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MRI Imaging, Comparison of MRI with other Modalities, Noise in MRI Images and Machine Learning Techniques for Noise Removal: A Review

Khan SU, Ullah N, Ahmed I, Ahmad I, Mahsud MI

Curr Med Imaging Rev, 2019;15(3):243-254.
PMID: 31989876 DOI: 10.2174/1573405614666180726124952

BACKGROUND: Medical imaging is to assume greater and greater significance in an efficient and precise diagnosis process.
DISCUSSION: It is a set of various methodologies which are used to capture internal or external images of the human body and organs for clinical and diagnosis needs to examine human form for various kind of ailments. Computationally intelligent machine learning techniques and their application in medical imaging can play a significant role in expediting the diagnosis process and making it more precise.
CONCLUSION: This review presents an up-to-date coverage about research topics which include recent literature in the areas of MRI imaging, comparison with other modalities, noise in MRI and machine learning techniques to remove the noise.
Fulltext Isolation, Structure Elucidation and In Silico Prediction of Potential Drug-Like Flavonoids from Onosma chitralicum Targeted towards Functionally Important Proteins of Drug-Resistant Bad Bugs

Khan SA, Khan SU, Fozia, Ullah N, Shah M, Ullah R, et al.

Molecules, 2021 Apr 02;26(7).
PMID: 33918531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072048

Admittedly, the disastrous emergence of drug resistance in prokaryotic and eukaryotic human pathogens has created an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents. Onosma chitralicum is a source of traditional medicine with cooling, laxative, and anthelmintic effects. The objective of the current research was to analyze the biological potential of Onosma chitralicum, and to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents of the plant. The crude extracts of the plant prepared with different solvents, such as aqueous, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol, were subjected to antimicrobial activities. Results corroborate that crude (methanol), EtoAc, and n-C6H14 fractions were more active against bacterial strains. Among these fractions, the EtoAc fraction was found more potent. The EtoAc fraction was the most active against the selected microbes, which was subjected to successive column chromatography, and the resultant compounds 1 to 7 were isolated. Different techniques, such as UV, IR, and NMR, were used to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds 1-7. All the isolated pure compounds (1-7) were tested for their antimicrobial potential. Compounds 1 (4',8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyisoflavone), 6 (5,3',3-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone), and 7 (5',7,8-trihydroxy-6,3',4'-trimethoxyflavanone) were found to be more active against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhi. Compound 1 inhibited S. typhi and S. aureus to 10 ± 0.21 mm and 10 ± 0.45 mm, whereas compound 6 showed inhibition to 10 ± 0.77 mm and 9 ± 0.20 mm, respectively. Compound 7 inhibited S. aureus to 6 ± 0.36 mm. Compounds 6 and 7 showed significant antibacterial potential, and the structure-activity relationship also justifies their binding to the bacterial enzymes, i.e., beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase (HadAB complex) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. Both bacterial enzymes are potential drug targets. Further, the isolated compounds were found to be active against the tested fungal strains. Whereas docking identified compound 7, the best binder to the lanosterol 14α-demethylase (an essential fungal cell membrane synthesizing enzyme), reported as an antifungal fluconazole binding enzyme. Based on our isolation-linked preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) data, we conclude that O. chitralicum can be a good source of natural compounds for drug development against some potential enzyme targets.
Fulltext Structural elucidation, molecular docking, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition studies of 5-amino-nicotinic acid derivatives

Nawaz M, Taha M, Qureshi F, Ullah N, Selvaraj M, Shahzad S, et al.

BMC Chem, 2020 Dec;14(1):43.
PMID: 32685927 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00695-1

In this study, 5-amino-nicotinic acid derivatives (1-13) have been designed and synthesized to evaluate their inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The synthesized compounds (1-13) exhibited promising α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. IC50 values for α-amylase activity ranged between 12.17 ± 0.14 to 37.33 ± 0.02 µg/mL ± SEM while for α-glucosidase activity the IC50 values were ranged between 12.01 ± 0.09 to 38.01 ± 0.12 µg/mL ± SEM. In particular, compounds 2 and 4-8 demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and the inhibitory potential of these compounds was comparable to the standard acarbose (10.98 ± 0.03 and 10.79 ± 0.17 µg/mL ± SEM, respectively). In addition, the impact of substituent on the inhibitory potential of these compounds was assessed to establish structure activity relationships. Studies in molecular simulations were conducted to better comprehend the binding properties of the compounds. All the synthesized compounds were extensively characterized with modern spectroscopic methods including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, HR-MS and elemental analysis.
Efficacy of mHealth and education-led peer counseling for patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease in Pakistan: study protocol for a double-blinded pragmatic randomized-controlled trial with factorial design

Arshed M, Zakar R, Umer MF, Kiran M, Ullah N, Iftikhar G, et al.

Trials, 2023 Jul 10;24(1):448.
PMID: 37424031 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07472-0

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a highly relevant public health challenge. Digital interventions may support improving adherence to anti-hypertensive medications and alter health behavior. Therefore, this protocol describes a study that aims to assess the effectiveness of mHealth and educational support through peer counseling (Ed-counselling) to control blood pressure in hypertensive patients when compared to standard care.
METHODS: We chose a double-blinded pragmatic randomized-controlled with factorial design for this investigation. The trial is going to recruit 1648 hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease at the age of 21 to 70 years. All participants will already be on anti-hypertensive medication and own a smartphone. They will be randomized into four groups with each having 412 participants. The first group will only receive standard care; while the second group, in addition to standard care, will receive monthly Ed-counselling (educational booklets with animated infographics and peer counseling); the third group will receive daily written and voice reminders and an education-led video once weekly together with standard care; while the fourth one gets both interventions given to second and third groups respectively. All groups will be followed-up for 1 year (0, 6, and 12 months). The primary outcome will be the change in systolic blood pressure while secondary outcomes include health-related quality of life and changes in medication adherence. For measuring changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and adherence scores difference at 0, 6, and 12 months between and within the group, parametric (ANOVA/repeated measure ANOVA) and non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test/Friedman test) will be used. By using the general estimating equation (GEE) with negative binomial regression, at 12 months, the covariates affecting primary and secondary outcomes will be determined and controlled. The analysis will be intention-to-treat. All the outcomes will be analyzed at 0, 6, and 12 months; however, the final analysis will be at 12 months from baseline.
DISCUSSION: Besides adding up to existing evidence in the literature on the subject, our designed modules using mHealth technology can help in reducing hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in developing countries.
Fulltext YOLO and residual network for colorectal cancer cell detection and counting

Haq I, Mazhar T, Asif RN, Ghadi YY, Ullah N, Khan MA, et al.

Heliyon, 2024 Jan 30;10(2):e24403.
PMID: 38304780 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24403

The HT-29 cell line, derived from human colon cancer, is valuable for biological and cancer research applications. Early detection is crucial for improving the chances of survival, and researchers are introducing new techniques for accurate cancer diagnosis. This study introduces an efficient deep learning-based method for detecting and counting colorectal cancer cells (HT-29). The colorectal cancer cell line was procured from a company. Further, the cancer cells were cultured, and a transwell experiment was conducted in the lab to collect the dataset of colorectal cancer cell images via fluorescence microscopy. Of the 566 images, 80 % were allocated to the training set, and the remaining 20 % were assigned to the testing set. The HT-29 cell detection and counting in medical images is performed by integrating YOLOv2, ResNet-50, and ResNet-18 architectures. The accuracy achieved by ResNet-18 is 98.70 % and ResNet-50 is 96.66 %. The study achieves its primary objective by focusing on detecting and quantifying congested and overlapping colorectal cancer cells within the images. This innovative work constitutes a significant development in overlapping cancer cell detection and counting, paving the way for novel advancements and opening new avenues for research and clinical applications. Researchers can extend the study by exploring variations in ResNet and YOLO architectures to optimize object detection performance. Further investigation into real-time deployment strategies will enhance the practical applicability of these models.
Fulltext Design and development of a compact, wide-angle metamaterial electromagnetic energy harvester with multiband functionality and polarization-insensitive features

