Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 54 in total

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  1. Effect of Artocarpus integer lectin on functional activity of guinea-pig complement
    Hashim OH, Gendeh GS, Cheong CN, Jaafar MI
    Immunol Invest, 1994 Mar;23(2):153-60.
    PMID: 8194855
    The effect of Artocarpus integer lectin (lectin C) on the functional activity of guinea-pig complement was investigated. Purified and crude extract of lectin C from six cultivars of Artocarpus integer seeds were found to consume complement and thus decreased the complement-induced haemolytic activity of sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The change in the complement-mediated haemolytic activity was significantly decreased when incubation of the lectins was performed in the presence of melibiose. The reversal effect of the carbohydrate, which is a potent inhibitor of the lectin's binding to O-linked oligosaccharides of glycoprotein, demonstrate involvement of the lectins interaction with O-glycans of glycoproteins in the consumption of guinea-pig complement.
  2. Fulltext Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Evaluation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polylactic Acid Blend for Fabrication of 3D Filaments for Tracheal Tissue Engineering
    Abdul Samat A, Abdul Hamid ZA, Jaafar M, Yahaya BH
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Sep 13;13(18).
    PMID: 34577988 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183087
    Surgical reconstruction of extensive tracheal lesions is challenging. It requires a mechanically stable, biocompatible, and nontoxic material that gradually degrades. One of the possible solutions for overcoming the limitations of tracheal transplantation is a three-dimensional (3D) printed tracheal scaffold made of polymers. Polymer blending is one of the methods used to produce material for a trachea scaffold with tailored characteristics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and in vitro properties of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend as a potential material for 3D printed tracheal scaffolds. Both materials were melt-blended using a single screw extruder. The morphologies (as well as the mechanical and thermal characteristics) were determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, tensile test, and Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC). The samples were also evaluated for their water absorption, in vitro biodegradability, and biocompatibility. It is demonstrated that, despite being not miscible, TPU and PLA are biocompatible, and their promising properties are suitable for future applications in tracheal tissue engineering.
  3. Effect of food preparation using naturally-contaminated groundwater from La Pampa, Argentina: Estimation of elemental dietary intake from rice and drinking water
    Jaafar M, Marcilla AL, Felipe-Sotelo M, Ward NI
    Food Chem, 2018 Apr 25;246:258-265.
    PMID: 29291847 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.019
    Water from La Pampa, Argentina, was used for washing and cooking rice to examine the in-situ impact of using naturally-contaminated water for food preparation on the elemental dietary intake. Whilst washing with the control tap water (28 μg/L As) reduced the concentration of As in rice by 23%, the use of different well waters (281-1144 μg/L) increased As levels significantly (48-227%) in comparison with the original concentration in the rice (0.056 µg/g). Cooking the rice at a low water-to-rice ratio (2:1) using modern methods increased the levels of As in the cooked samples by 2-3 orders of magnitude for both pre-washed and un-washed rice. Similar trends were observed for vanadium. Although the levels of manganese, iron, copper, zinc and molybdenum in rice were reduced during washing and cooking for most water samples, the molybdenum concentration in the cooked rice doubled (2.2-2.9 µg/g) when using water containing >1 mg/L Mo.
  4. Physico-Mechanical Properties of HA/TCP Pellets and Their Three-Dimensional Biological Evaluation In Vitro
    Kamalaldin N', Jaafar M, Zubairi SI, Yahaya BH
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2019;1084:1-15.
    PMID: 29299875 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_130
    The use of bioceramics, especially the combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), as a three-dimensional scaffold in bone engineering is essential because together these elements constitute 60% of the bone content. Different ratios of HA and β-TCP were previously tested for their ability to produce suitable bioceramic scaffolds, which must be able to withstand high mechanical load. In this study, two ratios of HA/TCP (20:80 and 70:30) were used to create pellets, which then were evaluated in vitro to identify any adverse effects of using the material in bone grafting. Diametral tensile strength (DTS) and density testing was conducted to assess the mechanical strength and porosity of the pellets. The pellets then were tested for their toxicity to normal human fibroblast cells. In the toxicity assay, cells were incubated with the pellets for 3 days. At the end of the experiment, cell morphological changes were assessed, and the absorbance was read using PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent™. An inversely proportional relationship between DTS and porosity percentage was detected. Fibroblasts showed normal cell morphology in both treatments, which suggests that the HA/TCP pellets were not toxic. In the osteoblast cell attachment assay, cells were able to attach to the surface of both ratios, but cells were also able to penetrate inside the scaffold of the 70:30 pellets. This finding suggests that the 70:30 ratio had better osteoconduction properties than the 20:80 ratio.
  5. Fulltext Investigation of the uptake of molybdenum by plants from Argentinean groundwater
    Lawson-Wood K, Jaafar M, Felipe-Sotelo M, Ward NI
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Sep;28(35):48929-48941.
    PMID: 33928502 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13902-w
    Some regions of Argentina are affected by high concentrations of molybdenum, arsenic and vanadium from natural sources in their groundwater. In particular, Mo levels in groundwater from Eduardo Castex (La Pampa, Argentina) typically exceed the guidelines for drinking water formerly established by WHO at 70 μg/L. Therefore, this study investigated the uptake of Mo in plants, using cress (Lepidium sativum L.) as a model using hydroponic experiments with synthetic solutions and groundwater from La Pampa. Cress grown from control experiments (150 μg/L Mo, pH 7) presented an average Mo concentration of 35.2 mg/kg (dry weight, d.w.), higher than the typical total plant range (0.7-2.5 mg/kg d.w.) in the literature. Using pooled groundwater samples (65.0-92.5 μg/L Mo) from wells of La Pampa (Argentina) as growth solutions resulted in significantly lower cress Mo levels (1.89-4.59 mg/kg d.w.) than were obtained for synthetic solutions of equivalent Mo concentration. This may be due to the high levels in these groundwater samples of As, V, Fe and Mn which are known to be associated with volcanic deposits. This research addressed the hitherto scarcity of data about the effect of various physicochemical parameters on the uptake of Mo in plants.
  6. Uranium concentration in blood samples of Southern Iraqi leukemia patients using CR-39 track detector
    Al-Hamzawi AA, Jaafar MS, Tawfiq NF
    J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2013 11 05;299(3):1267-1272.
    PMID: 26224958
    The simple and effective technique of fission track etch has been applied to determine trace concentration of uranium in human blood samples taken from two groups of male and female participants: leukemia patients and healthy subjects group. The blood samples of leukemia patients and healthy subjects were collected from three key southern governorates namely, Basrah, Muthanna and Dhi-Qar. These governorates were the centers of intensive military activities during the 1991 and 2003 Gulf wars, and the discarded weapons are still lying around in these regions. CR-39 track detector was used for registration of induced fission tracks. The results show that the highest recorded uranium concentration in the blood samples of leukemia patients was 4.71 ppb (female, 45 years old, from Basrah) and the minimum concentration was 1.91 ppb (male, 3 years old, from Muthanna). For healthy group, the maximum uranium concentration was 2.15 ppb (female, 55 years old, from Basrah) and the minimum concentration was 0.86 ppb (male, 5 years old, from Dhi-Qar). It has been found that the uranium concentrations in human blood samples of leukemia patients are higher than those of the healthy group. These uranium concentrations in the leukemia patients group were significantly different (P 
  7. Fulltext Impact of public health education on undue fear of COVID-19 among nurses: The mediating role of psychological capital
    Mubarak N, Safdar S, Faiz S, Khan J, Jaafar M
    Int J Ment Health Nurs, 2021 Apr;30(2):544-552.
