Aluminum (Al) is a standard material that has been used as a filter for ionising radiation however for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) there is no solid evidence to support but has been recommended. PVC has been selected as a potential filter material due to it is a long lasting constructing material and very durable, which can be used in a variety of application. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of PVC on entrance surface dose (ESD) values as compare to the standard X-ray filter of Al. The effect of varying thickness of the materials and difference exposure settings were observed and compared to each other. From this study, the percentage difference for both PVC and Al thickness is less than ± 25.00 % shows that PVC has a potential to be used as one of the filter materials due to its ability to reduce the ESD value
In medical imaging practice, the act of removing any clothes from the region of interest is justified as to prevent the presence of artefacts on radiographs. However, by doing so, the ‘aurah’ of the patients, especially for the Muslims, are not observed and can be considered as violating their privacy if they are not well-informed beforehand. Previous studies have proved that radiographs with the presence of some fabric materials on the region of interest are radiographically acceptable. Therefore, the aims of this study are to tackle the issue of exposing one’s ‘aurah’ for a knee x-ray examination to take place and also to add insufficiency from the previous studies.
Natural radioactivity in coastaline area soil of Ado-Odo/Ota has been carried out to ascertain the presence of radionuclides using gamma-ray spectroscopy (HPGe detector). The result showed that U-238, Th-232 and K-40 ranged from 24 ± 7-49 ± 10; 67 ± 6-120 ± 9 and 88 ± 17-139 ± 20 Bqkg-1 respectively. The radium equivalent for the samples ranged from 132.51 to 230.91 Bqkg-1 with mean value of 185.89 Bqkg-1. The mean value for the gamma dose rate for the soil samples was estimated to be 81.32 nGyh-1. The estimated values of annual effective dose equivalent ranged from 0.61 to 1.07 mSv y-1. The estimation of alpha index representative (Iα) ranged from 0.12 to 0.24 with mean value of 0.21 while the gamma representative index ranged between 0.465 and 0.810. The activity utilization index of the soil samples ranged from 1.09 to 1.89 with mean value of 1.53. The radiological implication in the study area has shown that the soil samples with gamma dose rate value of 89.99 nGyh-1, 94.39 nGyh-1, 97.40 nGyh-1 and 101.04 nGyh-1 respectively are higher than the recommended value of 80 nGyh-1 and may pose health implication for long term exposure.
2-(Benzo-furan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl 2-chloro-benzoate, C17H11ClO4 (I), and 2-(benzo-furan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl 2-meth-oxy-benzoate, C18H14O5 (II), were synthesized under mild conditions. Their chemical and mol-ecular structures were analyzed by spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, respectively. These compounds possess different ortho-substituted functional groups on their phenyl rings, thus experiencing extra steric repulsion force within their mol-ecules as the substituent changes from 2-chloro (I) to 2-meth-oxy (II). The crystal packing of compound (I) depends on weak inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions. Mol-ecules are related by inversion into centrosymmetric dimers via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and further strengthened by π-π inter-actions between furan rings. Conversely, mol-ecules in compound (II) are linked into alternating dimeric chains propagating along the [101] direction, which develop into a two-dimensional plate through extensive inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. These plates are further stabilized by π-π and C-H⋯π inter-actions.
Radiographic contrast medium is primarily used to enhance the contrast of the internal structure in diagnostic imaging. However, the adverse reactions of administration of contrast media have become a great concern and challenge since it can affect the life of patient. Even though some safety
measurements have been highlighted by several studies, still, the occurrence of adverse effects of contrast media is one of the issues in medical imaging. There are several similar properties between the young coconut water and contrast media used in radiography. Thus, the objective of this research was to investigate whether the young coconut water be used as an alternative to contrast media.
Radiology is important in the diagnostic assessment, treatment and monitoring progress of patients having dental and maxillofacial diseases. The central question in dental radiology is whether there is any risk with regard to low doses of radiation and what are the necessary protection needed to prevent any hazardous outcome with X-raying. With the emergence of the new millennium, major changes are happening in the field of science and technology. More efficient equipments are being discovered and more researches are being conducted to elicit better understanding of the radiation process and its effect on the human health. This article will review the latest guidelines for proper radiographic practice from the USA and Europe. It will address topics like the risks from dental radiography, selection criteria, protection for patients and staff, improvement to X-ray equipments, room dimensions and lead lining requirements. We have limited our research to intraoral, panoramic and cephalometric radiographs because these are the radiographs or images that are commonly taken in the general practice setting. (Copied from article).
