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Fulltext The validation of the malay version of binge eating scale: a comparison with the structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV

Robert SA, Rohana AG, Suehazlyn Z, Maniam T, Azhar SS, Azmi KN

J Eat Disord, 2013;1:28.
PMID: 24999407 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-28

The Binge Eating Scale (BES) questionnaire is a self-administered instrument developed to identify binge eaters. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the Malay language version of BES as a screening instrument for binge eating. A cut-off point of 17 is taken as comparable to the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV patient version (SCID-I/P), the gold standard for the diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder.
Improvement in binge eating in non-diabetic obese individuals after 3 months of treatment with liraglutide - A pilot study

Robert SA, Rohana AG, Shah SA, Chinna K, Wan Mohamud WN, Kamaruddin NA

Obes Res Clin Pract, 2015 May-Jun;9(3):301-4.
PMID: 25870084 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.03.005

We examined the effects of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue on appetite and plasma ghrelin in non-diabetic obese participants with subclinical binge eating (BE). Forty-four obese BE participants (mean age: 34±9 years, BMI: 35.9±4.2kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups for 12 weeks. All participants received standard advice for diet and exercise. Binge eating score, ghrelin levels and other anthropometric variables were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. Participants who received liraglutide showed significant improvement in binge eating, accompanied by reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Ghrelin levels were significantly increased which may potentially diminish the weight loss effects of liraglutide beyond the intervention.
Fulltext Fasting and stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 exhibit a compensatory adaptive response in diabetes and pre-diabetes states: A multi-ethnic comparative study

Chong SC, Sukor N, Robert SA, Ng KF, Kamaruddin NA

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022;13:961432.
PMID: 36157456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961432

BACKGROUND: Impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) among Caucasians contributes to reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, studies emanating from East Asia suggested preserved GLP-1 levels in pre-diabetes (pre-DM) and T2DM. We aimed to resolve these conflicting findings by investigating GLP-1 levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnicities with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-DM, and T2DM. The association between total GLP-1 levels, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity, and GLP-1 predictors were also analyzed.
METHODS: A total of 174 subjects were divided into NGT (n=58), pre-DM (n=54), and T2DM (n=62). Plasma total GLP-1 concentrations were measured at 0, 30, and 120 min during a 75-g OGTT. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) were calculated.
RESULTS: Total GLP-1 levels at fasting and 30 min were significantly higher in T2DM compared with pre-DM and NGT (27.18 ± 11.56 pmol/L vs. 21.99 ± 10.16 pmol/L vs. 16.24 ± 7.79 pmol/L, p=0.001; and 50.22 ± 18.03 pmol/L vs. 41.05 ± 17.68 pmol/L vs. 31.44 ± 22.59 pmol/L, p<0.001; respectively). Ethnicity was a significant determinant of AUCGLP-1, with the Indians exhibiting higher GLP-1 responses than Chinese and Malays. Indians were the most insulin resistant, whereas Chinese were the most insulin sensitive. The GLP-1 levels were positively correlated with HOMA-IR and TyG but negatively correlated with HOMA-IS. This relationship was evident among Indians who exhibited augmented GLP-1 responses proportionately to their high insulin-resistant states.
CONCLUSION: This is the first study that showed GLP-1 responses are augmented as IR states increase. Fasting and post-OGTT GLP-1 levels are raised in T2DM and pre-DM compared to that in NGT. This raises a possibility of an adaptive compensatory response that has not been reported before. Among the three ethnic groups, the Indians has the highest IR and GLP-1 levels supporting the notion of an adaptive compensatory secretion of GLP-1.
Fulltext Endogenous GLP-1 levels play an important role in determining the efficacy of DPP-IV Inhibitors in both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

Chong SC, Sukor N, Robert SA, Ng KF, Kamaruddin NA

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022;13:1012412.
PMID: 36267570 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1012412

BACKGROUND: In contrast to Western population, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels are preserved in some East Asian population with type 2 diabetes (T2D), explaining why dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are more effective in East Asians. We assessed whether differences in endogenous GLP-1 levels resulted in different treatment responses to DPP-IV inhibitors in prediabetes and T2D.
METHODS: A prospective 12-week study using linagliptin 5mg once daily in 50 subjects (28 prediabetes and 22 T2D) who were stratified into high versus low fasting GLP-1 groups. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at week 0 and 12. Primary outcomes were changes in HbA1c, fasting and post-OGTT glucose after 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in insulin resistance and beta cell function indices.
RESULTS: There was a greater HbA1c reduction in subjects with high GLP-1 compared to low GLP-1 levels in both the prediabetes and T2D populations [least-squares mean (LS-mean) change of -0.33% vs. -0.11% and -1.48% vs. -0.90% respectively)]. Linagliptin significantly reduced glucose excursion by 18% in high GLP-1 compared with 8% in low GLP-1 prediabetes groups. The reduction in glucose excursion was greater in high GLP-1 compared to low GLP-1 T2D by 30% and 21% respectively. There were significant LS-mean between-group differences in fasting glucose (-0.95 mmol/L), 2-hour glucose post-OGTT (-2.4 mmol/L) in the high GLP-1 T2D group. Improvement in insulin resistance indices were seen in the high GLP-1 T2D group while high GLP-1 prediabetes group demonstrated improvement in beta cell function indices. No incidence of hypoglycemia was reported.
CONCLUSIONS: Linagliptin resulted in a greater HbA1c reduction in the high GLP-1 prediabetes and T2D compared to low GLP-1 groups. Endogenous GLP-1 level play an important role in determining the efficacy of DPP-IV inhibitors irrespective of the abnormal glucose tolerance states.
Fulltext Development and validation of Malaysia Medication Adherence Assessment Tool (MyMAAT) for diabetic patients

Hatah E, Rahim N, Makmor-Bakry M, Mohamed Shah N, Mohamad N, Ahmad M, et al.

PLoS One, 2020;15(11):e0241909.
PMID: 33157549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241909

Medication non-adherence remains a significant barrier in achieving better health outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. Previous self-reported medication adherence tools were not developed in the context of the Malaysia population. The most commonly used tool, MMAS-8, is no longer economical because it requires a license and currently every form used is charged. Hence, there is a need to develop and validate a new medication adherence tool. The Malaysia Medication Adherence Assessment Tool (MyMAAT) was developed by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in medication adherence and health literacy. The face and content validities of the MyMAAT was established by a panel of experts. A total of 495 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Ministry of Health facilities consisting of five hospitals and five primary health clinics. A test-retest was conducted on 42 of the patients one week following their first data collection. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the validity of the MyMAAT. The final item for MyMAAT was compared with SEAMS, HbA1c%, Medication Possession ratio (MPR) score, and pharmacist's subjective assessment for its hypothesis testing validity. The MyMAAT-12 achieved acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.910) and stable reliability as the test-retest score showed good to excellent correlation (Spearman's rho = 0.96, p = 0.001). The MyMAAT has significant moderate association with SEAMS (Spearman's rho = 0.44, p = < 0.001) and significant relationship with HbA1c (< 8% and ≥ 8%) (χ2(1) = 13.4, p < 0.001), MPR (χ2(1) = 13.6, p < 0.001) and pharmacist's subjective assessment categories (χ2(1) = 31, p < 0.001). The sensitivity of MyMAAT-12, tested against HbA1c% was 72.9% while its specificity was 43%. This study demonstrates that the MyMAAT-12 together with other methods of assessment may make a better screening tool to identify patients who were non-adherence to their medications.