days of perceiving a dental need. The majority (63%) had delayed their dental visit for more than 1 week. In fact, the highest frequency of delay was for more than 1 month. Prompt attendance was found to be associated with people who regularly came for asymptomatic check-ups. In contrast, more than 50% of those who thought they needed fillings and extractions had delayed their visit for more than a month. The main causes of delays were attributed to work commitments and the lack of perceived need for urgent care. Barriers related to transport or financial problems were ranked very low. The implications of these findings are discussed.

A survey on oral hygiene practices among Malaysian adults

Esa R, Razak IA, Jallaudin RL, Jaafar N

Clin Prev Dent, 1992 Jan-Feb;14(1):23-7.

PMID: 1499238

A survey on oral hygiene practices was conducted on 537 dentate adult patients aged 15 years and over. The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in dental behavior with regards to socio-demographic factors, namely age, sex, ethnicity, income, education and occupational status. Patients attending nine randomly selected government dental clinics were interviewed on their daily oral hygiene practices. The majority (89.7%) of the subjects reported that they brushed their teeth, 68% used toothpaste containing fluoride, but only 8.4% flossed their teeth. Generally the younger group had better oral hygiene habits. The higher the socioeconomic status of the adults, the better their toothcleaning practices. Awareness concerning dental floss was low regardless of all the socio-demographic variables. It was concluded that there is a need to improve the dental health practices of adults in Malaysia.

Cross-cultural variations in dental knowledge among antenatal mothers

Esa R, Razak IA, Jalalludin RL

Odontostomatol Trop, 1992 Mar;15(1):19-23.

PMID: 1287607

This study evaluates the level of dental knowledge among 328 antenatal mothers from different ethnic groups and ascertains the importance of the various sources of dental information. The mothers were interviewed based on a structured questionnaire. Most mothers knew about the number of sets of teeth they possessed throughout their life. This was most evident among the Chinese and least among the Malays. Only 42.7% of the mothers interviewed were positive about the preservation of their teeth throughout life. This belief was highest among the Chinese followed by the Indians. However about 40% of the Chinese believed that tooth decay is hereditary. Generally the principal sources of dental information cited by most mothers were television or radio followed by dentists, school and family. This order of importance was similarly observed among the Malays and Chinese. However, among Indians, family members represent the second most important source of dental information. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Age, sex and ethnic trends in tooth loss due to caries

Razak IA, Jaafar N, Nor GM

Odontostomatol Trop, 1989 Dec;12(4):143-5.

PMID: 2638746

Trends in tooth loss due to caries and periodontal disease by tooth type

Jaafar N, Razak IA, Nor GM

Singapore Dent J, 1989 Dec;14(1):39-41.

PMID: 2487474

Although the patterns of dental disease is gradually changing, caries and periodontal disease still account for the most important reason for extractions in most countries. However their relative contributions towards overall tooth mortality figures varies. The aim of this study is to investigate the types of teeth usually associated with extractions due to caries or periodontal disease and its relation to the age at which the tooth was lost. The highest proportion of extractions due to caries occurred between 21 to 30 years of age while that for periodontal disease occurred between 41 to 50 years. For caries, the greatest proportion of extractions involved the posterior teeth. The most frequently extracted teeth due to caries are the molars, in particular the first permanent molar. However, for periodontal disease a slightly greater proportion of anterior teeth were lost than the posteriors. This trend is more marked in the lower jaw than the upper. Overall, extractions related to caries tend to increase posteriorly, while that for periodontal disease tend to increase anteriorly.

Awareness and attitudes toward hepatitis B among Malaysian dentists

Razak IA, Latifah RJ, Nasruddin J, Esa R

Clin Prev Dent, 1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):22-4.

PMID: 1884572

A questionnaire was mailed to 1217 dentists whose names appear in the Dentist Register of 1987 in order to assess their awareness and acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine and their pattern of glove usage. Almost all the respondents (99.6%) were aware of the availability of the hepatitis B vaccine yet only 44.8% have received the vaccine. This is in spite of the fact that the majority (61.2%) of the vaccine non-acceptors have no reservations concerning the vaccine. About 71% and 63% of the vaccine-acceptors and non-acceptors respectively believed that the risk of their contracting hepatitis B was high or very high. About 22% of the vaccine non-acceptors never used gloves when treating patients as compared to 9% among vaccine acceptors. Overall, about 78% of the respondents have experienced needleprick injuries in the 3 years preceding the survey.

Patients' preference for exodontia versus preservation in Malaysia

Razak IA, Jaafar N, Jalalludin RL, Esa R

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1990 Jun;18(3):131-2.