    PMID: 33230850 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12819
    This study looked into the mechanism through which health education can reduce the fear of being infected with COVID-19 because health education helps individuals to improve their knowledge and attitudes towards a disease. The spread of COVID-19 has escalated the level of fear among public and nurses. Nevertheless, the mechanism that contributes to minimize the fear towards this pandemic remains unexplored. A cross-sectional survey was adopted to test the relationships among public health education, psychological capital, and fear of COVID-19. In total, 243 responses were obtained via online survey from nurses. The results revealed that public health education can reduce one's fear of COVID-19. Psychological capital emerged as a strong explanatory mechanism for the phenomenon. Drawing on spillover theory, public health education seems to reduce fear of COVID-19 with the mediating role of psychological capital. Limitations and future directions are at the end of this paper. The study outcomes revealed that organizations should focus on educating nursing staff to overcome fear of COVID-19. One way to induce positivity among nursing staff is by holding trainings.
  8. Treatment of dementia with herbs: a short review
    Tang CT, Belani LK, Das S, Jaafar MZ
    Clin Ter, 2013;164(1):43-6.
    PMID: 23455743 DOI: 10.7417/T.2013.1511
    Dementia is a common symptom observed in many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia seen in the general population. Multiple factors like oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation may be related to the neurodegenerative states. Many drugs like cholinesterase have been used for treatment but the progression of the disease still poses a challenge to the clinician. During recent times, herbs have gained much popularity as supplements because of the cost effectiveness, easy availability and fewer side effects. Early diagnosis and proper treatment may help in the prevention of mortality and morbidity concerned with any neurodegenerative disease. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the mode of the action of herbal products may be beneficial for researchers and clinicians. The present review article attempts to look into the potential herbal extracts which may act as an antioxidant in combating dementia.
  9. Fulltext Properties of active packaging of PLA-PCL film integrated with chitosan as an antibacterial agent and syzygium cumini seed extract as an antioxidant agent
    Nasution H, Harahap H, Julianti E, Safitri A, Jaafar M
    Heliyon, 2024 Jan 15;10(1):e23952.
    PMID: 38192781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23952
    Active packaging is becoming increasingly significant in the food industry. The present study aims to explore the use of Syzygium Cumini Seed Extract (SCSE) as an antioxidant and chitosan as an antibacterial agent to produce active packaging based on polylactic acid (PLA), poly ε-caprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) blend. Using advanced characterization techniques, active packaging (PLA/PCL/PEG) incorporating with 0.5 g chitosan-0.5 mL SCSE was evaluated for its mechanical, physical, structural, and antibacterial-antioxidant properties. The addition of chitosan-SCSE caused an 18.57 % increase in tensile strength and decreased the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) by up to 52 %, whereas smooth surface microscopy indicated good compatibility between polymers and active agents. Active packaging incorporating chitosan-SCSE reduced 96.66 % of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and 73.98 % of Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli. During 15 days of storage, the active packaging was able to slow the increase in Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) in beef and prevent the decrease in vitamin C contents in pineapple.
  10. Preliminary studies of left ventricular wall thickness and mass of normotensive and hypertensive subjects using m-mode echocardiography
    Jaafar MS, Hamid O, Khor CS, Yuvaraj RM
    Malays J Med Sci, 2002 Jan;9(1):28-33.
    PMID: 22969315 MyJurnal
    The relationship between left ventricular mass (LVM) and the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was investigated, using M-Mode echocardiography. MAP was higher in hypertensive patients (p<0.05, n=9) compared to that of controlled subjects. The results showed that LVM index for hypertensive patients was significantly higher (p<0.05, n=9) than that for the normal group. LVM index correlates fairly (r=0.6) with MAP for hypertensive patients. The results also show that the increase of intraventricular septal wall thickness (IVST) was due to hypertension. The LVM (r =0.9) and IVST (r=0.75) of the normal subjects were linearly dependent on the body surface area (BSA). The hypertensive group revealed a non-linear relationship to the BSA.
  11. Perception of quality of life amongst end stage renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis
    Ho SE, Ho CC, Norshazwani N, Teoh KH, Ismail MS, Jaafar MZ, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2013;164(6):499-505.
    PMID: 24424213 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1627
    AIMS: The objective of the study was to examine the quality of life amongst the end stage renal disease (ESRD) haemodialysis patients in Malaysia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 72 ESRD patients at a Dialysis Centre in Malaysia. The modified KDQOL-SF™ subscales, kidney disease-targeted scale and 36 item health survey scale questionnaires were used.

    RESULTS: The overall health rating was 66.73 ± 11.670 indicating good quality of life. There was no significant difference between quality of life for the different domains according to gender (p >0.05). However, there were significant differences between quality of life in the domain of burden of kidney disease. Physical functioning deteriorated significantly with age (p=0.012) while social functioning was lowest in the 50-65 years age group (p=0.037). Those who had no morbidities had significantly better scores on the effects of kidney (p=0.036), burden of kidney disease (p=0.011) and physical functioning (p=0.025).

    CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing haemodialysis have been found to have good quality of life despite having ESRD. It is therefore of paramount importance to constantly monitor the standard of care for these patients to enable them to live their life to the fullest.

  12. A study of knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management in an urban hospital
    Ho SE, Ho CC, Pang Yuen H, Lexshimi R, Choy YC, Jaafar MZ, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2013 May-Jun;164(3):215-9.
    PMID: 23868622 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1551
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nurses play a pivotal role in pain management. Unrelieved pain significantly interferes with patient's quality of life and is of great concern to nurses. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge level and attitudes of nurses related to pain management.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in an urban hospital. A total of 84 registered nurses were recruited using a modified version of questionnaire of Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain.
    RESULTS: The findings showed that respondents possessed good knowledge (99.12±14.810) and attitude (66.00 ±10.415) towards pain management. Fifty five respondents (66%) responded as positive to cultural beliefs affecting their pain management and 65 respondents (77%) viewed that their personal experiences had influenced their practice in pain management. Another 45 respondents (54%) reported they have attended pain course. There was no significant difference in pain management between respondents' year of service, cultural belief and personal experiences (p=>0.05). In terms of knowledge towards to pain management, respondents' age groups of more than 40 years were noted to possess better knowledge (p=0.046), unmarried respondents (p=0.018), and attended pain course (p=0.001) were significant. Attitude towards to pain management was not significant (p≤0.05).
    CONCLUSION: Nurses' knowledge and attitudes scores were impressive but there is room for further improvement to pain management. Continuing education organized by the hospital had significant impact on the nurses. However, this education course has to be reinforced from time to time in order to improve patients' pain experiences.
  13. Nurses compliance to hand hygiene practice and knowledge at Klang Valley hospital
    Ho SE, Ho CC, Hng SH, Liu CY, Jaafar MZ, Lim B
    Clin Ter, 2013;164(5):407-11.
    PMID: 24217826 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1604
    Hand hygiene is the most important measure in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). Adherence to hand hygiene protocols in hospital by nurses enables in prevention and control the HCAI. The main aim of the present study was to assess nurses' compliance to hand hygiene practice and knowledge in a hospital.
  14. New bioactive glass-ceramic: synthesis and application in PMMA bone cement composites
    Abd Samad H, Jaafar M, Othman R, Kawashita M, Abdul Razak NH
    Biomed Mater Eng, 2011;21(4):247-58.
    PMID: 22182792 DOI: 10.3233/BME-2011-0673
    In present study, a new composition of glass-ceramic was synthesized based on the Na2O-CaO-SiO2-P2O5 glass system. Heat treatment of glass powder was carried out in 2 stages: 600 °C as the nucleation temperature and different temperature on crystallization at 850, 950 and 1000 °C. The glass-ceramic heat-treated at 950 °C was selected as bioactive filler in commercial PMMA bone cement; (PALACOS® LV) due to its ability to form 2 high crystallization phases in comparison with 850 and 1000 °C. The results of this newly glass-ceramic filled PMMA bone cement at 0-16 wt% of filler loading were compared with those of hydroxyapatite (HA). The effect of different filler loading on the setting properties was evaluated. The peak temperature during the polymerization of bone cement decreased when the liquid to powder (L/P) ratio was reduced. The setting time, however, did not show any trend when filler loading was increased. In contrast, dough time was observed to decrease with increased filler loading. Apatite morphology was observed on the surface of the glass-ceramic and selected cement after bioactivity test.