Ullah N, Islam MS, Hoque A, Alzamil A, Soliman MS, Islam MT

Sci Rep, 2024 Aug 16;14(1):19000.
PMID: 39152247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69976-2

This article presents a compact, wide-angle, polarization-insensitive metamaterial harvester that can efficiently harvest electromagnetic (EM) energy in the S, C, X, and Ku bands. The harvester's unit cell consists of a split ring resonator, two strip lines, and two split strip lines, giving it a total size of (10 × 10) mm2. Each split gap is filled with a 50 Ω resistive load. The input impedance of the harvester is precisely designed to match that of free space, allowing for efficient absorption of EM power and appropriate redirection towards the resistive loads. The harvester's performance is also evaluated for various polarization and incident angles, considering the Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic modes. The simulation results reveal that the proposed harvester exhibits a notably greater conversion efficiency of around > 95%. The simulation outcomes were carefully validated through experimental tests conducted in an anechoic chamber using a 3 × 3 cell array of the proposed design. This ensured the accuracy and reliability of the results. The strong correlation between the experimental data and the full-wave simulations strongly supports the effectiveness of the proposed harvester. Therefore, the demonstrated efficiency and compact size make it a perfect fit for energy harvesting systems in wireless sensor networks.
Fulltext Effect of Silymarin as an Adjunct Therapy in Combination with Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin in Hepatitis C Patients: A Miniature Clinical Trial

Ahmed S, Ullah N, Parveen S, Javed I, Jalil NAC, Murtey MD, et al.

Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2022;2022:9199190.
PMID: 35154575 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9199190

Silymarin is proclaimed to be a blend of flavonolignans or phytochemicals. An era of new generation of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has commenced to have facet effect in swaying of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nonetheless, this therapy has serious side effects that jeopardize its efficacy. This study is aimed at probing the effects of ribavirin (RBV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) along with silymarin as an adjunct therapy on hematological parameters and markers of obscured oxidative stress. The effect of DAAs along with silymarin was also examined on variable sex hormone level and liver function markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. The study was followed to determine viral load and viral genotypes. A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into two equal groups comprising the control group (n = 15) and treatment group (n = 15). The control group was solely administered with DAAs (SOF and RBV; 400 mg/800 mg each/day). Conversely, the treatment group was dispensed with DAAs, but with adjunct therapy of silymarin (400 mg/day) along with DAAs (400/800 mg/day) over period of 8 weeks. Sampling of blood was performed at pre- and posttreatment levels for the evaluation of different propound parameters. Our data showed that silymarin adjunct therapy enhances the efficiency of DAAs. A decrease in menace level of liver markers such as ALT, ALP, AST, and bilirubin was observed (p > 0.05). The adjunct therapy concurrently also demonstrated an ameliorative effect on hematological indices and oxidative markers, for instance, SOD, TAS, GSH, GSSG, and MDA (p < 0.05), diminishing latent viral load. The silymarin administration was also found to revamp the fluster level of sex hormones. Our outcomes provide evidence that systematic administration of silymarin effectively remits deviant levels of hematological, serological, hormonal, and antioxidant markers. This demonstrates a possibly unique role of silymarin in mitigating hepatitis C.
Synthesis, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and molecular docking studies of indazole derivatives

Nawaz M, Taha M, Qureshi F, Ullah N, Selvaraj M, Shahzad S, et al.

