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  1. A New Species of Pelophryne from Western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Anura, Bufonidae)
    Matsui M, Nishikawa K, Eto K, Hossman MYB
    Zoolog Sci, 2017 Aug;34(4):345-350.
    PMID: 28770684 DOI: 10.2108/zs170008
    A new small, semi-arboreal toad of the genus Pelophryne is described from western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, on the basis of molecular and morphological evidence. Of the two morphotypes recognized in the genus, the new species belongs to the one in which the tips of the fingers are expanded into truncate discs. Among the species in the morphotype, the new species is most similar to P. murudensis, but differs from it by body size, relative hindlimb length, and dorsal coloration. The new species is currently known only from a limited area on Gunung (= Mt.) Penrissen, and future measures of its habitat conservation are necessary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics
  2. A new species of upland Stream Toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from northeastern Peninsular Malaysia
    Chan KO, Wood PL, Anuar S, Muin MA, Quah ES, Sumarli AX
    Zootaxa, 2014;3764:427-40.
    PMID: 24870645 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.4.3
    A new species of Ansonia is described based on genetic and morphological differentiation. Ansonia lumut sp. nov. is most closely related to three other Peninsular Malaysian species, A. penangensis, A. malayana, and A. jeetsukumarani but differs from these and other congeners by at least 6.9% sequence divergence at the 12S, 16S rRNA and t-RNA-val genes and the following combination of morphological characters: (1) SVL 21.0-23.6 mm in males, 27.7-31.6 mm in females; (2) first finger shorter than second; (3) interorbital and tarsal ridges absent; (4) light interscapular spot absent; (5) presence of large, yellow rictal tubercle; (6) dorsum black with greenish-yellow reticulations; (7) flanks with small yellow spots; (8) fore and hind limbs with yellow cross-bars; and (9) venter light gray with fine, white spotting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/anatomy & histology; Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics
  3. Fulltext On the parasitic fauna of two species of anurans collected from Sungai Pinang, Penang Island, Malaysia
    Wahab AR, Andy Tan WA, Intan S
    Trop Biomed, 2008 Aug;25(2):160-5.
    PMID: 18948888
    A total of fifty anurans, comprising of Rana limnocharis and Bufo melanostictus were collected from Sungai Pinang, Balik Pulau, Penang. The prevalence, mean intensity and distribution of parasite species along the digestive tract were reported. Seven species of parasites were recorded. Blood parasites recovered were trypansomes and microfilariae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/parasitology*
  4. Two New Ansonia from Mountains of Borneo (Anura, Bufonidae)
    Matsui M, Nishikawa K, Eto K, Hossman MY
    Zoolog Sci, 2020 Feb;37(1):91-101.
    PMID: 32068378 DOI: 10.2108/zs190078
    Two lineages of stream toads in the genus Ansonia from Malaysian Borneo have long been suspected to be specifically distinct on the basis of molecular data. We assessed the taxonomic status of these lineages using morphological and additional genetic data. In mtDNA phylogeny, each lineage-one from Bario, Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, the other from Mt. Mulu of Sarawak and the Crocker Range of Sabah-is separated from other congeners by large genetic distances, comparable with those observed between heterospecific species in the genus. These lineages are also morphologically distinguishable from other species, and are considered to represent valid, independently evolving species. We therefore describe them as A. kelabitensis sp. nov. and A. kanak sp. nov.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/anatomy & histology*; Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics; Bufonidae/growth & development
  5. The phylogenetic relationships of a new Stream Toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a montane region in Peninsular Malaysia
    Davis HR, Grismer LL, Klabacka RL, Muin MA, Quah ES, Anuar S, et al.
    Zootaxa, 2016 Apr 12;4103(2):137-53.
    PMID: 27394624 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.4
    Twelve species of Ansonia occur on the Thai-Malay peninsula, of which, five from Peninsular Malaysia, form a monophyletic group. One of these, A. jeetsukumarani, is endemic to the Titiwangsa Mountain Range, in which, we discovered a new population of Ansonia that is not A. jeetsukumarani or even its closest relative. Based on morphology, color pattern, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial genes 12s and 16s rRNA, we have determined that this new species, A. smeagol sp. nov., forms the sister lineage to an upland, monophyletic group composed of A. jeetsukumarani, A. lumut, A. malayana, and A. penangensis. We have noted similar biogeographic patterns in other taxa from the Titiwangsa Mountain Range in a number of upland lineages in Peninsular Malaysia. We hypothesize that the phylogeographic structure of these upland populations is a result of stochastic processes stemming from interaction of climate-driven forest dynamics and life histories.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/anatomy & histology; Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics; Bufonidae/growth & development
  6. Fulltext To split or not to split? Multilocus phylogeny and molecular species delimitation of southeast Asian toads (family: Bufonidae)
    Chan KO, Grismer LL
    BMC Evol. Biol., 2019 04 25;19(1):95.