  15. Fulltext Nitrous oxide pollution in the operating room. A comparison of two modes of ventilation
    Noorddin Y, Raha AR, Jaafar MZ, Rozaidi SH, Muraly S, Marlizan MY
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):127-9.
    PMID: 18705444 MyJurnal
    The use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as an alternative to the endotracheal tube (ETT) is becoming more popular in the practice of anesthesia. It is undeniable that this device has numerous advantages over endotracheal tube, however it does not provide an airtight seal between the airway and atmospheric gases. This may lead to pollution of the operating room environment with nitrous oxide. One hundreds adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia were divided into two groups. The airway in Group I was maintained with LMA with spontaneous ventilation and ETT with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was used for Group II. The result demonstrated that the ETT group recorded concentrations of nitrous oxide that were well above the NIOSH recommended eight hour time weighted average of 25ppm throughout the duration of surgery when compared to patients using LMA.
  16. Application of urea based SNCR system in the combustion effluent containing low level of baseline nitric oxide
    Hossain KA, Mohd-Jaafar MN, Appalanidu KB, Mustafa A, Ani FN
    Environ Technol, 2005 Mar;26(3):251-9.
    PMID: 15881021
    Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) of nitric oxide has been studied experimentally by injecting aqueous urea solution with and without additive in a pilot-scale diesel fired tunnel furnace at 3.4% excess oxygen level and with low ppm of baseline NO(x) ranging from 65 to 75 ppm within the investigated temperature range. The tests have been carried out using commercial grade urea as NO(x) reducing agent and commercial grade sodium carbonate as additive. The furnace simulated the small-scale combustion systems, where the operating temperatures are usually in the range of about 973 to 1323 K and NO(x) emission level remains below 100 ppm. With 5% plain urea solution, at Normalized Stoichiometric Ratio (NSR) of 4 as much as 54% reduction was achieved at 1128 K, whilst in the additive case the NO(x) reduction was improved to as much as 69% at 1093 K. Apart from this improvement, in the additive case, the effective temperature window as well as peak temperature of NO(x) reduction shifted towards lower temperatures. The result is quite significant, especially for this investigated level of baseline NO(x). The ammonia slip measurements showed that in both cases the slip was below 16 ppm at NSR of 4 and optimum temperature of NO(x) reduction. Finally, the investigations demonstrated that urea based SNCR is quite applicable to small-scale combustion applications and commercial grade sodium carbonate is a potential additive.
  17. Effects of low-level laser irradiation on human blood lymphocytes in vitro
    Al Musawi MS, Jaafar MS, Al-Gailani B, Ahmed NM, Suhaimi FM, Suardi N
    Lasers Med Sci, 2017 Feb;32(2):405-411.
    PMID: 28044209 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2134-1
    Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) has various effects on cultured human lymphocytes in vitro, but little is known about such effects in whole blood. This study investigated whether LLLI affected lymphocyte count in human whole blood in vitro. A total number of 130 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adult patients through venipuncture into tubes containing EDTA. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated control sample and an irradiated sample. The irradiated aliquot was subjected to laser wavelengths of 405, 589, and 780 nm with different fluences of 36, 54, 72, and 90 J/cm(2), at a fixed irradiance of 30 mW/cm(2). A paired student t test was used to compare between non-irradiated and irradiated samples. The lymphocyte counts were measured using a computerized hematology analyzer and showed a significant (P 
  18. Lactobacillus probiotics improved the gut microbiota profile of a Drosophila melanogaster Alzheimer's disease model and alleviated neurodegeneration in the eye
    Tan FHP, Liu G, Lau SA, Jaafar MH, Park YH, Azzam G, et al.