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2022;40(21):10730-10740.
PMID: 34463216 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1947892

Herein, we report the synthesis and inhibitory potential of indazole (Methyl 1H-indazole-4-carboxylate) derivatives (1-13) against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The described derivatives demonstrated good inhibitory potential with IC50 values, ranging between 15.04 ± 0.05 to 76.70 ± 0.06 µM ± SEM for α-amylase and 16.99 ± 0.19 to 77.97 ± 0.19 µM ± SEM for α-glucosidase, respectively. In particular, compounds (8-10 and 12) displayed significant inhibitory activities against both the screened enzymes, with their inhibitory potential comparable to the standard acarbose (12.98 ± 0.03 and 12.79 ± 0.17 µM ± SEM, respectively). Additionally, the influence of different substituents on enzyme inhibition activities was assessed to study the structure activity relationships. Molecular docking simulations were performed to rationalize the binding of derivatives/compounds with enzymes. All the synthesized derivatives (1-13) were characterized with the aid of spectroscopic instruments such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS, elemental analysis and FTIR.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Challenges associated with cellulose composite material: Facet engineering and prospective

Aziz T, Haq F, Farid A, Kiran M, Faisal S, Ullah A, et al.

Environ Res, 2023 Apr 15;223:115429.
PMID: 36746207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115429

Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth. It has a large number of desirable properties. Its low toxicity makes it more useful for a variety of applications. Nowadays, its composites are used in most engineering fields. Composite consists of a polymer matrix and use as a reinforcing material. By reducing the cost of traditional fibers, it has an increasing demand for environment-friendly purposes. The use of these types of composites is inherent in moisture absorption with hindered natural fibers. This determines the reduction of polymer composite material. By appropriate chemical surface treatment of cellulose composite materials, the effect could be diminished. The most modern and advanced techniques and methods for the preparation of cellulose and polymer composites are discussed here. Cellulosic composites show a reinforcing effect on the polymer matrix as pointed out by mechanical characterization. Researchers tried their hard work to study different ways of converting various agricultural by-products into useful eco-friendly polymer composites for sustainable production. Cellulose plays building blocks, that are critical for polymer products and their engineering applications. The most common method used to prepare composites is in-situ polymerization. This help to increase the yields of cellulosic composites with a significant enhancement in thermal stability and mechanical properties. Recently, cellulose composites used as enhancing the incorporation of inorganic materials in multi-functional properties. Furthermore, we have summarized in this review the potential applications of cellulose composites in different fields like packaging, aerogels, hydrogels, and fibers.
Correction to: Domperidone nanocrystals with boosted oral bioavailability: fabrication, evaluation and molecular insight into the polymer-domperidone nanocrystal interaction

Ndlovu ST, Ullah N, Khan S, Ramharack P, Soliman M, de Matas M, et al.

Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2024 Feb 28.
PMID: 38416387 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01554-5
Domperidone nanocrystals with boosted oral bioavailability: fabrication, evaluation and molecular insight into the polymer-domperidone nanocrystal interaction

Ndlovu ST, Ullah N, Khan S, Ramharack P, Soliman M, de Matas M, et al.

Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2019 Feb;9(1):284-297.
PMID: 30387048 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-00596-w

The aim of this study was to employ experimental and molecular modelling approaches to use molecular level interactions to rationalise the selection of suitable polymers for use in the production of stable domperidone (DOMP) nanocrystals with enhanced bioavailability. A low-energy antisolvent precipitation method was used for the preparation and screening of polymers for stable nanocrystals of DOMP. Ethyl cellulose was found to be very efficient in producing stable DOMP nanocrystals with particle size of 130 ± 3 nm. Moreover, the combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol was also shown to be better in producing DOMP nanocrystals with smaller particle size (200 ± 3.5 nm). DOMP nanosuspension stored at 2-8 °C and at room temperature (25 °C) exhibited better stability compared to the samples stored at 40 °C. Crystallinity of the unprocessed and processed DOMP was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. DOMP nanocrystals gave enhanced dissolution rate compared to the unprocessed drug substance. DOMP nanocrystals at a dose of 10 mg/kg in rats showed enhanced bioavailability compared to the raw drug substance and marketed formulation. A significant increase in plasma concentration of 2.6 μg/mL with a significant decrease in time (1 h) to reach maximum plasma concentration was observed for DOMP nanocrystals compared to the raw DOMP. Molecular modelling studies provided underpinning knowledge at the molecular level of the DOMP-polymer nanocrystal interactions and substantiated the experimental studies. This included an understanding of the impact of polymers on the size of nanocrystals and their associated stability characteristics.
Fulltext Unveiling active sites in FeOOH nanorods@NiOOH nanosheets heterojunction for superior OER and HER electrocatalysis in water splitting