    PMID: 31023232 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1422-3
    BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that Bayesian species delimitation based on the multispecies coalescent model can produce inaccurate results by misinterpreting population splits as species divergences. An approach based on the genealogical divergence index (gdi) was shown to be a viable alternative, especially for delimiting allopatric populations where gene flow is low. We implemented these analyses to assess species boundaries in Southeast Asian toads, a group that is understudied and characterized by numerous unresolved species complexes.

    RESULTS: Multilocus phylogenetic analyses showed that deep evolutionary relationships including the genera Sigalegalephrynus, Ghatophryne, Parapelophryne, Leptophryne, Pseudobufo, Rentapia, and Phrynoides remain unresolved. Comparison of genetic divergences revealed that intraspecific divergences among allopatric populations of Pelophyrne signata (Borneo vs. Peninsular Malaysia), Ingerophrynus parvus (Peninsular Malaysia vs. Myanmar), and Leptophryne borbonica (Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, and Sumatra) are consistent with interspecific divergences of other Southeast Asian bufonid taxa. Conversely, interspecific divergences between Pelophryne guentheri/P. api, Ansonia latiffi/A. leptopus, and I. gollum/I. divergens were low (

    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics*
  7. Discovery of the westernmost population of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka (Anura, Bufonidae) with the description of a new species from the Shan Plateau of eastern Myanmar
    Quah ESH, Grismer LL, Wood PLJ, Thura MK, Oaks JR, Lin A
    Zootaxa, 2019 Aug 14;4656(3):zootaxa.4656.3.11.
    PMID: 31716818 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.11
    A new species of Ansonia is described from the Shan Plateau of Myanmar based on an integrative taxonomic analysis that differentiates it from all other congeners. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S rRNA and tRNA-val recover A. kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. as the sister species to A. inthanon from Thailand but differs from it and other congeners by at least a 5.0% sequence divergence. It is further differentiated by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) maximum SVL 24 mm in males and females; (2) first finger shorter than second; (3) absence of interorbital and tarsal ridges; (4) presence of light-coloured interscapular spot; (5) presence of yellow rictal tubercle; (6) absence of wide, light-coloured patch below eye; (7) presence of large, discrete, bright-yellow submandibular spots along the underside of lower jaw; (8) iris yellow-gold; (9) presence of markings on the snout consisting of streaks below the eye to the lip, and on the canthus rostralis to the nostril; (10) dorsum grey-brown with orange-beige spots, a dark-brown X-shaped marking on the back surrounding the interscapular spot, and dark-coloured markings on rump; (11) fore- and hind limbs with orange-beige cross-bars; and (12) venter light-gray with yellow spotting, especially near flanks and underside of hind limbs. Ansonia kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. is the westernmost known record for the genus and the only species west of the Salween Basin. Its discovery echoes the increasing number of herpetological discoveries being made in upland regions fringing the Ayeyarwady and Salween Basins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae*
  8. Prevalence of hematozoa in some anurans from the Malayan Peninsula
    Sullivan JS, Sullivan JJ
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1976 Sep;7(3):493-5.
    PMID: 828978
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/parasitology
  9. Records of Cytamoeba Labbé, 1894, and Toddia franca, 1910, in some anurans from the Malayan Peninsula
    Sullivan JS, Sullivan JJ
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1977 Mar;8(1):126-8.
    PMID: 887990
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/parasitology
  10. Dressed in black. A New Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Gunung Murud, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo)
    Hertwig ST, Min PY, Haas A, Das I
    Zootaxa, 2014.
    PMID: 24943439 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.3.9
    A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia is described from Gunung Murud, Pulong Tau National Park, of northern Sarawak, Malaysia, Borneo. Ansonia vidua, sp. nov., is morphologically distinguished from its Bornean congeners by the following combination of characters: medium size (SVL of adult females 33.5-34.4 mm); body uniformly black-brown in life; absence of a visible pattern on dorsum or limbs; presence of two low interorbital ridges; shagreened skin on dorsum, sides and upper surfaces of the limbs with numerous homogeneously small, rounded warts; first finger shorter than second; reduced webbing between the toes and an absence of a sharp tarsal ridge. Uncorrected genetic distances between related taxa of > 4.3% in 16S rRNA gene support its status as a hitherto undescribed species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/anatomy & histology; Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics
  11. Taxonomic relationships of Ansonia anotis Inger, Tan, and Yambun, 2001 and Pedostibes maculatus (Mocquard, 1890), with a description of a new genus (Amphibia, Bufonidae)
    Matsui M, Yambun P, Sudin A
    Zoolog Sci, 2007 Nov;24(11):1159-66.
