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Fulltext The Effectiveness of Remineralizing Agents on Dentinal Permeability

Berkathullah M, Farook MS, Mahmoud O

Biomed Res Int, 2018;2018:4072815.
PMID: 30276206 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4072815

The effectiveness of remineralizing agents in reducing dentine permeability by tubule occlusion using fluid filtration device functioning at 100 cmH2O (1.4 psi) pressure and SEM/EDX analysis were evaluated and compared. Seventy (n = 70) dentine discs of 1±0.2 mm width were prepared from sound permanent human molars. Fifty (n = 50) dentine discs were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): Group 1: GC Tooth Mousse Plus (Recaldent GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan), Group 2: Clinpro™ White Varnish (3M ESPE, USA), Group 3: Duraphat® Varnish (Pharbil Waltrop GmbH, Germany), Group 4: Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief™ dentifrice (Colgate Palmolive, Thailand), and Group 5: Biodentine™ (Septodont/UK). Dentine permeability was measured after treatment application at 10 minutes, artificial saliva immersion at 7 days, and citric acid challenge for 3 minutes. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Dentine specimens (n = 20) were used for SEM/EDX analyses to obtain qualitative results on dentine morphology and surface deposits. Each treatment agent significantly reduced dentine permeability immediately after treatment application and created precipitates on treated dentine surfaces. All agents increased permeability values after 7 days of artificial saliva immersion except Clinpro White Varnish and Biodentine. Clinpro White Varnish exhibited significant resistance to acid challenge compared to others. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief dentifrice has a dual mechanism of action in reducing the dentine sensitivity.
Fulltext Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Dentinal Desensitizing Agents: In Vitro Study

Farook MS, Mahmoud O, Ibrahim MA, Berkathullah M

Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:6652250.
PMID: 33628801 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652250

Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of desensitizing agents in reducing dentine permeability.
Methods: The efficacy of desensitizing agents in reducing dentine permeability by occluding dentine tubules was evaluated using a fluid filtration device that conducts at 100 cmH2O (1.4 psi) pressure, and SEM/EDX analyses were evaluated and compared. Forty-two dentine discs (n = 42) of 1 ± 0.2 mm width were obtained from caries-free permanent human molars. Thirty dentine discs (n = 30) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10): Group 1: 2.7% wt. monopotassium-monohydrogen oxalate (Mp-Mh oxalate), Group 2: RMGI XT VAR, and Group 3: LIQ SiO2. Dentine permeability was measured following treatment application after 10 minutes, storage in artificial saliva after 10 minutes and 7 days, and citric acid challenge for 3 minutes. Data were analysed with a repeated measures ANOVA test. Dentine discs (n = 12) were used for SEM/EDX analyses to acquire data on morphological changes on dentine surface and its mineral content after different stages of treatment.
Results: Desensitizing agents' application on the demineralized dentine discs exhibited significant reduction of permeability compared to its maximum acid permeability values. Mp-Mh oxalate showed a significant reduction in dentine permeability (p < 0.05) when compared to RMGI XT VAR and LIQ SiO2. On SEM/EDX analysis, all the agents formed mineral precipitates that occluded the dentine tubules.
Conclusions: 2.7% wt. monopotassium-monohydrogen oxalate was significantly effective in reducing dentine permeability compared to RMGI XT VAR and LIQ SiO2.
Fulltext Calcium Silicate-Based Cements as Root Canal Medicament

Mahmoud O, Al-Meeri WA, Farook MS, Al-Afifi NA

Clin Cosmet Investig Dent, 2020;12:49-60.
PMID: 32158275 DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S241015

Purpose: This study aims to retard the setting reaction of CSC by mixing it with 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) which will be used as an intracanal medicament, and to evaluate the removal of the experimental medicaments from the root canal.
Materials and Methods: White Portland cement, white ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were mixed with 2% CHX. The setting time, flowability and film thickness of the CSC/CHX mixture (experimental medicaments) were assessed and measured following the standards of ISO specification. Calcium ion release was measured using ICP-OES, while pH was tested using a pH meter. Moreover, twenty single-rooted teeth were filled with the experimental medicaments for seven days, then the medicaments were removed and the samples analyzed using SEM. Calcium hydroxide paste was used as a control.
Results: The setting time of the experimental medicaments was inhibited until 84 days. The calcium ion release of the experimental medicaments was significantly higher compared to the control over the period of 14 days (P<0.001). The mean pH value was above 11.45 for all tested materials over a period of 14 days, with no significant difference between them (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in film thickness of the experimental medicaments compared to the control (P> 0.05). However, the flowability of the experimental medicaments was significantly higher than the control (P<0.05). SEM showed no significant differences in the removal of the intracanal medicaments between all the tested groups.
Conclusion: The addition of 2% CHX to CSCs retarded or inhibited its setting reaction over a period of 84 days. The calcium ion release and flowability of these experimental medicaments was found to be better than calcium hydroxide. Removal of the intracanal medicaments from the root canal was successfully achieved in all groups. Therefore, these experimental medicaments have the potential to be used as an enhanced root canal medicament.
Heavy metals in human teeth dentine: A bio-indicator of metals exposure and environmental pollution

Asaduzzaman K, Khandaker MU, Binti Baharudin NA, Amin YBM, Farook MS, Bradley DA, et al.

Chemosphere, 2017 Jun;176:221-230.
PMID: 28273529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.114

With rapid urbanization and large-scale industrial activities, modern human populations are being increasingly subjected to chronic environmental heavy metal exposures. Elemental uptake in tooth dentine is a bioindicator, the uptake occurring during the formation and mineralization processes, stored to large extent over periods of many years. The uptake includes essential elements, most typically geogenic dietary sources, as well as non-essential elements arising through environmental insults. In this study, with the help of the Dental Faculty of the University of Malaya, a total of 50 separate human teeth were collected from dental patients of various ethnicity, age, gender, occupation, dietary habit, residency, etc. Analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), most samples indicating the presence of the following trace elements, placed in order of concentration, from least to greatest: As, Mn, Ba, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Hg, Sb, Al, Sr, Sn. The concentrations have been observed to increase with age. Among the ethnic groups, the teeth of ethnic Chinese showed marginally greater metal concentrations than those of the Indians and Malays, the teeth dentine of females generally showing greater concentrations than that of males. Greater concentrations of Hg, Cu and Sn were found in molars while Pb, Sr, Sb and Zn were present in greater concentrations in incisors. With the elevated concentration levels of heavy metals in tooth dentine reflecting pollution from industrial emissions and urbanization, it is evident that human tooth dentine can provide chronological information on exposure, representing a reliable bio-indicator of environmental pollution.