The impaction of dental prostheses in either the airway or esophagus is an under-recognized problem which may result in severe morbidity or even mortality. The radio-opacity and the size of fixed and removable dental prostheses in an animal carcass was investigated. Prostheses were placed one at a time in the oro-laryngopharynx or in tho trachea and the esophagus. Lateral radiographs were taken for each prosthesis in site. The radio-opacity and size of the prostheses on the radiograph was graded. Most of the prostheses investigated were radio-opaque though the removable prostheses were more likely to be radiolucent and differ in size. In a symptomatic patient with a missing dental prosthesis, a negative chest or abdominal radiograph does not exclude impaction, inhalation or ingestion. Further evaluation with endoscopy or even computed tomography may be essential to reduce the possibility of severe morbidity or even mortality.
Giant Cell Reparative Granuloma (GCRG) of phalanx is uncommon. It is a benign osteolytic lesion but can be locally aggressive. GCRG has certain radiology and histological features that are similar to other giant cell lesions of the bone. We present a case report of a young patient with giant cell reparative granuloma of proximal phalanx of left third toe. The bone lesion was successfully treated surgically.
This is a novel study of the depth of penetration of bonding agents (BA) by using a
miniaturised CT-scan, XMT.The Linear Attenuation Coefficient describes the fraction of a beam of
x-rays or gamma rays that is absorbed or scattered per unit thickness of the absorber. The higher
the LAC, the more opaque the image is. (Copied from article).
Intraoral periapical radiographic film is essential and aids in diagnosis, treatment
planning, monitoring treatment and monitoring lesion development. A poor image quality of
radiographic film and poor record keeping of these radiographs can affect the clinician's decision
making. This first audit was to evaluate the quality of radiographic images and the compliance in
following the standard of recording and labeling of radiographic films. The objectives of this audit
were; firstly to highlight any potential problems involving quality of radiographic films within the
department. Second, to assess the compliance of record keeping and labeling of intraoral
radiographs. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a retrospective manner in the
year 2017 with a sample of 100 intraoral periapical radiographic films from the year 2015 to 2016 in
Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah. Results: This first audit cycle demonstrated: Good quality of
radiographic films: 13% (n= 13/100), Good compliance of record keeping and labeling of radiograph: 32% (n= 32/100).
The most conspicuous element of Gorham's disease is its radiographic features, wherein massive disappearance of the mandible is observed. We report a case of an adolescent boy with massive osteolysis of the mandible in whom the diagnosis of Gorham's disease was made. A 14-year-old boy was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, for the management of a massive mandibular deformity. He was diagnosed with a hemangioma-like lesion at 1 year of age. The disease had progressed for an unknown number of years. Plain X-rays and computed tomography images were examined for reconstructive surgery planning. Gorham's disease is self-limiting, but has catastrophic results. The role of imaging is huge, particularly for reconstructive surgery planning.
The differentiation between a pseudo-pneumoperitoneum and true pneumoperitoneum on an initial chest radiograph is challenging but essential to clinical practice. The former is managed conservatively whereas the latter may require surgical intervention. Chilaiditi's sign describes a rare incidental radiological finding of gas filled bowel interpositioned between the right hemi-diaphragm and the liver, which is visible on a plain abdominal or chest radiograph. It is often misdiagnosed as a pneumoperitoneum. Correct diagnosis of Chilaiditi's sign in an asymptomatic patient can prevent unnecessary procedures. We have reported one incidental chest radiograph with Chilaiditi's sign in a patient presenting and treated for pneumonia. The report aims to illustrate the diagnostic dilemma experienced by clinicians in distinguishing a true versus pseudo-pneumoperitoneum on a chest radiograph.
High quality indium oxide and iron doped indium oxide nanocrystalline films were prepared by the sol-gel method followed by a spin coating technique. The samples were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer, an atomic force microscopy and a UV-vis spectroscopy. All samples had good crystallinity with a preferred orientation in the (222) direction. The crystallite size increased from 12.1 nm for the pure sample to 16.1 nm for the sample with x=0.35 and then decreased to 12.1 nm for the sample with x=0.45. All samples contained nanometer grain sizes with a smooth surface. All films showed a high transmission of over 91% in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm.
A single wall single image x-ray radiographic technique was adopted to investigate thickness variation of steel specimens caused by uniform corrosion. The ability of the 100 kV-160 kV x-rays to produce a meaningful film density for steel was also investigated. The thickness contour maps of corroded steel plates were found matching with the x-ray film density contour maps of the plates. The results confirm that x-ray radiography can be used to detect the thickness reduction of steel caused by uniform corrosion.