    Benef Microbes, 2020 Feb 19;11(1):79-89.
    PMID: 32066253 DOI: 10.3920/BM2019.0086
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease and one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence is supporting the use of various strategies that modulate gut microbiota to exert neurological and psychological changes. This includes the utilisation of probiotics as a natural and dietary intervention for brain health. Here, we showed the potential AD-reversal effects of Lactobacillus probiotics through feeding to our Drosophila melanogaster AD model. The administration of Lactobacillus strains was able to rescue the rough eye phenotype (REP) seen in AD-induced Drosophila, with a more prominent effect observed upon the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 (DR7). Furthermore, we analysed the gut microbiota of the AD-induced Drosophila and found elevated levels of Wolbachia. The administration of DR7 restored the gut microbiota diversity of AD-induced Drosophila with a significant reduction in Wolbachia's relative abundance, accompanied by an increase of Stenotrophomonas and Acetobacter. Through functional predictive analyses, Wolbachia was predicted to be positively correlated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, while Stenotrophomonas was negatively correlated with these neurodegenerative disorders. Altogether, our data exhibited DR7's ability to ameliorate the AD effects in our AD-induced Drosophila. Thus, we propose that Wolbachia be used as a potential biomarker for AD.
  19. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of human blood exposed to low-level laser
    Al Musawi MS, Jaafar MS, Al-Gailani B, Ahmed NM, Suhaimi FM, Bakhsh M
    Lasers Med Sci, 2016 Jun 1.
    PMID: 27250712 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1972-1
    This study is designed to investigate in vitro low-level laser (LLL) effects on rheological parameter, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), of human blood. The interaction mechanism between LLL radiation and blood is unclear. Therefore, research addresses the effects of LLL irradiation on human blood and this is essential to understanding how laser radiation interacts with biological cells and tissues. The blood samples were collected through venipuncture into EDTA-containing tubes as an anticoagulant. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated sample (control) and an irradiated sample. The aliquot was subjected to doses of 36, 54, 72 and 90 J/cm(2) with wavelengths of 405, 589 and 780 nm, with a radiation source at a fixed power density of 30 mW/cm(2). The ESR and red blood cell count and volume are measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated samples. The maximum reduction in ESR is observed with radiation dose 72 J/cm(2) delivered with a 405-nm wavelength laser beam. Moreover, no hemolysis is observed under these irradiation conditions. In a separate protocol, ESR of separated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated plasma (7.6 ± 2.3 mm/h) is found to be significantly lower (by 51 %) than their counterpart re-suspended in non-irradiated plasma (15.0 ± 3.7 mm/h). These results indicate that ESR reduction is mainly due to the effects of LLL on the plasma composition that ultimately affect whole blood ESR.
  20. Fulltext Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam Reinforced with CFRP Bars: A Review
    Bakar MBC, Muhammad Rashid RS, Amran M, Saleh Jaafar M, Vatin NI, Fediuk R
    Materials (Basel), 2022 Feb 01;15(3).
    PMID: 35161088 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031144
    Conventional reinforced concrete (RC) structures are commonly associated with the corrosion of steel reinforcement. The application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars as flexural reinforcement has become a new promising option. This paper presents a state-of-the art flexural strength on concrete beams reinforced with CFRP bars. Concrete compressive and CFRP bar tensile strain, reinforcement ratio, types of surface treatment on CFRP bar and concrete compressive strength were identified as aspects of behavior. Significant findings in the literature had manifested all aspects of behavior that were affecting the flexural strength, deflections and crack characteristics of CFRP RC beams. In addition, the experimental result on 98 specimens of CFRP RC beams from the literature show that ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12 standards underestimate the ultimate flexural moment capacity of CFRP RC beams. On the other hand, Kara and Ashour predictions are more accurate with the experimental values. Moreover, hotspot research topics were also highlighted for further considerations in future studies.
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