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Fulltext Factors regulating nitric oxide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with piper sarmentosum aqueous extract.

Mohd Zainudin M, Elshami TFT, Ismawi HR, Hashim Fauzy F, Abdul Razak T

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2019;18(3):104-110.
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Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Piper sarmentosum(PS) has been widely used in traditional medicine with proven antihypertensive and antioxidant effects. This study aims to evaluate the antihypertensive potential of PS aqueous extract (PSAE) and to investigate the factors modulating nitric oxide (NO) production through its anti-oxidant activities. Methods:PS leaves were extracted with distilled water, freeze-dried and examined to quantify their antioxidant activities through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing ability plasma test. The antihypertensive effect of PSAE in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) was evaluated using four different groups (n=6); C (negative control), K (PSAE 500mg/kg), P (3 mg/kg perindopril) and M (PSAE 500 mg/kg + 1.5 mg/kg perindopril). PSAE and other treatments were given via oral gavage for 28 days. The blood pressure (BP) was determined using the non-invasive BP monitoring tail cuff technique and recorded weekly. SHR’s blood was collected to determine the serum NO level using Griess assay. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and arginine levels were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results:The extract showed good in-vitro antioxidant activities and a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic BP compared to control group. They were also a decrease in plasma ADMA and an increase in serum NO level. Meanwhile, arginine level does not change significantly. Conclusion:High in-vitro antioxidant activities in PSAE enhances the clearance of ADMA that leads to an increase in serum NO production hence ameliorating the blood pressure of SHR.
Fulltext The use of Piper sarmentosum leaves aqueous extract (Kadukmy™) as antihypertensive agent in spontaneous hypertensive rats

Mohd Zainudin M, Zakaria Z, Megat Mohd Nordin NA

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015 Mar 10;15:54.
PMID: 25887182 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0565-z

BACKGROUND: The National Health and Morbidity Survey in 2011 estimated that 35.1% (5.7 million) of Malaysian adults aged 18 and older suffer from hypertension. Hypertension is still treated by conventional medicine despite its exact aetiology being unknown. Studies showed that oxidative stress and low availability of nitric oxide (NO) causes an increase in vascular wall tension and increase blood pressure. Piper sarmentosum (PS) a traditional Malay herbal plant is well known for its high antioxidant content. Antioxidant is useful in improving cardiovascular diseases particularly hypertension. Thus, it is beneficial to determine the effect of PS leaves aqueous extract (Kadukmy™) on the blood pressure, NO level, oxidative stress markers and serum cholesterol level of the Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHR).
METHODS: Rats were devided into five groups consisting of three treatment groups and two control groups. Baseline blood investigations were done before and following commencement of treatment. Spontaneous hypertensive rats were treated for 28 consecutive days and the blood pressure was measured weekly.
RESULTS: Kadukmy™ administration showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (P
Fulltext Piper sarmentosum Leaves Aqueous Extract Attenuates Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hashim Fauzy F, Mohd Zainudin M, Ismawi HR, Elshami TFT

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019;2019:7198592.
PMID: 31485247 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7198592

Piper sarmentosum is a tropical plant in Southeast Asia known for its traditional use in curing various ailments including hypertension. Previous research works have provided evidence for the herb's antihypertensive property. However, the exact mechanisms involved are still in question. The present study investigated the effects of Piper sarmentosum leaves aqueous extract (PSAE) treatment on vascular endothelin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Four groups of SHRs were treated for 28 consecutive days, with negative and positive control groups receiving distilled water and 3 mg/kg perindopril, respectively. Another two groups are the treatment groups, which received PSAE and combination of 1.5 mg/kg perindopril and PSAE. Weekly measurements of blood pressure showed that PSAE significantly reduced the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures (P < 0.05) of the rats. PSAE also increased mesenteric artery nitric oxide (NO) level (P < 0.05) and reduced endothelin-1 (ET-1) level (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups. Our results demonstrate that oral administration of PSAE reduced blood pressure in SHRs by reducing the ET-1 level while increasing NO production.
Fulltext Does Oral Ingestion of Piper sarmentosum Cause Toxicity in Experimental Animals?

Mohd Zainudin M, Zakaria Z, Megat Mohd Nordin NA, Othman F

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:705950.
PMID: 24228062 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705950

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportion in Malaysia and worldwide. Scientific studies have shown that herbal plant Piper sarmentosum exhibits an antidiabetic property. Despite the extensive usage and studies of this herb as alternative medicine, there is paucity of the literature on the safety information of this plant. Thus, the present study aimed to observe the subacute toxic effects of Piper sarmentosum aqueous extract (PSAE) on the haematological profile, liver, and kidney in rats. The extract was administered by oral gavage to 6 male and female Sprague Dawley rats in daily dose of 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. The control group received normal saline. General behavior of the rats, adverse effects, and mortality were observed for 28 days. The haematological and biochemical parameters were determined at baseline and after the treatment. PSAE did not show abnormality on the body weight and gross observation of internal organs. The haematological, biochemical and histopathological profiles showed minimal changes and variation within normal clinical range except for significant increase in serum potassium level that suggests the need of regular monitoring. Nevertheless, these findings suggested that PSAE up to 2000 mg/kg/day did not show subacute toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats.