BACKGROUND & AIMS: Testosterone, vital for reproductive health and muscle development, declines with age, increasing susceptibility to conditions like diabetes, obesity and sarcopenia. Conventional hormone therapy carries risks, including elevated prostate-specific antigens and prostate cancer risk, prompting exploration of safer options like intermittent fasting (IF) and physical training (PT) which potentially boost androgen in certain cases. However, their combined impacts on testosterone remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the individual and combined effects of IF and PT on androgen and androgen receptor (AR) levels.METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 8 each): negative control (NC) receiving food ad libitum without orchiectomized, positive control (PC) receiving daily testosterone enanthate injections, IF with 16/8 time-restricted feeding, PT with 1-h forced swimming sessions, and combined IF + PT. After 8 weeks, DHEA and testosterone levels, AR expression, gastrocnemius muscle histology, and body weight were assessed.
RESULTS: In comparison to the NC group (429.40 ± 26.86 g), body weight in the IF (348.90 ± 15.94 g, PT (391.40 ± 16.35 g), and IF + PT groups, (360.90 ± 29.90 g) was significantly lowered (p