PMID: 2350948

A total of 537 dentate adults from nine randomly selected government dental centers in three states in Malaysia were interviewed to assess their preference for either exodontia or preservation of teeth when they experience toothache, or have carious anterior or posterior teeth. The assumptions tested were i) patients prefer exodontia rather than preservation when they have toothache, and ii) patients are more willing to have posterior teeth extracted than anterior teeth for caries. Both these assumptions were rejected. Even though the majority of the subjects preferred preservation (59%) when having toothache, exodontia was the treatment of choice in a large proportion of subjects (41%). Significant differences in preference were found among the various ethnic, educational, income, and age groups. However, when ethnicity was held constant, binary regression indicated that the variations observed were determined by education, income, and age groups and not by ethnicity.

The prevalence and distribution of enamel defects in 11-12 year old Malaysian schoolchildren

Nik-Hussein NN, Razak IA

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1989 Sep;18(5):591-3.

PMID: 2619248

The prevalence and symmetrical distribution of enamel defects were studied in 218 Malaysian school children aged 11-12 years old. The tooth prevalence of enamel defect was 40.3 per cent. The first permanent molars were the most severely affected, whereas the lower incisors were the least severely affected. Overall there was no sex difference. Distribution of symmetry was assessed between the right and left tooth pairs as well as for upper and lower teeth. A higher proportion of symmetry was observed for the right and left tooth pairs and the lingual surfaces showed a greater percentage of bilateral distribution.

The social impact of oral and facial pain in an industrial population

Jaafar N, Razak IA, Zain RB

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1989 Sep;18(5):553-5.

PMID: 2619246

The aim of this study is to determine the social impact of oral and facial pain in a sample involving an industrial population. Out of a total of 355 subjects interviewed, nearly one-half claimed to have oral and facial pain in the previous one month prior to the survey. The most common type of pain was that related to hot or cold fluids or sweet things followed by toothache. On the average, the pain lasted for 4.2 days (SD = 4.9) per person in the past one-month. About one in five persons with pain reported that it was severe enough to disrupt sleep. About one in ten persons reporting pain had to take sick leave because of the pain. However, only one in four persons with pain consulted a doctor or dentist. More than one-third tried to cope with the pain and did nothing while the rest tried various means of self-cure. It is therefore postulated that in this population, pain per se is a poor predictor of utilisation of dental services. Further research into pain coping behaviour and how this affects of pattern of utilisation of dental services is indicated in order to formulate a strategy to encourage the habit of seeking prompt dental care by the target population.

Comparing dental caries status using Modified International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and World Health Organization (WHO) indices among school children of Bhakkar, Pakistan

Taqi M, Razak IA, Ab-Murat N

J Pak Med Assoc, 2019 Jul;69(7):950-954.

PMID: 31308560

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the dental caries status among children using two methods..

METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in October-November 2017 at five government and two private schools in Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. It comprised children aged 11-12 years. World Health Organisation standards and the modified International Caries Detection and Assessment Systems methods were used were used to determine the dental caries status of each subject. Results of the two methods were compared at all cut- offs where appropriate, using SPSS 17.

RESULTS: Of the 183 subjects, 101(55.2%) were boys. Those aged 12 years were 112(61.2%) while 71(38.8%) were aged 11 years. There was no statistically significant difference in values of the Decayed Missing and Filled Surface / Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth index as well as the prevalence of dental caries between two methods (p>0.05 each). Intra-examiner reproducibility was higher with the World Health Organisation method compared to the other index used (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Modified International Caries Detection and Assessment Systems method can be used in epidemiological surveys as it was found to provide results similar to the World Health Organisation criteria at cut-off point 2.

Fulltext The impact of anticipatory guidance on early childhood caries: a quasi-experimental study

Ismail A, Razak IA, Ab-Murat N

BMC Oral Health, 2018 07 27;18(1):126.

PMID: 30053849 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0589-0

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the impact of anticipatory guidance on the caries incidence of 2-3-year-old preschool children and their 4-6-year-old siblings, as well as on their mothers' oral health literacy, as compared to the conventional Ministry of Health (MOH) programme.

METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at two government dental clinics in Batu Pahat District, Malaysia. The samples comprised of 478 mother-child-sibling trios (233 families in the intervention group, and 245 families in the control group). An oral health package named the Family Dental Wellness Programme (FDWP) was designed to provide dental examinations and oral health education through anticipatory guidance technique to the intervention group at six-month intervals over 3 years. The control group received the standard MOH oral health education activities. The impact of FDWP on net caries increment, caries prevented fraction, and mother's oral health literacy was assessed after 3 years of intervention.

