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  1. Effectiveness of electrotherapy for the treatment of orofacial pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    de Castro-Carletti EM, Müggenborg F, Dennett L, Sobral de Oliveira-Souza AI, Mohamad N, Pertille A, et al.
    Clin Rehabil, 2023 Jul;37(7):891-926.
    PMID: 36594219 DOI: 10.1177/02692155221149350
    OBJECTIVE: Summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials and controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of electrotherapy in the treatment of patients with orofacial pain.

    DATA SOURCE: Medline, Embase, CINAHL PLUS with Full text, Cochrane Library Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus.

    REVIEW METHODS: A data search (last update, July 1, 2022) and a manual search were performed (October 5, 2022). Trials involving adults with orofacial pain receiving electrotherapy compared with any other type of treatment were included. The main outcome was pain intensity; secondary outcomes were mouth opening and tenderness. The reporting was based on the new PRISMA Guidelines.

    RESULTS: From the electronics databases and manual search 43 studies were included. Although this study was open to including any type of orofacial pain, only studies that investigated temporomandibular disorders were found. The overall quality of the evidence for pain intensity was very low. Although the results should be carefully used, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation therapy showed to be clinically superior to placebo for reducing pain after treatment (2.63 [-0.48; 5.74]) and at follow-up (0.96 [-0.02; 1.95]) and reduce tenderness after treatment (1.99 [-0.33; 4.32]) and at follow-up (2.43 [-0.24; 5.10]) in subjects with mixed temporomandibular disorders.

    CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review support the use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation therapy for patients with mixed temporomandibular disorders to improve pain intensity, and tenderness demonstrating that transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation is superior to placebo. There is inconsistent evidence supporting the superiority of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation against other therapies.

  2. The effectiveness of different types of acupuncture to reduce symptoms and disability for patients with orofacial pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Mohamad N, de Oliveira-Souza AIS, de Castro-Carletti EM, Müggenborg F, Dennett L, McNeely ML, et al.
    Disabil Rehabil, 2024 Dec;46(24):5700-5716.
    PMID: 38357796 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2310766
    PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of different types of acupuncture in reducing pain, improving maximum mouth opening and jaw functions in adults with orofacial pain.

    METHODS: Six databases were searched until 15 June 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and GRADE were employed to evaluate bias and overall evidence certainty.

    RESULTS: Among 52 studies, 86.5% (n = 45) exhibited high risk of bias. Common acupoints, including Hegu LI 4, Jiache ST 6, and Xiaguan ST 7, were used primarily for patients with temporomandibular disorder [TMDs]. Meta-analyses indicated that acupuncture significantly reduced pain intensity in individuals with myogenous TMD (MD = 26.02 mm, I2=89%, p = 0.05), reduced tenderness in the medial pterygoid muscle (standardised mean differences [SMD] = 1.72, I2 = 0%, p 

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