Hua S, Shah SA, Nsang GEO, Sayyar R, Ullah B, Ullah N, et al.

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2025 Feb;679(Pt A):487-495.
PMID: 39374558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.219

The development of cost-effective, highly active, and stable electrocatalysts for water splitting to produce green hydrogen is crucial for advancing clean and sustainable energy technologies. Herein, we present an innovative in-situ synthesis of FeOOH nanorods@NiOOH nanosheets on nickel foam (FeOOH@NiOOH/NF) at an unprecedentedly low temperature, resulting in a highly efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. The optimized FeOOH@NiOOH/NF sample, evaluated through time-dependent studies, exhibits exceptional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with a low overpotential of 261 mV at a current density of 20 mA cm-2, alongside outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with an overpotential of 150 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, demonstrating excellent stability in alkaline solution. The water-splitting device featuring FeOOH@NiOOH/NF-2 electrodes achieves a voltage of 1.59 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, rivalling the state-of-the-art RuO2/NF||PtC/NF electrode system. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the efficient functionality of the Fe sites within the FeOOH@NiOOH heterojunction as the active OER catalyst, while the Ni centres are identified as the active HER sites. The enhanced performance of OER and HER is attributed to the tailored electronic structure at the heterojunction, modified magnetic moments of active sites, and increased electron density in the dx2-y2 orbital of Fe. This work provides critical insights into the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting.
A study on the uptake of methylene blue by biodegradable and eco-friendly carboxylated starch grafted polyvinyl pyrrolidone

Haq F, Farid A, Ullah N, Kiran M, Khan RU, Aziz T, et al.

Environ Res, 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114241.
PMID: 36100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114241

This study is based on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by cost effective and biodegradable adsorbent carboxymethyl starch grafted polyvinyl pyrolidone (Car-St-g-PVP). The Car-St-g-PVP was synthesized by grafting vinyl pyrolidone onto carboxymethyl starch by free radical polymerization reaction. The structure and different properties of Car-St-g-PVP were determined by 1H NMR, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and SEM. A series of batch experiments were conducted for the removal of MB, The adsorption affecting factors such as temperature, contact time, initial concentration of MB dye, dose of Car-St-g-PVP and pH were studied in detail. The other parameters like the thermodynamic study, kinetics and isothermal models were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that pseudo 2nd order kinetics and Langmuir's adsorption isotherms were best fitted to experimental data with regression coefficient R2 viz. 0.99 and 0.97. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption mechanism favored chemisorption. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for the adsorption process was found to be -7.31 kJ/mol, -8.23 kJ/mol, -9.00 kJ/mol and -10.10 kJ/mol at 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C respectively. The negative values of ΔG° suggested the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Similarly, the positive values of entropy (ΔS°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) 91.27 J/k.mol and 19.90 kJ/mol showed the increasing randomness and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The value of separation factor (RL) was found to be less than one (RL
Role of silica-based porous cellulose nanocrystals in improving water absorption and mechanical properties

Aziz T, Farid A, Haq F, Kiran M, Ullah N, Faisal S, et al.