    PMID: 18348617 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.1159
    Examination of types and recently collected specimens revealed that Ansonia anotis Inger, Tan, and Yambun, 2001 and Pedostibes maculatus (Mocquard, 1890), both described from Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, are hardly differentiated morphologically. Analyses of a total of 2,427 bp of the 12S rRNA, tRNA(val), and 16S mitochondrial rRNA genes revealed that the two species are very close genetically. Thus A. anotis is regarded as conspecific and is synonymized with P. maculatus. Genetically, this species proved to form a lineage distinct from other bufonids from Southeast Asia, including species of Ansonia and Pedostibes. Because the species has also some unique morphological traits different from known bufonid genera, we propose to establish a new genus for Nectophryne maculata Mocquard, 1890.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/anatomy & histology; Bufonidae/classification*; Bufonidae/genetics
  12. Breeding activities of Ingerophrynus parvus (Anura: Bufonidae) in Kedah, Malaysia
    Shahriza S, Ibrahim J, Shahrul Anuar M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1431-1435.
    The breeding activities of the Dwarf Toad, Ingerophrynus parvus were observed under natural conditions at Sungai Junjong, Kulim, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia for a period of 12 months. Breeding parameters, such as calling activities, amplecant pairs, eggs deposition and presence of tadpoles were examined every week in each month. Pearson correlation was used to analyse the relationship between rainfall and each breeding parameter. The results showed positive relationships between rainfall and calling activities (r=0.74), between rainfall and amplexus activities (r=0.52), and between rainfall and spawning activities (0.81).
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  13. Fulltext A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
    Chandramouli SR, Vasudevan K, Harikrishnan S, Dutta SK, Janani SJ, Sharma R, et al.
    Zookeys, 2016.
    PMID: 26877687 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.555.6522
    A new bufonid amphibian, belonging to a new monotypic genus, is described from the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, Republic of India, based on unique external morphological and skeletal characters which are compared with those of known Oriental and other relevant bufonid genera. Blythophryne gen. n. is distinguished from other bufonid genera by its small adult size (mean SVL 24.02 mm), the presence of six presacral vertebrae, an absence of coccygeal expansions, presence of an elongated pair of parotoid glands, expanded discs at digit tips and phytotelmonous tadpoles that lack oral denticles. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the new taxon (that we named as Blythophryne beryet gen. et sp. n.) was ascertained by comparing its 12S and 16S partial genes with those of Oriental and other relevant bufonid lineages. Resulting molecular phylogeny supports the erection of a novel monotypic genus for this lineage from the Andaman Islands of India.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  14. Fulltext Checklist and Simple Identification Key for Frogs and Toads from District IV of The MADA Scheme, Kedah, Malaysia
    Jaafar I, Chai TC, Sah SA, Akil MA
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2009 Dec;20(2):49-57.
    PMID: 24575178 MyJurnal
    A survey was conducted to catalogue the diversity of anurans in District IV of the Muda Agriculture Development Authority Scheme (MADA) in Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia, from July 1996 to January 1997. Eight species of anurans from three families were present in the study area. Of these, the Common Grass Frog (Fejevarya limnocharis) was the most abundant, followed by Mangrove Frog (Fejevarya cancrivora), Long-legged Frog (Hylarana macrodactyla), and Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Puddle Frog (Occidozyga lima), Taiwanese Giant Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), and Banded Bullfrog (Kaluola pulchra) were rare during the sampling period, and only one Paddy Frog (Hylarana erythraea) was captured. A simple identification key for the anurans of this area is included for use by scientists and laymen alike.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  15. Feeding behavior of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Braima KA, Muslimin M, M Ghazali AR, Wan-Nor F, Wilson JJ, Jeffery J, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2017 Jul;171:138-140.