Bagi mengesan perubahan ketebalan keluli akibat kakisan seragam maka radiografi sinar-x teknik imej tunggal dinding tunggal telah digunakan. Kemampuan sinar-x 100 kV-160 kV menghasilkan ketumpatan filem yang sesuai untuk keluli telah juga dikaji. Peta kontur ketebalan bagi spesimen kepingan keluli yang telah mengalami kakisan seragam didapati sepadan dengan peta kontur ketumpatan filem radiografi sinar-x bagi spesimen tersebut. Kajian ini menunjukkan radiografi sinar-x boleh digunakan bagi mengesan penipisan keluli akibat kakisan seragam.
In this study TiO2 films have been prepared using two different techniques i.e. sol-gel and electron gun evaporation (e-gun) techniques. The films were annealed at 300, 350 and 400oC in air. The microstructure study using field emission scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffractometer showed nanometer grains size and only the film prepared by sol-gel and annealed at 400oC has anatase phase while others are amorphous. To study the effect of the films (as buffer layer) onto the dielectric bolometer Ba0.6Sr 0.4TiO3 as distance sensor, sensors with the configuration of Al/BST/TiO2/RuO2/SiO2/Si were built. Two different measurements i.e. with and without infrared source were carried out to measure the sensitivity and repeatability of the sensors. The sensors which contained sol-gel TiO2 films gave reading for both type of measurements, indicating that the sensor can act as active and passive sensors. However, the sensors which contained e-gun TiO2 films only gave responses when the IR source was used, indicating that they can only act as passive sensors. The most sensitive sensor was TiO2 film prepared by sol gel and annealed at 350oC. In general sensors which contained TiO2 films prepared by sol gel showed good repeatability.
In Malaysia, chest radiograph is a part of compulsory investigations during routine medical examination. Majority of these chest radiographs are interpreted by medical officers at the outpatient clinic. This study was to determine the concordance of chest radiograph interpretations between medical officers and radiologist. Medical officers' report of routine chest radiographs at the outpatient clinic Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over a 6-month period were compared to that of a radiologist. Of 408 chest radiographs reported, the concordance of interpretation between medical officers and radiologist was 93.6% (382 of 408). Medical officers correctly interpret 98.2% (378/385) of normal chest radiograph compared to 17.4% of abnormal chest radiographs (4/23). Therefore, routine chest radiograph interpretations of normal radiographs by medical officers were generally accurate. However, they were weak in interpreting abnormal chest radiographs. Medical officers need to be trained on detecting abnormalities on chest X-ray since most routine chest X-ray reporting is done based on their interpretation.
Study site: outpatient clinic Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) became an important instrument for quality assurance in industry products as a
non-destructive testing tool for inspection, evaluation, analysis and dimensional metrology. Thus, a high-quality image
is required. Due to the polychromatic nature of X-ray energy in XCT, this leads to errors in attenuation coefficient
which is generally known as beam hardening artifact. This leads to a distortion or blurring-like cupping and streak in
the reconstruction images, where a significant decrease in imaging quality is observed. In this paper, recent research
publications regarding common practical correction methods that were adopted to improve an imaging quality have been
discussed. It was observed from the discussion and evaluation, that a problem behind beam hardening reduction for the
multi-materials object, especially in the absence of prior information about X-ray spectrum and material characterizations
would be a significant research contribution, if the correction could be achieved without the need to perform forward
projections and multiple reconstructions.
Occupational radiation exposure can occur due to various human activities, including the use of radiation in medicine. Occupationally exposed personnel surpassing 7.4 millions, and respresent the biggest single group of employees who are exposed to artificial radiation sources at work. This study compares the occupational radiation dose levels for 145 workers in four different hospitals located in the Aseer region in Saudi Arabia. The occupational exposure was quantified using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100). The levels of annual occupational exposures in targeted hospitals were calculated and compared with the levels of the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) Safety Standards. An average yearly cumulative dose for the two consecutive years. The average, highest and lowest resulted occupational doses under examination in this work is 1.42, 3.9 mSv and 0.72 for workers in various diagnostic radiology procedures. The resulted annual effective dose were within the IAEA approved yearly dose limit for occupational exposure of workers over 18, which is 20 mSv. Staff should be monitored on a regular basis, according to current practice, because their annual exposure may surpass 15% of the annual effective doses.