RESULTS: Children and siblings in the intervention group had a significantly lower net caries increment (0.24 ± SD0.8; 0.20 ± SD0.7) compared to the control group (0.75 ± SD1.2; 0.55 ± SD0.9). The caries prevented fraction for FDWP was 68% for the younger siblings and 63.6% for the older children. The 2-3-year-old children in the intervention group had a significantly lower incidence of white spot lesions than their counterpart (12% vs 25%, p

Sugar consumption and caries occurrence among Pakistani school children

Taqi M, Razak IA, Ab-Murat N

J Pak Med Assoc, 2018 Oct;68(10):1483-1487.

PMID: 30317346

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency and pattern of sugar intake among Pakistani school going children and its association with early carious lesion and caries history.

METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2016 in seven schools of Bhakkar district in the Punjab province of Pakistan, and comprised of school children aged 11-12 years. Diet diaries were used to assess the frequency of sugar intake while caries was assessed using the Modified International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the association of sugar consumption and early carious lesion with selected sociodemographic variables, and regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factor that matters most in caries occurrence.

RESULTS: Of the 226 subjects, 115(51%) had early carious lesion. Mean frequency of sugar intake was 5.2±3.2 times per day. Children who consumed sugar between main meals (p=0.01) and within two hours before bedtime (p=0.04) had significantly higher history of having caries. Cariogenic intake before bedtime was significantly associated with overall caries risk (p=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of sugar intake among the subjects was slightly higher than the recommended level. .

Fulltext Caries Risk Assessment in School Children Using Reduced Cariogram Model

Taqi M, Razak IA, Ab-Murat N

Pak J Med Sci, 2017 Jul-Aug;33(4):948-952.

PMID: 29067071 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.13106

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of children with low, moderate and high caries risk; and to determine the predictors of caries risk amongst 11-12 year old Pakistani school children.

METHODS: Subjects' caries risk was assessed using the Cariogram programme. The survey was done among school children in Bhakkar district of Punjab, Pakistan. Caries and plaque level were assessed using the DMFT and Sillnes and Loe indices respectively, while diet content and frequency were assessed using a three-day diet diary.

RESULTS: A total of 226 children participated in this study, giving a response rate of 75%. Most subjects (39.8%) were in the low risk category with DMFT score of 0. The overall mean DMFT score was 1.49 (±0.63). Linear and multiple regressions were performed to evaluate the predictability of caries risk. Previous experience of dental caries was found to be the most relevant predictor of caries risk (40%).

CONCLUSION: The levels of caries risk amongst Pakistani 11-12 year old school children were generally low. Past caries experience was the most significant factor in predicting future caries lesion in this sample population.

Fulltext Crystal structure and theoretical studies of two π-conjugated fused-ring chalcones: (E)-1-(anthra-cen-9-yl)-3-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phen-yl]prop-2-en-1-one

Zainuri DA, Razak IA, Arshad S

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2018 Sep 01;74(Pt 9):1302-1308.

PMID: 30225122 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018011131

The title chalcones, C31H23NO and C35H23NO, were synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions. Both structures were solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and optimized at the ground state using the density functional theory (DFT) method with the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. In the crystals, π-π inter-ations and weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions are observed. The effect of these inter-molecular inter-actions in the solid state can be seen by the difference between the experimental and theoretical optimized geometrical parameters. The structures have also been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The smallest energy gaps of 2.86 and 2.96 eV enhance the nonlinear responses of such mol-ecular systems. Hirshfeld surface analyses and 2D (two-dimensional) fingerprint plots were used to qu-antify the inter-molecular inter-actions present in the crystal, indicating that these are the most important contribution to the crystal packing.

Fulltext Mol-ecular structure, DFT studies and UV-Vis absorption of two new linear fused ring chalcones: (E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-(2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and (E)-1-(anthracen-9-yl)-3-(3-fluoro-4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

Zainuri DA, Razak IA, Arshad S

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2018 Aug 01;74(Pt 8):1087-1092.

PMID: 30116568 DOI: 10.1107/S205698901800974X

The title compounds, C24H18O2 and C24H17FO2, were synthesized using the Claisen-Schmidt condensation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π and π-π hydrogen-bonding inter-actions help to stabilize the crystal structures of both compounds. The geometrical parameters obtained from the mol-ecular structure were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, showing a good correlation with the experimental results. The small HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of 3.11 and 3.07 eV enhances the non-linear responses of these mol-ecular systems.

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