    PMID: 28359829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.025
    Mosquitoes are vectors of various human diseases in the tropics including yellow fever, dengue, malaria and West Nile virus. Mosquitoes can act as vectors between wildlife and humans, which is particularly important for diseases where wild animals serve as reservoirs of parasites in the absence of human infections. Research has mainly focused on the medical impacts of Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia and Culex, however, very little attention has been directed towards other mosquito genera, especially those which act as vectors of diseases of wildlife. We have observed adults of Mimomyia (Etorleptiomyia) luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905) feeding on a toad, Ingerophrynus parvus, near an oil palm plantation settlement in Setia Alam, Selangor state, Peninsular Malaysia. Mimomyia is known to feed on reptiles and amphibians, and is a documented vector of several arboviruses, including West Nile virus. The observation of Mimomyia feeding on a common toad near a human settlement highlights a need to understand the relationships between mosquitoes, toads and humans from an ecological perspective. We report on-site observations of the feeding habit of Mimomyia; the first records from Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  16. Mating calls of selected Sarawak toads (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae)
    Muhammad Fadzil Amram, Ramlah Zainudin, Hasnizam Abdul Wahid
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1-7.
    The sound produced by the anurans including toads can be a survival strategy for the selection of fittest males by their conspecific females and a form of effective prezygotic mechanism. Most of the published works on anuran sound production were on true frogs or ranids, yet little is known about sound characteristics of toads. Here we describe the properties of mating calls from six selected toad species from six study sites in Sarawak. Males' mating calls were recorded and analyzed using Sound Ruler Acoustic Analysis ver 0.9.6.0. Call characteristic were subsequently compared for toad species differentiation. The results showed that each species differ in call characteristics, with pulsating note, rate of note repetition and pitch being the most apparent characters. The highest number of pulse notes belongs to Duttaphrynus melanostictus while Ansonia spinulifer exhibited highest pitch and rate of note repetition. These species' differences in mating call characteristics provide an additional method for anuran species classification besides morphological and molecular DNA data. It is also a very useful guide during field survey as the sound is audible and identification can be made without the need of capturing the toads.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  17. Heavy metal contamination in the river toad, Bufo juxtasper (Inger), near a copper mine in East Malaysia
    Lee YH, Stuebing RB
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1990 Aug;45(2):272-9.
    PMID: 2400844
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae
  18. A new species of Paracapillaria (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from the intestine of the toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura) from the Malayan Peninsula
    Moravec F, Modrý D, Jirků M
    J Parasitol, 2007 Aug;93(4):907-9.
    PMID: 17918374
    A new species of parasitic nematode, Paracapillaria malayensis n. sp. (Capillariidae), is described from the small intestine of the toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus imported from the Malayan Peninsula to the Czech Republic. The new species differs from the only other congeneric species, Paracapillaria spratti, mainly in the shape and structure of the spicular proximal end (with a lobular rim), smaller eggs (45-51 x 21-24 microm), longer spicule (336 microm), and the number (37-38) of stichocytes in gravid females; whereas P. spratti parasitizes frogs of the Microhylidae in Papua New Guinea, P. malayensis is a parasite of Bufonidae in the Malayan Peninsula. Other Paracapillaria spp. are parasites of fishes, birds, or mammals and they mostly differ from P. malayensis in the structure of eggs and some other morphological features.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/parasitology*
  19. New species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907 (Apicomplexa) from amphibian host: morphology, biology and phylogeny
    Jirků M, Valigurová A, Koudela B, Krízek J, Modrý D, Slapeta J
    Folia Parasitol., 2008 Jun;55(2):81-94.
    PMID: 18666410
    Cryptosporidium fragile sp. n. (Apicomplexa) is described from black-spined toads, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Malay Peninsula. The parasitized animals were directly imported from Malaysia and harboured C. fragile at the time of arrival. Oocysts were subspherical to elliptical with irregular contour in optical section, measuring 6.2 (5.5-7.0) x 5.5 (5.0-6.5) microm. Oocyst wall was smooth and colourless in light microscopy. The endogenous development of C. fragile in the stomach of black-spined toad was analysed in detail using light and electron microscopy. Cryptosporidian developmental stages were confined to the surface of gastric epithelial cells. In transmission experiments, C. fragile has not been infective for one fish species, four amphibian species, one species of reptile and SCID mice. Full length small subunit rRNA gene sequence was obtained. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed distinct status of C. fragile within the clade of species with gastric localisation including Cryptosporidium muris Tyzzer, 1907, Cryptosporidium serpentis Levine, 1980 and Cryptosporidium andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead et Blagburn, 2000. Described characteristics differentiate C. fragile from the currently recognized Cryptosporidium species. Our experience with the description of C. fragile has led us to revise the recommended criteria for an introduction of a new Cryptosporidium species name. C. fragile is the first species described and named from an amphibian host. Its prevalence of 83% (15/18) in black-spined toads within the 3 months after importation calls for strict quarantine measures and import regulation for lower vertebrates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bufonidae/parasitology*
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