Environ Res, 2023 Apr 01;222:115253.
PMID: 36702191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115253

Epoxy resins are important thermosetting polymers. They are widely used in many applications i.e., adhesives, plastics, coatings and sealers. Epoxy molding compounds have attained dominance among common materials due to their excellent mechanical properties. The sol-gel simple method was applied to distinguish the impact on the colloidal time. The properties were obtained with silica-based fillers to enable their mechanical and thermal improvement. The work which we have done here on epoxy-based nanocomposites was successfully modified. The purpose of this research was to look into the effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on various properties and applications. CNCs have recently attracted a lot of interest in a variety of industries due to their high aspect ratio, and low density which makes them perfect candidates. Adding different amounts of silica-based nanocomposites to the epoxy system. Analyzed with different techniques such as Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) to investigate the morphological properties of modified composites. The various %-age of silica composite was prepared in the epoxy system. The 20% of silica was shown greater enhancement and improvement. They show a better result than D-400 epoxy. Increasing the silica, the transparency of the films decreased, because clustering appears. This shows that the broad use of CNCs in environmental engineering applications is possible, particularly for surface modification, which was evaluated for qualities such as absorption and chemical resistant behavior.
Fulltext Diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat and development of novel virulence scales

Fahim Abbas M, Batool S, Khaliq S, Mubeen S, Azziz-Ud-Din, Ullah N, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(10):e0257951.
PMID: 34648523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257951

Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an important fruit crop in Pakistan; however, a constant decline in its production is noted due biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly disease infestation. Fungal pathogens are the major disease-causing agents; therefore, their identification is necessary for devising management options. This study explored Taxila, Wah-Cantt, Tret, Chatar, Murree, Kalar-Kahar, Choa-Saidan-Shah and Khan-Pur districts in the Punjab and Khyber Paktoon Khawa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan to explore the diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat. The samples were collected from these districts and their microscopic characterizations were accomplished for reliable identification. Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergilus flavis, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Phomopsis sp. were the fungal pathogens infesting loquat in the study area. The isolates of A. alternata and C. lunata were isolated from leaf spots and fruit rot, while the isolates of L. theobromae were associated with twig dieback. The remaining pathogens were allied with fruit rot. The nucleotide evidence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) were computed from all the pathogens and submitted in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). For multigene analysis, beta-tubulin (BT) gene and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were explored for A. alternata and C. lunata isolates, respectively. The virulence scales of leaf spots, fruit rot, and twig dieback diseases of loquat were developed for the first time through this study. It is the first comprehensive study with morpho-molecular identification, and newly developed virulence scales of the fungal pathogens associated with loquat, which improves the understanding of these destructive diseases.
Correlation studies on nitrogen for sunflower crop across the agroclimatic variability

Nasim W, Belhouchette H, Tariq M, Fahad S, Hammad HM, Mubeen M, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016 Feb;23(4):3658-70.
PMID: 26498803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5613-1

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important yield limiting factor for sunflower production. The correlation between yield components and growth parameters of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun-33, Hysun-38, Pioneer-64A93) were studied with five N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg ha(-1)) at three different experimental sites during the two consecutive growing seasons 2008 and 2009. The results revealed that total dry matter (TDM) production and grain yield were positively and linearly associated with leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), and crop growth rate (CGR) at all three sites of the experiments. The significant association of yield with growth components indicated that the humid climate was most suitable for sunflower production. Furthermore, the association of these components can be successfully used to predict the grain yield under diverse climatic conditions. The application of N at increased rate of 180 kg ha(-1) resulted in maximum yield as compared to standard rate (120 kg ha(-1)) at all the experimental sites. In this way, N application rate was significantly correlated with growth and development of sunflower under a variety of climatic conditions. Keeping in view such relationship, the N dose can be optimized for sunflower crop in a particular region to maximize the productivity. Multilocation trails help to predict the input rates precisely while taking climatic variations into account also. In the long run, results of this study provides basis for sustainable sunflower production under changing climate.

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