Introduction: Malocclusion is one of the most common dental problems observed. Limited data is currently
available regarding the demographics of malocclusion observed locally.
Materials And Methods: This is a
retrospective study where 770 patients were recruited from May 2009 till December 2014. 560 orthodontic
study models that met the inclusion criteria were examined and the malocclusions were classified according
to the British Standard Institute (BSI) incisor classification. Demographic pattern and their relationship were
analysed by structural equation modelling using SPSS (version 23.0).
Results: From 560 study models
analysed, 72% were female. The age of the patients ranges from 7-12 years old (17.1%), 13-17 years old
(55.9%) and >18 years old (27.0%). Majority of the patients were Malay followed by Chinese (5.7%), Indian
(1.8%) and other races (1.8%) Treatments received were fixed appliances (FA) (60.0%), removable appliances
(RA) (12.5%), functional appliances (FnA) (1.1%), combination of RA and FA (16.1%), combination of FnA and
FA (2.1%) and consultation (8.2%). Types of malocclusions observed were Class I (25.7%), Class II/1(32.7%),
Class II/2 (7.5%) and Class III (34.1%). There was significant association (p
Wounds are inevitable events that can occur daily due to many factors such as; physical, chemical and biological, which can cause tissue, cell and in some events bone damage. The process of wound healing is complicated as it involves many factors; therefore, an effective and safe agent is essential to ensure good healing process. Herbal medicine is considered safe and effective. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an effective plant when it comes to wound healing and has been used for decades as a traditional healing agent. The bioactivities of flaxseed extract have been reported to demonstrate many beneficial effects such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It has been shown that flaxseed has positive effects on many types of wounds such as skin wound healing, burns and burn scar healing, bone healing and also has demonstrated positive results in the healing of oral ulceration besides exhibiting anti-bacterial effects in the oral cavity. This review describes the positive effects of flaxseed in multiple types of wound healing. Additionally, it is also aimed to introduce the potential applications of flaxseed in socket healing which involves series of complex changes to both soft and hard tissues in the oral cavity.
Angiogenicity is one of the essential components to enable tissue function. It is important to develop a construct that would help in catering oxygen and nutrient to the engineered tissue area. Thus, this study aims to investigate the attachment, spreading and growth of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) on human AM (HAM) with or without vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and indirectly see the potential of the HAM as a scaffold to promote angiogenic micro-environment. Since day 1, there were continuous changes of the cell morphology until day 28, SHED treated with VEGF seemed to change its shape from fibroblast-like into a round-shape cell, similar structure as an endotheliallike cell. The structures of filopodia-like were also observed on the treated SHED. SHED without VEGF treatment showed only normal morphological growth on HAM. VEGF is a protein produced to stimulate angiogenesis, and is believed to contribute to the morphological changes of SHED seeded on HAM. This indicates that HAM could be used as a scaffold to allow SHED differentiation into endothelial-like cells with the induction of VEGF.